Enzymatic Digestion of Calf Fleshing Meat By-Products: Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosinase Activity of Protein Hydrolysates, and Identification of Fatty Acids

The food waste reduction through an efficient recovery of its valuable building molecules has become an important topic with a positive effect on the economy and the environment. In this work, the revalorization of slaughterhouse calf fleshing meat through its enzymatic hydrolysis is proposed. The proteolytic activity of 11 enzymes was initially screened and the four most efficient enzymes (papain, trypsin, pancreatin, and bromelain) were selected. The molecular profiling of the different protein/peptide fractions by the Linear Trap Quadrupole-OrbiTrap technique showed compositional differences due to the specificity of the enzymes’ cleavage sites. In order to find a potential reuse of these hydrolysates, the analysis of antioxidant and, for the first time on fleshing meat hydrolysates, of anti-tyrosinase activities, was performed. Papain-digested samples were those showing the highest inhibition activity of tyrosinase enzyme (55.6%) as well as the highest antioxidant activity (3.52 g TEAC/L). In addition, the composition analysis of the lipid fraction was performed. The mono-unsaturated fatty acids resulted to be the most abundant lipid in all the samples with the exception of pancreatin-treated hydrolysates in which poly-unsaturated fatty acids were predominant. The present results seemed to support a possible valorization of isolated fractions from calf fleshing by-products, as food or feed ingredients, by the implementation of fraction isolation within the meat-processing pipeline.

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Insight into the Secondary Metabolites of Geum urbanum L. and Geum rivale L. Seeds (Rosaceae)

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10061219 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1219

Author(s):

Marek Bunse ◽

Peter Lorenz ◽

Florian C. Stintzing ◽

Dietmar R. Kammerer

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Asiatic Acid ◽

Cosmetic Products ◽

Nutritional Properties ◽

First Time ◽

Derivatives Of ◽

Geum Urbanum ◽

Insight Into

The present study aimed at the identification and quantitation of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and further characteristic substances in the seeds of Geum urbanum L. and Geum rivale L. For this purpose, individual components of extracts recovered with MeOH, CH2Cl2, and by cold-pressing, respectively, were characterized by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MSn and GC/MS and compared with reference compounds. For both Geum species, phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and gallic acid derivatives, and triterpenes, such as saponins and their aglycones, were detected. Surprisingly, both Geum species revealed the presence of derivatives of the triterpenoid aglycons asiatic acid and madecassic acid, which were characterized for the first time in the genus Geum. Furthermore, the fatty acids of both species were characterized by GC–MS after derivatization. Both species showed a promising fatty-acid profile in terms of nutritional properties because of high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid were most abundant, among other compounds such as palmitic acid and stearic acid. In summary, the present study demonstrates the seeds of G. urbanum and G. rivale to be a valuable source of unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive phenolics, which might be exploited for nutritional and cosmetic products and for phytotherapeutic purposes.

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Bioprocessing of Shrimp Waste Using Novel Industrial By-Products: Effects on Nutrients and Lipophilic Antioxidants

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation7040312 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 312

Author(s):

Luis Angel Cabanillas-Bojórquez ◽

Erick Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva ◽

Ramón Ignacio Castillo-López ◽

Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo ◽

Miguel Angel Angulo-Escalante ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Rich Source ◽

Added Value ◽

The Novel ◽

Shrimp Waste ◽

Acid Fermentation ◽

Trolox Equivalent ◽

By Products

The production of marine foods is on the rise, and shrimp is one of the most widely consumed. As a result, a considerable amount of shrimp waste is generated, becoming a hazardous problem. Shrimp waste is a rich source of added-value components such as proteins, lipids, chitin, minerals, and carotenoids; however, new bioprocesses are needed to obtain these components. This work aimed to characterize the chemical and nutraceutical constituents from the liquor of shrimp waste recovered during a lactic acid fermentation process using the novel substrate sources whey and molasses. Our results showed that the lyophilized liquor is a rich source of proteins (25.40 ± 0.67%), carbohydrates (38.92 ± 0.19%), minerals (calcium and potassium), saturated fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, myristic and lauric acids), unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic, and palmitoleic acids), and astaxanthin (0.50 ± 0.02 µg astaxanthin/g). Moreover, fermentation is a bioprocess that allowed us to obtain antioxidants such as carotenoids with an antioxidant capacity of 154.43 ± 4.73 µM Trolox equivalent/g evaluated by the ABTS method. Our study showed that liquor from shrimp waste fermentation could be a source of nutraceutical constituents with pharmaceutical applications. However, further studies are needed to separate these added-value components from the liquor matrix.

