scholarly journals Biological Synthesis of Nanocatalysts and Their Applications

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1494
Author(s):  
Arpita Roy ◽  
Amin Elzaki ◽  
Vineet Tirth ◽  
Samih Kajoak ◽  
Hamid Osman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Biogenic Synthesis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bioinspired Synthesis ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Over the past few decades, the synthesis and potential applications of nanocatalysts have received great attention from the scientific community. Many well-established methods are extensively utilized for the synthesis of nanocatalysts. However, most conventional physical and chemical methods have some drawbacks, such as the toxicity of precursor materials, the requirement of high-temperature environments, and the high cost of synthesis, which ultimately hinder their fruitful applications in various fields. Bioinspired synthesis is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and requires a low energy/temperature ambient. Various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae are used as nano-factories and can provide a novel method for the synthesis of different types of nanocatalysts. The synthesized nanocatalysts can be further utilized in various applications such as the removal of heavy metals, treatment of industrial effluents, fabrication of materials with unique properties, biomedical, and biosensors. This review focuses on the biogenic synthesis of nanocatalysts from various green sources that have been adopted in the past two decades, and their potential applications in different areas. This review is expected to provide a valuable guideline for the biogenic synthesis of nanocatalysts and their concomitant applications in various fields.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Conductivity Studies of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) by Co-Polymerization and Blending with Polyaniline (PANi)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1939
Author(s):  
Helyati Abu Hassan Shaari ◽  
Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli ◽  
Mohd Nazim Mohtar ◽  
Norizah Abdul Rahman ◽  
Azizan Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Conducting Materials ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Polymerization Condition ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a lightweight insulating polymer that possesses good mechanical stability. On the other hand, polyaniline (PANi) is one of the most favorable conducting materials to be used, as it is easily synthesized, cost-effective, and has good conductivity. However, most organic solvents have restricted potential applications due to poor mechanical properties and dispersibility. Compared to PANi, PMMA has more outstanding physical and chemical properties, such as good dimensional stability and better molecular interactions between the monomers. To date, many research studies have focused on incorporating PANi into PMMA. In this review, the properties and suitability of PANi as a conducting material are briefly reviewed. The major parts of this paper reviewed different approaches to incorporating PANi into PMMA, as well as evaluating the modifications to improve its conductivity. Finally, the polymerization condition to prepare PMMA/PANi copolymer to improve its conductivity is also discussed.

Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Activity: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarvat Zafar ◽  
Aiman Zafar ◽  
Fakhra Jabeen ◽  
Miad Ali Siddiq
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Nanosized Particles ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Physical And Chemical

: Nanotechnology studies the various phenomena of physio-chemical procedures and biological properties for the generation of nanosized particles, and their rising challenges in the various sectors, like medicine, engineering, agriculture, electronic, and environmental studies. The nanosized particles exhibit good anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, drug delivery, anti-parasitic, anti-coagulant and catalytic properties because of their unique dimensions with large surface area, chemical stability and higher binding density for the accumulation of various bio-constituents on their surfaces. Biological approaches for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been reviewed because it is an easy and single-step protocol and a viable substitute for the synthetic chemical-based procedures. Physical and chemical approaches for the production of AgNPs are also mentioned herein. Biological synthesis has drawn attention because it is cost-effective, faster, non-pathogenic, environment-friendly, easy to scale-up for large-scale synthesis, and having no demand for usage of high pressure, energy, temperature, or noxious chemical ingredients, and safe for human therapeutic use. Therefore, the collaboration of nanomaterials with bio-green approaches could extend the utilization of biological and cytological properties compatible with AgNPs. In this perspective, there is an immediate need to develop ecofriendly and biocompatible techniques, which strengthen efficacy against microbes and minimize toxicity for human cells. The present study introduces the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles, and their potential biomedical applications have also been reviewed.

scholarly journals Nanoadsorbants for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water: Current Scenario and Future Directions

