scholarly journals CMOS Interfaces for Internet-of-Wearables Electrochemical Sensors: Trends and Challenges

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Dei ◽  
Joan Aymerich ◽  
Massimo Piotto ◽  
Paolo Bruschi ◽  
Francisco del Campo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Stimulation ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Natural Way

Smart wearables, among immediate future IoT devices, are creating a huge and fast growing market that will encompass all of the next decade by merging the user with the Cloud in a easy and natural way. Biological fluids, such as sweat, tears, saliva and urine offer the possibility to access molecular-level dynamics of the body in a non-invasive way and in real time, disclosing a wide range of applications: from sports tracking to military enhancement, from healthcare to safety at work, from body hacking to augmented social interactions. The term Internet of Wearables (IoW) is coined here to describe IoT devices composed by flexible smart transducers conformed around the human body and able to communicate wirelessly. In addition the biochemical transducer, an IoW-ready sensor must include a paired electronic interface, which should implement specific stimulation/acquisition cycles while being extremely compact and drain power in the microwatts range. Development of an effective readout interface is a key element for the success of an IoW device and application. This review focuses on the latest efforts in the field of Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) interfaces for electrochemical sensors, and analyses them under the light of the challenges of the IoW: cost, portability, integrability and connectivity.

A 31 GHz body-biased configurable power amplifier in 28 nm FD-SOI CMOS for 5 G applications

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Florent Torres ◽  
Eric Kerhervé ◽  
Andreia Cathelin ◽  
Magali De Matos
Keyword(s):  
Power Amplifier ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Fully Depleted ◽  
Technology Roadmap ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
28 Nm ◽  
Soi Cmos

Abstract This paper presents a 31 GHz integrated power amplifier (PA) in 28 nm Fully Depleted Silicon-On-Insulator Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (FD-SOI CMOS) technology and targeting SoC implementation for 5 G applications. Fine-grain wide range power control with more than 10 dB tuning range is enabled by body biasing feature while the design improves voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) robustness, stability and reverse isolation by using optimized 90° hybrid couplers and capacitive neutralization on both stages. Maximum power gain of 32.6 dB, PAEmax of 25.5% and Psat of 17.9 dBm are measured while robustness to industrial temperature range and process spread is demonstrated. Temperature-induced performance variation compensation, as well as amplitude-to-phase modulation (AM-PM) optimization regarding output power back-off, are achieved through body-bias node. This PA exhibits an International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors figure of merit (ITRS FOM) of 26 925, the highest reported around 30 GHz to authors' knowledge.

scholarly journals Towards CMOS Integrated Microfluidics Using Dielectrophoretic Immobilization

Biosensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honeyeh Matbaechi Ettehad ◽  
Rahul Kumar Yadav ◽  
Subhajit Guha ◽  
Christian Wenger
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Microfluidic Channel ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Biological Particles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Integrated Microfluidics ◽  
The Impact

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a nondestructive and noninvasive method which is favorable for point-of-care medical diagnostic tests. This technique exhibits prominent relevance in a wide range of medical applications wherein the miniaturized platform for manipulation (immobilization, separation or rotation), and detection of biological particles (cells or molecules) can be conducted. DEP can be performed using advanced planar technologies, such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) through interdigitated capacitive biosensors. The dielectrophoretically immobilization of micron and submicron size particles using interdigitated electrode (IDE) arrays is studied by finite element simulations. The CMOS compatible IDEs have been placed into the silicon microfluidic channel. A rigorous study of the DEP force actuation, the IDE’s geometrical structure, and the fluid dynamics are crucial for enabling the complete platform for CMOS integrated microfluidics and detection of micron and submicron-sized particle ranges. The design of the IDEs is performed by robust finite element analyses to avoid time-consuming and costly fabrication processes. To analyze the preliminary microfluidic test vehicle, simulations were first performed with non-biological particles. To produce DEP force, an AC field in the range of 1 to 5 V (peak-to-peak) is applied to the IDE. The impact of the effective external and internal properties, such as actuating DEP frequency and voltage, fluid flow velocity, and IDE’s geometrical parameters are investigated. The IDE based system will be used to immobilize and sense particles simultaneously while flowing through the microfluidic channel. The sensed particles will be detected using the capacitive sensing feature of the biosensor. The sensing and detecting of the particles are not in the scope of this paper and will be described in details elsewhere. However, to provide a complete overview of this system, the working principles of the sensor, the readout detection circuit, and the integration process of the silicon microfluidic channel are briefly discussed.