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Influence of the method of disintegration of biomass of microalga Chlorella sorokiniana on the production of lipid fraction

Butlerov Communications ◽

10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-59-7-85 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (7) ◽

pp. 85-91

Author(s):

Yulia A. Smyatskaya ◽

◽

Natalia A. Politaeva ◽

Amira Toumi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Microwave Radiation ◽

High Speed ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Fraction ◽

Chlorella Sorokiniana ◽

Lipid Fractions ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Selection Of

This article discusses the effect of the disintegration of the cell wall of the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana on the output of the lipid fraction. The biomass of the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana was grown under laboratory conditions in special photobioreactors at a temperature of 25 °C, with a constant aeration of a mixture of carbon dioxide and air at a rate of 1.5 liters/min, illumination 2200-2800 Lx. Nutrient medium for cultivation contained macro – and micronutrients for high-speed growth of microalgae. Selection of optimal cultivation parameters allows obtaining biomass with desired properties. Disintegration was carried out with the homogenization of biomass and under the influence of microwave radiation. Extraction of lipids was carried out on a semi-automatic extractor according to the Randall method, using organic solvents. The output of the lipid fraction without treatment was 10.18% after the destruction of the cell wall 14.45% with the homogenization of biomass and 13.85% under the influence of microwave radiation. A qualitative analysis of the lipid fraction, carried out under gas chromatography, obtained under various conditions showed that there was no significant difference in composition from the disintegration method. Lipid fractions (more than 50%) in both cases consist mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, of which irreplaceable unsaturated fatty acids constitute more than 18% for both samples. The residual biomass formed after the extraction of the lipid fraction can be used as fertilizer in the plant, for the manufacture of sorption materials for the purification of industrial water and as a biofuel. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of cell wall disintegration on the output of the lipid fraction and qualitative composition.

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Potential Use of Tuna (Thunnus albacares) by-product: Production of Antioxidant Peptides and Recovery of Unsaturated Fatty Acids from Tuna Head

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijfe-2015-0365 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dayse Oliveira ◽

Daniela Bernardi ◽

Fernanda Drummond ◽

Fabiana Dieterich ◽

Wilson Boscolo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Protein Hydrolysate ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽

Antioxidant Peptides ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

By Products

AbstractTuna by-products were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase (enzyme to substrate ratio 1 : 200 w/w; 60 °C; pH 6.5, 120 min) rendering a tuna protein hydrolysate (TPH) with 9.24 % degree of hydrolysis (DH). The antioxidant capacity of TPH determined by the methods of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) were similar and 10 times lower than the result obtained by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The total amino acid profile indicated that 42.15 % are composed of hydrophobic amino acids and 7.7 % of aromatics, with leucine being found in the highest quantity (17.85 %). The fatty acid profile of the oil recovered by centrifugation of the TPH – as determined by a gas chromatograph – was characterized by a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (39.06 %), mainly represented by the fatty acids ω3, docosahexaenoic acid (27.15 %) and eicosapentaenoic acid (6.05 %). The simultaneous recovery of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant peptides can add value to tuna by-products, assisting in the efficient management of fishing industry waste.