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1379
Author(s):  
Rohit Kumar ◽  
Protima Rauwel ◽  
Erwan Rauwel
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽  
Current Scenario

Heavy metal pollution of aquatic media has grown significantly over the past few decades. Therefore, a number of physical, chemical, biological, and electrochemical technologies are being employed to tackle this problem. However, they possess various inescapable shortcomings curbing their utilization at a commercial scale. In this regard, nanotechnology has provided efficient and cost-effective solutions for the extraction of heavy metals from water. This review will provide a detailed overview on the efficiency and applicability of various adsorbents, i.e., carbon nanotubes, graphene, silica, zero-valent iron, and magnetic nanoparticles for scavenging metallic ions. These nanoparticles exhibit potential to be used in extracting a variety of toxic metals. Recently, nanomaterial-assisted bioelectrochemical removal of heavy metals has also emerged. To that end, various nanoparticle-based electrodes are being developed, offering more efficient, cost-effective, ecofriendly, and sustainable options. In addition, the promising perspectives of nanomaterials in environmental applications are also discussed in this paper and potential directions for future works are suggested.

Biogenic Synthesized Ag/Au Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization, and Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Duran ◽  
Amedea B. Seabra
Keyword(s):  
Au Nanoparticles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Shell Structures ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Biogenic Synthesis ◽  
Au Nps ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Scientific Attention

Background: Bimetallic silver-gold nanoparticles (Ag/Au NPs) with different structures have recently gained scientific attention due to their new and superior properties in comparison with metallic NPs made from a single metal. Ag/Au NPs (alloy or core-shell structures) have been applied to several biomedical, technological, and environmental applications. The potential applications of Ag/Au NPs are widespread yet poorly investigated in comparison with monometallic NPs. Besides traditional chemical and physical routes to synthesize bimetallic Ag/Au NPs, biogenic protocols are considered cost-effective, simple, and environmentally friendly. Despite their simplicity, biogenic routes to synthesize Ag/Au NPs are less explored than traditional synthetic protocols. Methods: In this context, we present a review and discuss recent progress in the preparation of bimetallic Ag/Au NPs with different morphologies, structures, and size distributions using biogenic synthetic protocols. Results: Biogenic synthesis using plant extracts, algae, bacteria, fungi, and other biological agents are presented and discussed. The characterization and potential applications of biogenically synthesized Ag/Au NPs in the different areas of medicine and biological applications, such as antibacterial, anticandidal, anticancer, antidiabetes, and as sensors for clinical diagnosis are presented and discussed. Conclusion: Finally, challenges and drawbacks in the biological routes for the preparation of Ag/Au NPs for industrial applications are also discussed.

scholarly journals Magnetic Graphene Oxide Composites are the Solutions for Sustainable Remediation of Ecosystems

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Prasanna Koduru
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hybrid Nanocomposites ◽  
Magnetic Graphene Oxide ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽  
Potential Applications

Heavy metals are one of the primary contaminants in the environment [1]. Exposure to heavy metals, even at trace levels, is believed to be a high health risk for humans [2,3]. Heavy metals are naturally occurring throughout the earth’s crust [4]. But most of the environmental contamination results from the anthropogenic activities such as mining and smelting operations, industry, and domestic and agricultural use of metals and metalcontaining compounds. Migration of these contaminants into non-contaminated areas as dust or leachates through the soil and spreading of heavy metals containing sewage sludge are a few examples of events contributing towards contamination of the ecosystems [5]. Hence, water is the one of the major routes through which heavy metals and radionuclides may enter the human body [6,7]. The sources of water pollution are shown in Figure 1. The conventional wastewater purification techniques including chemical coagulation, photo degradation, precipitation, flocculation, activated sludge, membrane separation and ion exchange are limited to the removal of heavy metals at trace levels [7-9]. However, adsorption is one of the best methods for the purification of water, owing to its low cost and easy handling of materials [7,10-12]. Moreover, adsorption approaches using commercial activated carbon, micro-filtration and membrane techniques are effective, but their use is limited by the complicated installation process involved coupled with the high maintenance costs of the systems [7,13]. Hence, these drawbacks have necessitated the search for an alternative method which is inexpensive, renewable and cost-effective for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Many scientific groups have prepared graphene or graphene oxide (GO) based hybrid nanocomposites for various potential applications [14-17]. The study of literature survey and stability of the GO-based nanocomposites prompted us to survey on graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide-based inverse spinel nickel ferrite nanocomposites for the removal of heavy metals and radionuclides from water with the purpose of reducing their environmental impact

