Origin, Impact and Control of Lignocellulosic Inhibitors in Bioethanol Production—A Review

Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is still struggling with many obstacles. One of them is lignocellulosic inhibitors. The aim of this review is to discuss the most known inhibitors. Additionally, the review addresses different detoxification methods to degrade or to remove inhibitors from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Inhibitors are formed during the pretreatment of biomass. They derive from the structural polymers-cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The formation of inhibitors depends on the pretreatment conditions. Inhibitors can have a negative influence on both the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. The inhibition mechanisms can be, for example, deactivation of enzymes or impairment of vital cell structures. The toxicity of each inhibitor depends on its chemical and physical properties. To decrease the negative effects of inhibitors, different detoxification methods have been researched. Those methods focus on the chemical modification of inhibitors into less toxic forms or on the separation of inhibitors from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Each detoxification method has its limitations on the removal of certain inhibitors. To choose a suitable detoxification method, a deep molecular understanding of the inhibition mechanism and the inhibitor formation is necessary.

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Influence of the “Active Mix” supplement with separate administration of antagonistic components on the structure of the mice internal organs

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20213605013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

pp. 05013

Author(s):

D.S. Berestov ◽

Yu.G. Vasiliev ◽

A.N. Kulikov ◽

N.V. Isupova

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Point Of View ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Reproductive Systems ◽

Internal Organs ◽

And Control

The question of the need for separate administration of feed additives’ components that are antagonistic from the point of view of their chemical properties and physiological effects has long been debated among researchers. The authors have proposed a new supplement based on chelate compounds, which components’ effect on the organism of laboratory animals has been partially considered earlier. However, the assessment of the components’ effects on the morphology of the excretory and reproductive systems’ organs has not been studied. In this regard, the work considered the effect of feed additive components with separate introduction of chemically and physiologically antagonistic components on the pathoanatomical picture, as well as the microstructure of the kidneys and testes of laboratory mice to assess potentially negative effects on the excretory and reproductive systems. The supplement was administered orally at various dosages. The organ structure was assessed after 1, 2 weeks and 1 month. The microstructure of the kidneys and testes was histologically studied in the experiment and control. The negative influence absence of the supplement components in the entire range of applied dosages is shown. The absence of visible deviations of the pathoanatomical picture during autopsy of experimental animals was noted.

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The Effects of Corporate Ownership on Public Accountants' Professionalism and Ethics

Accounting Horizons ◽

10.2308/acch.2002.16.2.109 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 109-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

William E. Shafer ◽

D. Jordan Lowe ◽

Timothy J. Fogarty

Keyword(s):

Current Trend ◽

Auditor Independence ◽

Corporate Ownership ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Public Accounting ◽

Corporate Acquisitions ◽

Accounting Professionals ◽

Research Questions ◽

And Control ◽

First Time

The current trend toward corporate acquisitions of CPA firms poses potential threats to the autonomy and ethical standards of public accounting professionals. This recent consolidation movement suggests that for the first time a significant number of public accounting professionals are subject to the supervision and control of nonprofessionals. In addition to acknowledging the potential threats to auditor independence and objectivity, this paper suggests that these new organizational arrangements for the provision of public accounting services have other negative effects on professionalism and ethics such as desensitizing CPAs to traditional professional values, and subverting professional institutions to the goals of corporate employers. This paper develops a framework that identifies several specific research questions related to the effects of corporate ownership on professionalism and ethics in public accounting.

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Social exclusion increases the executive function of attention networks

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86385-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Huoyin Zhang ◽

Shiyunmeng Zhang ◽

Jiachen Lu ◽

Yi Lei ◽

Hong Li

Keyword(s):

Social Exclusion ◽

Executive Control ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Attention ◽

Attention Network ◽

Attention Networks ◽

The Social ◽

And Control

AbstractPrevious studies in humans have shown that brain regions activating social exclusion overlap with those related to attention. However, in the context of social exclusion, how does behavioral monitoring affect individual behavior? In this study, we used the Cyberball game to induce the social exclusion effect in a group of participants. To explore the influence of social exclusion on the attention network, we administered the Attention Network Test (ANT) and compared results for the three subsystems of the attention network (orienting, alerting, and executive control) between exclusion (N = 60) and inclusion (N = 60) groups. Compared with the inclusion group, the exclusion group showed shorter overall response time and better executive control performance, but no significant differences in orienting or alerting. The excluded individuals showed a stronger ability to detect and control conflicts. It appears that social exclusion does not always exert a negative influence on individuals. In future research, attention to network can be used as indicators of social exclusion. This may further reveal how social exclusion affects individuals' psychosomatic mechanisms.