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Identification of acrolein from the ozone oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1191/096032799678839527 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 677-682 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R Medina-Navarro ◽

E Mercado-Pichardo ◽

O Herńndez-Pérez ◽

J J Hicks

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Biological Systems ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Environmental Pollutant ◽

Fused Silica ◽

Erythrocyte Membranes ◽

Human Erythrocyte Membranes ◽

Dependent Form ◽

By Products

By-products of lipoperoxidation reactions may be associated with the genesis or the progression of several diseases as arteriosclerosis, diabetes and cancer, among many others. Acrolein, at first a widely distributed environmental pollutant, is currently known as a compound capable of being generated as a result of metabolic reactions within biological systems, highly toxic and the most electrophilic of the a, b-unsaturated aldehydes formed during lipoperoxidation. In the present study: 1 The separation of acrolein and malondialdehyde was achieved at alkaline pH with the use of high voltage capillary electrophoresis in uncoated fused-silica capillaries. 2 It was demonstrated how the oxidation of fatty acids (arachidonic/linoleic) with ozone generates, in dose-dependent form, acrolein as one of the by-products of the lipoperoxidation process. The oxidation of open human erythrocyte membranes with ozone also generated acrolein. 3 After aldolic condensation, aldol-acrolein derivative has a positive reaction with 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and shows a maximum absorption at 498 nm. This novel characteristic is used in its identification after the separation of the by-products. 4 It is possible to suggest that in the classic reaction of the denominated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), when used as an indicator of the degree of peroxidation in biological systems, a portion of acrolein could be present but dwarfed by the TBAMDA adduct.

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OZONOLYSIS OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS: I. OZONOLYSIS OF OLEIC ACID

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v61-262 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 39 (10) ◽

pp. 1956-1963 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

R. G. Ackman ◽

M. E. Retson ◽

L. R. Gallay ◽

F. A. Vandenheuvel

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fission Products ◽

Dicarboxylic Acids ◽

Total Recovery ◽

Subsequent Decomposition ◽

By Products

Ozonolysis of oleic acid in methanol, a reacting solvent, with subsequent decomposition of the ozonide products by hydrogen peroxide in formic acid, gives yields of principal dicarboxylic acid fission products exceeding 95% with a minimum of secondary acidic products. The method is highly reproducible and offers unique advantages in the total recovery of the dicarboxylic acids and the elimination of peroxidic materials. The principal non-acidic by-products were tentatively identified as the Cs alcohols and their formyl esters.

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Almond By-Products: Valorization for Sustainability and Competitiveness of the Industry

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10081793 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1793

Author(s):

Marta Barral-Martinez ◽

Maria Fraga-Corral ◽

Pascual Garcia-Perez ◽

Jesus Simal-Gandara ◽

Miguel A. Prieto

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Food Industry ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

The Other ◽

Added Value ◽

Waste Minimization ◽

Livestock Feed ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

By Products

The search for waste minimization and the valorization of by-products are key practices for good management and improved sustainability in the food industry. The production of almonds generates a large amount of waste, most of which is not used. Until now, almonds have been used for their high nutritional value as food, especially almond meat. The other remaining parts (skin, shell, hulls, etc.) are still little explored, even though they have been used as fuel by burning or as livestock feed. However, interest in these by-products has been increasing as they possess beneficial properties (caused mainly by polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids) and can be used as new ingredients for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, it is important to explore almond’s valorization of by-products for the development of new added-value products that would contribute to the reduction of environmental impact and an improvement in the sustainability and competitiveness of the almond industry.

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Characteristics of Pure Oils from Belly Fat (Pangasius hypophthalmus) with Bentonite Purification

Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia ◽

10.17844/jphpi.v21i3.24742 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 549 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lorde Sembiring ◽

Mirna Ilza ◽

Andarini Diharmi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Peroxide Value ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Purification Process ◽

Processing Industry ◽

Catfish Oil ◽

By Products

Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) processing industry produces by products of abdoment fat containing unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which are the essential fatty acids needs to maintain health. Catfish belly fat can be processed into coarse fish oil through a purification process, with the addition of the adsorbent used, one of which is bentonite. This study was aimed to determine the<br />effect of bentonite application on the characteristics of refined catfish oil. Fish oil was extracted from belly fat then purified by adding bentonite adsorbent at a concentration of 1; 4 and 7%. The design used in this<br />study was a complete factorial of one factor. The parameters of analysis were the number of free fatty acids, peroxide value, anisidine, and totox. The results showed that bentonite had significant effect on free fatty<br />acid, peroxide, anisidine and totox values. The use of 7% bentonite decreased content of free fatty acid, peroxide value, anisidine, peroxide and totox from 1.72 to 0.85%, 5.18 to 0 meq/kg, 27.51 to 2.28 meq/kg,<br />and 37.88 to 2.28 meq/kg respectively.