Twelve Degree of Freedom Baby Humanoid Head Using Shape Memory Alloy Actuators

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonas Tadesse ◽  
Dennis Hong ◽  
Shashank Priya
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Simulink Model ◽  
The Face ◽  
Nonlinear Dynamics Model ◽  
Driving Circuit

A biped mountable robotic baby head was developed using a combination of Biometal fiber and Flexinol shape memory alloy actuators (SMAs). SMAs were embedded in the skull and connected to the elastomeric skin at control points. An engineered architecture of the skull was fabricated, which incorporates all the SMA wires with 35 routine pulleys, two firewire complementary metal-oxide semiconductor cameras that serve as eyes, and a battery powered microcontroller base driving circuit with a total dimension of 140×90×110 mm3. The driving circuit was designed such that it can be easily integrated with a biped and allows programming in real-time. This 12DOF head was mounted on the body of a 21DOF miniature bipedal robot, resulting in a humanoid robot with a total of 33DOFs. Characterization results on the face and associated design issues are described, which provides a pathway for developing a humanlike facial anatomy using wire-based muscles. Numerical simulation based on SIMULINK was conducted to assess the performance of the prototypic robotic face, mainly focusing on the jaw movement. The nonlinear dynamics model along with governing equations for SMA actuators containing transcendental and switching functions was solved numerically and a generalized SIMULINK model was developed. Issues related to the integration of the robotic head with a biped are discussed using the kinematic model.

scholarly journals Salivary biomarkers and proteomics: future diagnostic and clinical utilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-174
Author(s):  
A. V. Mitronin ◽  
O. A. Khvorostenko ◽  
D. A. Ostanina ◽  
Yu. A. Mitronin
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biological Environment ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

The search for new, fast and non-invasive methods of diagnosing diseases of both the oral cavity and general diseases of various etiologies and their introduction into practical health care is still a priority in the field of medicine. Among the known methods of analysis of biological fluids, a special place is occupied by the study of saliva. Oral fluid analysis has a high potential in screening for various diseases, since it contains a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds. A significant number of works have been devoted to the study of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the oral fluid, as well as to the study of saliva biomarkers, however, the study of the saliva proteome is at the stage of data accumulation. The lack of standardization in the collection of samples and methods of analysis, as well as poorly studied physiological and biochemical parameters of the oral fluid, hinders the introduction of advances in the study of the saliva proteome into diagnostic practice. The solution of these problems will allow the oral fluid to be used as a biological environment for both detecting diseases and predicting their course.

scholarly journals Electro-Absorption Modulation in GeSn Alloys for Wide-Spectrum Mid-Infrared Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Da Hsieh ◽  
Jun-Han Lin ◽  
Richard Soref ◽  
Greg Sun ◽  
Hung-Hsiang Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Optical Modulation ◽  
Bandgap Energy ◽  
Optical Modulators ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
On Chip

Abstract Si-based electronic-photonic integrated circuits (EPICs), which are compatible with state-of-the-art complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processes, offer promising opportunities for on-chip mid-infrared (MIR) photonic systems. However, the lack of efficient MIR optical modulators on Si hinders the utilization of MIR EPICs. Here, we clearly demonstrate the Franz-Keldysh (FK) effect in GeSn alloys and achieve on-Si MIR electro-absorption optical modulation using GeSn heterostructures. Our experimental and theoretical results verify that the direct bandgap energy of GeSn can be widely tuned by varying the Sn content, thereby realizing wavelength-tunable optical modulation in the MIR range with a figure-of-merit of Δα /α0 (FOM) greater than 1.5 and a broadband operating range greater than 140 nm. In contrast to conventional silicon-photonic modulators based on the plasma dispersion effect, our GeSn heterostructure demonstrates practical and effective FK MIR optical modulation on Si and helps unlock the potential of MIR EPICs for a wide range of applications.

scholarly journals Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers of Epigenetic Drift within the Cardiovascular Compartment

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Wallace ◽  
Laura C. Twomey ◽  
Marc-Antoine Custaud ◽  
Niall Moyna ◽  
Philip M. Cummins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
New Biomarkers

Biomarkers encompass a wide range of different measurable indicators, representing a tangible link to physiological changes occurring within the body. Accessibility, sensitivity, and specificity are significant factors in biomarker suitability. New biomarkers continue to be discovered, and questions over appropriate selection and assessment of their usefulness remain. If traditional markers of inflammation are not sufficiently robust in their specificity, then perhaps alternative means of detection may provide more information. Epigenetic drift (epigenetic modifications as they occur as a direct function with age), and its ancillary elements, including platelets, secreted microvesicles (MVs), and microRNA (miRNA), may hold enormous predictive potential. The majority of epigenetic drift observed in blood is independent of variations in blood cell composition, addressing concerns affecting traditional blood-based biomarker efficacy. MVs are found in plasma and other biological fluids in healthy individuals. Altered MV/miRNA profiles may also be found in individuals with various diseases. Platelets are also highly reflective of physiological and lifestyle changes, making them extremely sensitive biomarkers of human health. Platelets release increased levels of MVs in response to various stimuli and under a plethora of disease states, which demonstrate a functional effect on other cell types.

scholarly journals A wearable patch for continuous analysis of thermoregulatory sweat at rest

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hnin Yin Yin Nyein ◽  
Mallika Bariya ◽  
Brandon Tran ◽  
Christine Heera Ahn ◽  
Brenden Janatpour Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
The Body ◽  
Accumulation Time ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Real Time Measurement ◽  
Selective Monitoring ◽  
Secretion Rates

