scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Metastasis: Potential as Therapeutic Targets and Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiko Kogure ◽  
Yusuke Yoshioka ◽  
Takahiro Ochiya
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Anticancer Drug Delivery ◽  
Lipid Bilayer Vesicles

The vast majority of cancer-related deaths are due to metastasis of the primary tumor that develops years to decades after apparent cures. However, it is difficult to effectively prevent or treat cancer metastasis. Recent studies have shown that communication between cancer cells and surrounding cells enables cancer progression and metastasis. The comprehensive term “extracellular vesicles” (EVs) describes lipid bilayer vesicles that are secreted to outside cells; EVs are well-established mediators of cell-to-cell communication. EVs participate in cancer progression and metastasis by transferring bioactive molecules, such as proteins and RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), between cancer and various cells in local and distant microenvironments. Clinically, EVs functioning as diagnostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, or even as anticancer drug-delivery vehicles have been emphasized as a result of their unique biological and pathophysiological characteristics. The potential therapeutic effects of EVs in cancer treatment are rapidly emerging and represent a new and important area of research. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of EVs and discusses their utility for the inhibition of cancer progression, including metastasis.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Potentials of Extracellular Vesicles for the Treatment of Diabetes and Diabetic Complications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Hu ◽  
Xiang Song ◽  
Haibo Yu ◽  
Jingyu Sun ◽  
Yong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are nano-to-micrometer vesicles released from nearly all cellular types. EVs comprise a mixture of bioactive molecules (e.g., mRNAs, miRNAs, lipids, and proteins) that can be transported to the targeted cells/tissues via the blood or lymph circulation. Recently, EVs have received increased attention, owing to their emerging roles in cell-to-cell communication, or as biomarkers with the therapeutic potential to replace cell-based therapy. Diabetes comprises a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia that cause the development of life-threatening complications. The impacts of conventional clinical treatment are generally limited and are followed by many side effects, including hypoglycemia, obesity, and damage to the liver and kidney. Recently, several studies have shown that EVs released by stem cells and immune cells can regulate gene expression in the recipient cells, thus providing a strategy to treat diabetes and its complications. In this review, we summarize the results from currently available studies, demonstrating the therapeutic potentials of EVs in diabetes and diabetic complications. Additionally, we highlight recommendations for future research.

scholarly journals Extracellular vesicles in diagnosis and therapy of kidney diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (5) ◽  
pp. F844-F851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xiangjun Zhou ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Qisheng Yao ◽  
Yutao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Glomerular Diseases ◽  
The Cross

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are endogenously produced, membrane-bound vesicles that contain various molecules. Depending on their size and origins, EVs are classified into apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. A fundamental function of EVs is to mediate intercellular communication. In kidneys, recent research has begun to suggest a role of EVs, especially exosomes, in cell-cell communication by transferring proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs to recipient cells as nanovectors. EVs may mediate the cross talk between various cell types within kidneys for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. They may also mediate the cross talk between kidneys and other organs under physiological and pathological conditions. EVs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney diseases, including renal fibrosis, end-stage renal disease, glomerular diseases, and diabetic nephropathy. The release of EVs with specific molecular contents into urine and plasma may be useful biomarkers for kidney disease. In addition, EVs produced by cultured cells may have therapeutic effects for these diseases. However, the role of EVs in kidney diseases is largely unclear, and the mechanism underlying EV production and secretion remains elusive. In this review, we introduce the basics of EVs and then analyze the present information about the involvement, diagnostic value, and therapeutic potential of EVs in major kidney diseases.

scholarly journals Molecular Profile Study of Extracellular Vesicles for the Identification of Useful Small “Hit” in Cancer Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10787
Author(s):  
Giusi Alberti ◽  
Christian M. Sánchez-López ◽  
Alexia Andres ◽  
Radha Santonocito ◽  
Claudia Campanella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Liquid Biopsies ◽  
Precision Therapy

Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the main mediators of cell-cell communication, permitting cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and metabolites in varying physiological and pathological conditions. They contain signature tumor-derived molecules that reflect the intracellular status of their cell of origin. Recent studies have shown that tumor cell-derived EVs can aid in cancer metastasis through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, suppression of the immune system, pre-metastatic niche formation, and subsequent metastasis. EVs can easily be isolated from a variety of biological fluids, and their content makes them useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, monitorization of cancer progression, and response to treatment. This review aims to explore the biomarkers of cancer cell-derived EVs obtained from liquid biopsies, in order to understand cancer progression and metastatic evolution for early diagnosis and precision therapy.