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WASTE-FREE TECHNOLOGY OF CHLORELLA SOROKINIANA MICROALGAE BIOMASS USAGE FOR LIPIDS AND SORBENTS PRODUCTION

IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA ◽

10.6060/ivkkt.20186112.5795 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (12) ◽

pp. 137-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nataliya А. Politaeva ◽

Irina V. Atamanyuk ◽

Yuliya А. Smyatskaya ◽

Tatiana A. Kuznetsova ◽

Toumi Amira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Human Life ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Fraction ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Sorption Properties ◽

Residual Biomass ◽

Microalgae Biomass

In the present article we introduce application areas of Сhlorella sorokiniana microalgae biomass for national economy (feed and biologically active additives, etc). Here it is shown that thermal and chemical modification of plant material waste might result in obtaining of highly-efficient materials for water purification. Major stages of waste-free technology of microalga processing with further extraction of valuable lipids and obtaining of sorption materials are schematically shown. We have determined fatty-acid content of lipid fraction (77 mg/g), obtained by Soxhlet method from lyophilized microalga biomass. It was revealed, that it includes 83.7% of unsaturated fatty acids (generally, С18:1, С18:2, С18:3), whereas saturated fatty acids are mostly presented by С16 – С20 family. In lyophilized biomass we discovered α-linolenoic acid (Omega-3, 28.3%), which is one of the most valuable biologically active compounds, required for full-value human life and activities. Microstructure analysis of residual biomass of C. sorokiniana microalgae has shown pore surface, formed by destroyed cells. In the course of studying the sorption properties of residual biomass with the use of initial and final concentration parameters, the efficiency of purification of model water from Fe3+ ions (47.5%) was evaluated, which indicates the need to modify the sorption properties of biomass. It has been established that the degree of wastewater purification containing iron (III) compounds can be significantly increased (by 1.8 times) by forming from the residual biomass granular materials with additional introduction of chitosan in the composition, which using as a binder and a modifying additive (mass ratio 4:1).

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Lipids and their seasonal variation in the nucellar layers of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seeds

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b96-171 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 74 (9) ◽

pp. 1416-1424 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Eila Tillman-Sutela ◽

Anu Johansson ◽

Pälvi Laakso ◽

Heikki Kallio ◽

Anneli Kauppi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Seasonal Variation ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Fraction ◽

Single Fatty Acid

The content, composition, and seasonal variation of lipids in the nucellar layers of two mature Scots pine seed lots from northern and central Finland were studied. These lipophilic layers, which are located inside the seed coat, are composed of collapsed cells and restrict the imbibition of seeds. In this study, epicuticular wax was found on their surface; in particular, the surface of the nucellar cap was composed of intermeshing wax rods. The content of total lipids of the nucellar layers varied seasonally from 10 to 24%, being highest in April. In addition to simple lipids, which formed the most abundant lipid fraction in nucellar layers, small amounts of phospho- and glyco-lipids were also present. The proportion of simple lipids and their fatty acid composition in the seeds of both provenances remained constant throughout the year, whereas seasonal variation was found in the proportions of phospho- and giyco-lipids and in their fatty acids. In general, the variation was more marked in the northern seed lot. The unsaturated fatty acids dominated in the fractions of simple lipids and phospholipids, with linoleic acid being the most abundant single fatty acid. The saturated fatty acids with more than 22 carbon atoms were most abundant in the glycolipid fractions. The role of lipids for the function of the collapsed nucellar layers in the regulation of imbibition and germination of pine seeds is discussed. Keywords: Pinus sylvestris L., northern seeds, fatty acids, imbibition, germination.

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