AbstractThe body naturally and continuously secretes sweat for thermoregulation during sedentary and routine activities at rates that can reflect underlying health conditions, including nerve damage, autonomic and metabolic disorders, and chronic stress. However, low secretion rates and evaporation pose challenges for collecting resting thermoregulatory sweat for non-invasive analysis of body physiology. Here we present wearable patches for continuous sweat monitoring at rest, using microfluidics to combat evaporation and enable selective monitoring of secretion rate. We integrate hydrophilic fillers for rapid sweat uptake into the sensing channel, reducing required sweat accumulation time towards real-time measurement. Along with sweat rate sensors, we integrate electrochemical sensors for pH, Cl−, and levodopa monitoring. We demonstrate patch functionality for dynamic sweat analysis related to routine activities, stress events, hypoglycemia-induced sweating, and Parkinson’s disease. By enabling sweat analysis compatible with sedentary, routine, and daily activities, these patches enable continuous, autonomous monitoring of body physiology at rest.

scholarly journals A focus on homocysteine in autism.

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska ◽  
Ewa Żurawicz ◽  
Monika Michalska ◽  
Jacek Rynkowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Physiology ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Wide Range

Homocysteine is an amino acid, which plays several important roles in human physiology. A wide range of disorders, including neuropsychiatric disorders and autism, are associated with increased homocysteine levels in biological fluids. Various B vitamins: B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), and B9 (folic acid) are required as co-factors by the enzymes involved in homocysteine metabolism. Therefore, monitoring of homocysteine levels in body fluids of autistic children can provide information on genetic and physiological diseases, improper lifestyle (including dietary habits), as well as a variety of pathological conditions. This review presents information on homocysteine metabolism, determination of homocysteine in biological fluids, and shows abnormalities in the levels of homocysteine in the body fluids of autistic children.

Graphene electrodes for voltammetric measurements in biological fluids

Circuit World ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Peplowski ◽  
Daniel Janczak ◽  
Grzegorz Wróblewski ◽  
Marcin Słoma ◽  
Łukasz Górski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Printed Electronics ◽  
Biological Fluid ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Oxidation Potential ◽  
Medical Monitoring ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability

Purpose – The aim of this paper was to verify applicability of graphene-based sensors for voltammetric and amperometric measurements of low-concentration compounds in biological fluids. Design/methodology/approach – Using the screen printing method, electrochemical sensors were manufactured on polymethylmetacrylate foil using a paste consisting of organic solvents and graphene nanopetals. As the model of a biological fluid tear film was chosen, the compound chosen as the analyte was H2O2, which is produced in oxidation of biological compounds. Tear film analog was prepared, in which, the measurements were carried out in a wide range of concentrations to determine the oxidation potential of H2O2 through square-wave voltammetry. The second series of amperometric measurements was carried out for concentrations between 0 and 30 μM/L, which is the lower range of physiological glucose concentration in tear films. Findings – The sensors presented linearity for concentrations from 0 to 3.5 per cent. Mean linear correlation coefficient between the peak current and the concentration for the examined sensors was 0.9764. Mean sensitivity was 434.4 mA·M−1·L−1. Research limitations/implications – Results indicate a need for optimization of the sensors ' performance. Main parameters to be improved are surface area of electrodes and purity of the graphene layer, as well as uniformity of the manufacturing process to improve accuracy and repeatability of measurements. Practical implications – Technology and materials used present an opportunity for creating low-cost, miniaturized and biocompatible sensors to be used in medical monitoring. Originality/value – Printed electronics technology described was not investigated previously in the field of biological sensors and could contribute to the solving of vital medicine problems.

scholarly journals Integrated Blood Pressure-Chemical Sensing Epidermal Patch

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Sempionatto ◽  
Muyang Lin ◽  
Lu Yin ◽  
Ernesto de la Paz ◽  
Kexin Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Chemical Sensing ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wearable Sensor ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Pressure Chemical

Abstract The growing demand for tracking the effects of diverse daily activities upon the body physiological response calls for continuous monitoring devices, with integrated hemodynamic and metabolic sensing modalities. This work presents the first demonstration of an integrated wearable sensor that monitors the blood pressure and heart rate via ultrasonic transducers, along with parallel non-invasive electrochemical detection of biomarker levels, such as glucose, lactate, caffeine, and alcohol, in sweat and interstitial fluid. Such simultaneous non-invasive blood-pressure/chemical sensing was implemented by monitoring the dynamic effects of everyday activities, such as exercise and intake of food and drinks, upon the user’s physiological states. Leveraging novel material selection and assembly processes, the multiplexed sensing modalities were optimized to ensure reliable sensing without crosstalk between individual sensors, along with mechanical resiliency and flexibility for conformal contact to curved skin surfaces. The simultaneous acoustic and electrochemical sensors were evaluated on multiple human subjects under different stimuli, and the dynamic correlation of the hemodynamic activities and corresponding metabolic variations was monitored and discussed. Such multimodal blood-pressure/chemical wearable sensor offers a collection of previously unavailable information towards enhancing our understanding of the body’s response to common activities while holding considerable promise for predicting abnormal cardiac events and improving remote, telemetric, and personalized healthcare medical outcome.

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