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Impact of dams and irrigation schemes in Anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics and malaria epidemiology

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652012000400001 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 179-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jordi Sanchez-Ribas ◽

Gabriel Parra-Henao ◽

Anthony Érico Guimarães

Keyword(s):

Control Measures ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Irrigation Scheme ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Malaria Epidemiology ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Tropics ◽

And Control ◽

Anopheline Mosquitoes

Irrigation schemes and dams have posed a great concern on public health systems of several countries, mainly in the tropics. The focus of the present review is to elucidate the different ways how these human interventions may have an effect on population dynamics of anopheline mosquitoes and hence, how local malaria transmission patterns may be changed. We discuss different studies within the three main tropical and sub-tropical regions (namely Africa, Asia and the Pacific and the Americas). Factors such as pre-human impact malaria epidemiological patterns, control measures, demographic movements, human behaviour and local Anopheles bionomics would determine if the implementation of an irrigation scheme or a dam will have negative effects on human health. Some examples of successful implementation of control measures in such settings are presented. The use of Geographic Information System as a powerful tool to assist on the study and control of malaria in these scenarios is also highlighted.

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Discussion on Colour Design of Medical Product Based on Visual Negative Afterimage Theory

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.102-104.335 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 102-104 ◽

pp. 335-338

Author(s):

Xing Fu Xiong ◽

Chen Xiong

Keyword(s):

Information Exchange ◽

Special Function ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Medical Product ◽

Space Environment ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Future Design ◽

Medical Environment ◽

Human Orientation ◽

Organically Combine

This paper mainly analyses and discusses the application and significance of the visual negative afterimage on the colour design of medical product based on the visual negative afterimage theory. The design for the colour of medical product based on the visual negative afterimage theory focuses more human orientation in aspect of the visual effect design. The paper also points out that the trend of future design is to organically combine the art, the therapy features and the humanity.The complementary colour equilibrium of the visual negative afterimage will play a more and more important role in the colour design of the medical product. In the modern medical environment, the colour of the medical product has a decisive effect on the information exchange between people and the space environment. Although the visual negative afterimage is common in our daily life, the colour is not taken into consideration in the colour design of the medical product, which will result in negative effects. The colour is a strong and extremely attractive expression tool. Therefore, when the colour is designed for the medical product, it should be applied reasonably. The application of colour must be based on the special function requirements and the use of different people, so as to show its special function and requirements, which not only avoids the negative influence caused by the visual negative afterimage, but also creates a more humanistic atmosphere for the medical environment.

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A study on alkali pretreatment conditions of sorghum stem for maximum sugar recovery using statistical approach

Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly ◽

10.2298/ciceq120826008n ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 261-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Maryam Nikzad ◽

Kamyar Movagharnejad ◽

Farid Talebnia ◽

Ghasem Najafpour ◽

Farahi Hosein

Keyword(s):

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Solid Loading ◽

Bioethanol Production ◽

Alkali Pretreatment ◽

Model Predictions ◽

Pretreatment Time ◽

Pretreatment Conditions ◽

Energy Production System ◽

Central Composite

Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass provides an alternative energy-production system. Sorghum bicolor stem is a cheap agro-waste for bioethanol production. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize alkali pretreatment conditions for sorghum bicolor stem with respect to substrate concentration, NaOH concentration and pretreatment time based on a central composite rotary design. The main goal was to achieve the highest glucose and xylose yields after enzymatic hydrolysis. Under optimum conditions of pretreatment i.e. time 60.4 min, solid loading 4.2%, and NaOH concentration 1.7%, yields of 98.94% g glucose/g cellulose and 65.14% g xylose/g hemicelluloses were obtained. The results of a confirmation experiment under the optimal conditions agreed well with model predictions. Pretreatment of sorghum bicolor stem at the optimum condition increased the glucose and xylose yields by 7.14 and 3.02 fold, respectively. Alkali pretreatment showed to be a great choice for the pretreatment of sorghum bicolor stem.

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Sustainable governance in forestry and nature protection

Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta ◽

10.2298/gsf14s1113n ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 113-140

Author(s):

Dragan Nonic ◽

Mersudin Avdibegovic ◽

Jelena Nedeljkovic ◽

Aleksandar Radosavljevic ◽

Nenad Rankovic

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Transition Process ◽

Future Research ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Nature Protection ◽

Role Of Government ◽

Economic Changes ◽

Countries In Transition ◽

Over Exploitation ◽

And Control

At the global level, due to the negative effects of over-exploitation of natural resources, numerous processes and initiatives for their conservation and sustainable governance have started. The beginning of the transition process, as well as political and economic changes that followed in the countries in transition, were in line with the new orientation of the international forest and nature protection policy. The transition process has caused, among other things, a redefinition of the role of government in managing natural resources. This meant a shift from ?government? to ?governance? concept. This concept refers to the change from the classical approach of ?command and control? to active participation of all involved parties and establishing rules for the division of responsibilities and benefits. The aim of the paper is to identify, analyze and systematise the current concepts of sustainable governance in forestry and nature protection, their characteristics and the principles on which they are based, with a main purpose of preparation of a research platform for more detailed research in this area. The paper gives recommendations for the application of the principles of governance in forestry and nature protection, as well as recommendations for future research in this area.