Effects of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells on Liver Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Zheng ◽  
Yumin Yang ◽  
Russel Clive Sequeira ◽  
Colin E. Bishop ◽  
Anthony Atala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Chronic Liver Injury ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits

Therapeutic effects of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) transplantation have been observed in various disease models. However, it is thought that MSCs-mediated effects largely depend on the paracrine manner of secreting cytokines, growth factors, and Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). Similarly, MSCs-derived EVs also showed therapeutic benefits in various liver diseases through alleviating fibrosis, improving regeneration of hepatocytes, and regulating immune activity. This review provides an overview of the MSCs, their EVs, and their therapeutic potential in treating various liver diseases including liver fibrosis, acute and chronic liver injury, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). More specifically, the mechanisms by which MSC-EVs induce therapeutic benefits in liver diseases will be covered. In addition, comparisons between MSCs and their EVs were also evaluated as regenerative medicine against liver diseases. While the mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy must continue to be evaluated and verified, MSCs-derived EVs currently show tremendous potential and promise as a regenerative medicine treatment for liver disease in the future.

scholarly journals Cell-to-Cell Communication by Host-Released Extracellular Vesicles in the Gut: Implications in Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2213
Author(s):  
Natalia Diaz-Garrido ◽  
Cecilia Cordero ◽  
Yenifer Olivo-Martinez ◽  
Josefa Badia ◽  
Laura Baldomà
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Intestinal Homeostasis ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Health And Disease

Communication between cells is crucial to preserve body homeostasis and health. Tightly controlled intercellular dialog is particularly relevant in the gut, where cells of the intestinal mucosa are constantly exposed to millions of microbes that have great impact on intestinal homeostasis by controlling barrier and immune functions. Recent knowledge involves extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of such communication by transferring messenger bioactive molecules including proteins, lipids, and miRNAs between cells and tissues. The specific functions of EVs principally depend on the internal cargo, which upon delivery to target cells trigger signal events that modulate cellular functions. The vesicular cargo is greatly influenced by genetic, pathological, and environmental factors. This finding provides the basis for investigating potential clinical applications of EVs as therapeutic targets or diagnostic biomarkers. Here, we review current knowledge on the biogenesis and cargo composition of EVs in general terms. We then focus the attention to EVs released by cells of the intestinal mucosa and their impact on intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. We specifically highlight their role on epithelial barrier integrity, wound healing of epithelial cells, immunity, and microbiota shaping. Microbiota-derived EVs are not reviewed here.

scholarly journals Extracellular vesicles as immune mediators in response to kidney injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (1) ◽  
pp. F9-F21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Feigerlová ◽  
Shyue-Fang Battaglia-Hsu ◽  
Thierry Hauet ◽  
Jean-Louis Guéant
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Renal Tubular ◽  
Tissue Recovery

Important progress has been made on cytokine signaling in response to kidney injury in the past decade, especially cytokine signaling mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). For example, EVs released by injured renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) can regulate intercellular communications and influence tissue recovery via both regulating the expression and transferring cytokines, growth factors, as well as other bioactive molecules at the site of injury. The effects of EVs on kidney tissue seem to vary depending on the sources of EVs; however, the literature data are often inconsistent. For example, in rodents EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC-EVs) can have both beneficial and harmful effects on injured renal tissue. Caution is thus needed in the interpretation of these data as contradictory findings on EVs may not only be related to the origin of EVs, they can also be caused by the different methods used for EV isolation and the physiological and pathological states of the tissues/cells under which they were obtained. Here, we review and discuss our current understanding related to the immunomodulatory function of EVs in renal tubular repair in the hope of encouraging further investigations on mechanisms related to their antiinflammatory and reparative role to better define the therapeutic potential of EVs in renal diseases.

scholarly journals The Power of Extracellular Vesicles in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: “Crafting” a Microenvironment That Matters

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2316
Author(s):  
Lucia Catani ◽  
Michele Cavo ◽  
Francesca Palandri
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Driver Genes ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Patients Experience