scholarly journals Biosynthesis, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Vigna unguiculata Seeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankita Chatterjee ◽  
M. Ajantha ◽  
Aishwarya Talekar ◽  
N. Revathyr ◽  
Jayanthi Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Osteosarcoma Cell ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Clinical Pathogens ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Background: Physical and chemical methods of synthesizing metal nanoparticles have been on the focus for the last decade as it has been broadly exploited by researchers. Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles was found to be easy and economical. The wide applications of titanium dioxide in various fields have drawn attention for biosynthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Cowpea seeds are easily available and rich in protein as well as high in antioxidant which enhances the good characteristics of the nanoparticles synthesized using it. Methods: In the present investigation the nanoparticles are synthesized using Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) seeds extract. 0.1 mM titanium dioxide was mixed with cowpea seeds extract for the preparation of the nanoparticles. The characterization of nanoparticles was done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Antibacterial activity of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles was checked against clinical pathogens followed by antioxidant study and cytotoxicity assay by 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay and [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide] (MTT) assay respectively. Results: The oval shaped biologically synthesized nanoparticles were effective against most of the clinical pathogens. The observance of peak at 418 cm-1 confirms the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The titanium nanoparticles were highly antioxidant in nature and cytotoxic on MG63 osteosarcoma cell lines. Conclusion: The biological method of preparation of nanoparticles proved to be easy and cost effective. The nanoparticles synthesized can be further used in research for anticancer treatments

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles via Microbial Enzymes: A Mechanistic Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 4100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ovais ◽  
Ali Khalil ◽  
Muhammad Ayaz ◽  
Irshad Ahmad ◽  
Susheel Nethi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Toxic Chemical Substances ◽  
High Energy Consumption

During the last decade, metal nanoparticles (MtNPs) have gained immense popularity due to their characteristic physicochemical properties, as well as containing antimicrobial, anti-cancer, catalyzing, optical, electronic and magnetic properties. Primarily, these MtNPs have been synthesized through different physical and chemical methods. However, these conventional methods have various drawbacks, such as high energy consumption, high cost and the involvement of toxic chemical substances. Microbial flora has provided an alternative platform for the biological synthesis of MtNPs in an eco-friendly and cost effective way. In this article we have focused on various microorganisms used for the synthesis of different MtNPs. We also have elaborated on the intracellular and extracellular mechanisms of MtNP synthesis in microorganisms, and have highlighted their advantages along with their challenges. Moreover, due to several advantages over chemically synthesized nanoparticles, the microbial MtNPs, with their exclusive and dynamic characteristics, can be used in different sectors like the agriculture, medicine, cosmetics and biotechnology industries in the near future.