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Novel Antibiofilm Non-Biocidal Strategies

Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-69411-1_5 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 117-136

Author(s):

Francesca Cappitelli ◽

Federica Villa

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Model Systems ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Alternative Strategies ◽

Biofilm Model ◽

Biocidal Products ◽

Multiple Species ◽

Cultural Heritage Objects ◽

And Control ◽

By Products

AbstractSubaerial biofilm (SAB) formation on cultural heritage objects is often considered an undesirable process in which microorganisms and their by-products, e.g., enzymes and pigments, cause damage or alteration to a surface. Since biofilms are widespread phenomena, there has been a high demand for preventive and control strategies that resist their formation or reduce their negative effects once formed. Up to date, the main strategy to control biofilms has been the use of biocides. Because of their intrinsic properties, biocidal products can pose risks to humans, animals, and the environment. In this chapter, the authors call “green” only those alternative strategies to biocides able to prevent/control biofilms but that do not kill microorganisms, i.e., irrespective of the use of natural compounds. Here, we describe some of the methods that are most commonly used to test the effectiveness of antibiofilm compounds with multiple-species biofilm model systems. A unified terminology and well described protocols and guidelines are still required to compare and test the effectiveness of traditional or novel compounds against biofilms retrieved on heritage surfaces.

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ГИС-ПОДХОД ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ВЛИЯНИЯ ОБЫЧНЫХ И СДВОЕННЫХ КОЛЕС НА ТВЕРДОСТЬ ПОЧВЫ

Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University ◽

10.15421/2015029 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (03) ◽

pp. 73-100

Author(s):

A. V. Zhukov

Keyword(s):

Penetration Resistance ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Gis Technology ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Surface Character ◽

Top Soil ◽

Negative Effect

GIS-APPROACH application has allowed establishing that usual wheels of machine-tractor units carry out considerable influence on soil which exceeds visible borders of a track of wheels on the dimensions. This influence shows in augmentation of soil penetration resistance at 100-155 % in comparison with the control on depth of 0-10 cm and on 20-30 % on depth of 45-50 %. It is impossible to exclude that influence of wheels proceeds more deeply, than tests have been conducted. Critical for cultivated plants value of soil penetration resistance in 3 MPa under the influence of usual wheels of agricultural machinery comes nearer practically to a surface. Character of profile changes of hardness in various regions influences of wheels allows assuming the long season of a relaxation of soil for achievement of background values of soil penetration resistance. The further researches are necessary for an establishment of concrete indicators of dynamics. Negative influence of an overstocking does not confine only deterioration of conditions of growth of assemblages of rootlets of plants. Infringement of processes of moving of moisture in the soil, the accelerated evaporation and the slowed down processes of a filtration and an infiltration, destruction of modular frame, activization of erosive processes is possible. The understanding of these processes will give the chance volume understanding of real influence of running systems of machine-tractor devices on bedrock. Region intensive influence of dual wheels is circumscribed by the top soil layers (0-15 cm). The major feature of influence of dual wheels is absence of an overstocking above critical levels. It is impossible to exclude possible positive influence of moderate inspissations of soil under the influence of dual wheels for growth of agricultural crops and moisture conservation in soil. The cumulative negative effect on soil crossed vehicles traces is probable. The long season of a relaxation of soil after anthropogenic transformation can create a network of traces of vehicles in the field. In region crossings of traces negative effects considerably increase. Keywords: hardness of bedrock, GIS-TECHNOLOGY, technique influence

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The Design of an IEEE 1588 End-to-End Transparent Ethernet Switch

10.26686/wgtn.17009294 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Caleb Gordon

Keyword(s):

Packet Delay ◽

Time Interval ◽

Path Delay ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Ieee 1588 ◽

Precision Time ◽

End To End ◽

And Control ◽

Measurement And Control ◽

Ethernet Switch

In measurement and control systems there is often a need to synchronise distributed clocks. Traditionally, synchronisation has been achieved using a dedicated medium to convey time information, typically using the IRIG-B serial protocol. The precision time protocol (IEEE 1588) has been designed as an improvement to current methods of synchronisation within a distributed network of devices. IEEE 1588 is a message based protocol that can be implemented across packet based networks including, but not limited to, Ethernet. Standard Ethernet switches introduce a variable delay to packets that inhibits path delay measurements. Transparent switches have been introduced to measure and adjust for packet delay, thus removing the negative effects that these variations cause. This thesis describes the hardware and firmware design of an IEEE 1588 transparent end-to-end Ethernet switch for Tekron International Ltd based in Lower Hutt, New Zealand. This switch has the ability to monitor all Ethernet traffic, identify IEEE 1588 timing packets, measure the delay that these packets experience while passing through the switch, and account for this delay by adjusting a time-interval field of the packet as it is leaving the switch. This process takes place at the operational speed of the port, and without introducing significant delay. Time-interval measurements can be made using a high-precision timestamp unit with a resolution of 1 ns. The total jitter introduced by this measurement process is just 4.5 ns through a single switch.

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