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN) are acquired clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cells and include Essential Thrombocythemia, Polycythemia Vera and Myelofibrosis. MPN are characterized by mutations in three driver genes (JAK2, CALR and MPL) and by a state of chronic inflammation. Notably, MPN patients experience increased risk of thrombosis, disease progression, second neoplasia and evolution to acute leukemia. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of microparticles with a role in cell-cell communication. The EV-mediated cross-talk occurs via the trafficking of bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites and lipids. Growing interest is focused on EVs and their potential impact on the regulation of blood cancers. Overall, EVs have been suggested to orchestrate the complex interplay between tumor cells and the microenvironment with a pivotal role in “education” and “crafting” of the microenvironment by regulating angiogenesis, coagulation, immune escape and drug resistance of tumors. This review is focused on the role of EVs in MPN. Specifically, we will provide an overview of recent findings on the involvement of EVs in MPN pathogenesis and discuss opportunities for their potential application as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

scholarly journals Anti-Metastatic Effects of Plant Sap-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in a 3D Microfluidic Cancer Metastasis Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Kimin Kim ◽  
Jik-Han Jung ◽  
Hye Ju Yoo ◽  
Jae-Kyung Hyun ◽  
Ji-Ho Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Dendropanax Morbifera ◽  
Metastasis Model

Natural medicinal plants have attracted considerable research attention for their potential as effective drugs. The roots, leaves and stems of the plant, Dendropanax morbifera, which is endemic to southern regions of Asia, have long been used as a folk medicine to treat variety of diseases. However, the sap of this plant has not been widely studied and its bioactive properties have yet to be clearly elucidated. Here, we isolated extracellular vesicles from D. morbifera sap with the goal of improving the intracellular delivery efficiency and clinical effectiveness of bioactive compounds in D. morbifera sap. We further investigated the anti-metastatic effects of D. morbifera sap-derived extracellular vesicles (DMS-EVs) using a cancer metastasis model based on 3D microfluidic system that closely mimics the in vivo tumor environment. We found that DMS-EVs exerted a concentration-dependent suppressive effect on cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are important mediators of cancer metastasis. DMS-EVs also altered expression level of genes, especially growth factor and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes, including integrin and collagen. Our findings suggest that DMS-EVs can act as anti-CAF agents to reduce CAFs in the tumor microenvironment. They further indicate the utility of our 3D microfluidic model for various drug-screening assays as a potential alternative to animal testing for use in validating therapeutic effects on cancer metastasis.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles as Nanotherapeutics for Parkinson’s Disease

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Leggio ◽  
Greta Paternò ◽  
Silvia Vivarelli ◽  
Francesca L’Episcopo ◽  
Cataldo Tirolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ligand Interactions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring membranous structures secreted by normal and diseased cells, and carrying a wide range of bioactive molecules. In the central nervous system (CNS), EVs are important in both homeostasis and pathology. Through receptor–ligand interactions, direct fusion, or endocytosis, EVs interact with their target cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that EVs play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), including Parkinson′s disease (PD). PD is the second most common ND, characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons within the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In PD, EVs are secreted by both neurons and glial cells, with either beneficial or detrimental effects, via a complex program of cell-to-cell communication. The functions of EVs in PD range from their etiopathogenetic relevance to their use as diagnostic tools and innovative carriers of therapeutics. Because they can cross the blood–brain barrier, EVs can be engineered to deliver bioactive molecules (e.g., small interfering RNAs, catalase) within the CNS. This review summarizes the latest findings regarding the role played by EVs in PD etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, with a particular focus on their use as novel PD nanotherapeutics.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Hypertension-Associated Kidney Disease

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Olga Martinez-Arroyo ◽  
Ana Ortega ◽  
Josep Redon ◽  
Raquel Cortes
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Potential Use

Hypertension-mediated organ damage frequently includes renal function decline in which several mechanisms are involved. The present review outlines the state of the art on extracellular vesicles in hypertension and hypertension-related renal damage. Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles, small vesicles secreted by most cell types and body fluids, are involved in cell-to-cell communication and are key players mediating biological processes such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction or fibrosis, mechanisms present the onset and progression of hypertension-associated kidney disease. We address the potential use of extracellular vesicles as markers of hypertension-mediated kidney damage severity and their application as therapeutic agents in hypertension-associated renal damage. The capacity of exosomes to deliver a wide variety of cargos to the target cell efficiently makes them a potential drug delivery system for treatment of renal diseases.

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