scholarly journals Green and Cost-Effective Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Algae: Safe Methods for Translational Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Bushra Uzair ◽  
Ayesha Liaqat ◽  
Haroon Iqbal ◽  
Bouzid Menaa ◽  
Anam Razzaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Trisodium Citrate ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Spr Effect ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have received much attention for potential applications in medicine (mainly in oncology, radiology and infectiology), due to their intriguing chemical, electronical, catalytical, and optical properties such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect. They also offer ease in controlled synthesis and surface modification (e.g., tailored properties conferred by capping/protecting agents including N-, P-, COOH-, SH-containing molecules and polymers such as thiol, disulfide, ammonium, amine, and multidentate carboxylate), which allows (i) tuning their size and shape (e.g., star-shaped and/or branched) (ii) improving their stability, monodispersity, chemical miscibility, and activity, (iii) avoiding their aggregation and oxidation over time, (iv) increasing their yield and purity. The bottom-up approach, where the metal ions are reduced in the NPs grown in the presence of capping ligands, has been widely used compared to the top-down approach. Besides the physical and chemical synthesis methods, the biological method is gaining much consideration. Indeed, several drawbacks have been reported for the synthesis of NPs via physical (e.g., irradiation, ultrasonication) and chemical (e.g., electrochemisty, reduction by chemicals such as trisodium citrate or ascorbic acid) methods (e.g., cost, and/ortoxicity due to use of hazardous solvents, low production rate, use of huge amount of energy). However, (organic or inorganic) eco-friendly NPs synthesis exhibits a sustainable, safe, and economical solution. Thereby, a relatively new trend for fast and valuable NPs synthesis from (live or dead) algae (i.e., microalgae, macroalgae and cyanobacteria) has been observed, especially because of its massive presence on the Earth’s crust and their unique properties (e.g., capacity to accumulate and reduce metallic ions, fast propagation). This article discusses the algal-mediated synthesis methods (either intracellularly or extracellularly) of inorganic NPs with special emphasis on the noblest metals, i.e., silver (Ag)- and gold (Au)-derived NPs. The key factors (e.g., pH, temperature, reaction time) that affect their biosynthesis process, stability, size, and shape are highlighted. Eventually, underlying molecular mechanisms, nanotoxicity and examples of major biomedical applications of these algal-derived NPs are presented.

scholarly journals Two-Dimensional Platinum Diselenide: Synthesis, Emerging Applications, and Future Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youning Gong ◽  
Zhitao Lin ◽  
Yue-Xing Chen ◽  
Qasim Khan ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Structure Characteristics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

AbstractIn recent years, emerging two-dimensional (2D) platinum diselenide (PtSe2) has quickly attracted the attention of the research community due to its novel physical and chemical properties. For the past few years, increasing research achievements on 2D PtSe2 have been reported toward the fundamental science and various potential applications of PtSe2. In this review, the properties and structure characteristics of 2D PtSe2 are discussed at first. Then, the recent advances in synthesis of PtSe2 as well as their applications are reviewed. At last, potential perspectives in exploring the application of 2D PtSe2 are reviewed.

scholarly journals Plant-Mediated Biological Synthesis of Ag-Ago-Ag2O Nanocomposites Using Leaf Extracts of Solanum Elaeagnifolium for Antioxidant, Anticancer, and DNA Cleavage Activities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukul Barwant ◽  
Yogesh Ugale ◽  
Suresh Ghotekar ◽  
Parita Basnet ◽  
Van-Huy Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dna Cleavage ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium ◽  
Dpph Scavenging

Abstract The biogenic nanocomposite synthesis using a plant extract is rapid, simple, efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. This study investigated selective pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant, and DNA cleavage activities of Solanum elaeagnifolium-mediated green synthesizing Ag-AgO-Ag2O nanocomposite. To the best of our knowledge, Solanum elaeagnifolium has been the first time used to synthesize Ag-AgO-Ag2O nanocomposites. The synthesized nanocomposites were explored by using UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and photoluminescence analyses. Anticancer activity of Ag-AgO-Ag2O nanocomposites was tested on lung cancer cell lines (A-549) and showed activity at the IC50 of 67.09 μg/mL. The maximum ABTS and DPPH scavenging activity were 25.78% and 20.86% at 100 µg/L, respectively. Moreover, Solanum elaeagnifolium-mediated green synthesized Ag-AgO-Ag2O nanocomposites also exhibited considerable DNA cleavage activity. These results assured that the synthesized Ag-AgO-Ag2O nanocomposites using Solanum elaeagnifolium leaves extract may have potential applications in biomedical engineering.

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