scholarly journals Science-Based Strategies of Antiviral Coatings with Viricidal Properties for the COVID-19 Like Pandemics

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4041
Author(s):  
Rakesh Pemmada ◽  
Xiaoxian Zhu ◽  
Madhusmita Dash ◽  
Yubin Zhou ◽  
Seeram Ramakrishna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Functional Nanomaterials ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Action Mode ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Antiviral Mechanism

The worldwide, extraordinary outbreak of coronavirus pandemic (i.e., COVID-19) and other emerging viral expansions have drawn particular interest to the design and development of novel antiviral, and viricidal, agents, with a broad-spectrum of antiviral activity. The current indispensable challenge lies in the development of universal virus repudiation systems that are reusable, and capable of inactivating pathogens, thus reducing risk of infection and transmission. In this review, science-based methods, mechanisms, and procedures, which are implemented in obtaining resultant antiviral coated substrates, used in the destruction of the strains of the different viruses, are reviewed. The constituent antiviral members are classified into a few broad groups, such as polymeric materials, metal ions/metal oxides, and functional nanomaterials, based on the type of materials used at the virus contamination sites. The action mode against enveloped viruses was depicted to vindicate the antiviral mechanism. We also disclose hypothesized strategies for development of a universal and reusable virus deactivation system against the emerging COVID-19. In the surge of the current, alarming scenario of SARS-CoV-2 infections, there is a great necessity for developing highly-innovative antiviral agents to work against the viruses. We hypothesize that some of the antiviral coatings discussed here could exert an inhibitive effect on COVID-19, indicated by the results that the coatings succeeded in obtaining against other enveloped viruses. Consequently, the coatings need to be tested and authenticated, to fabricate a wide range of coated antiviral products such as masks, gowns, surgical drapes, textiles, high-touch surfaces, and other personal protective equipment, aimed at extrication from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rotary Power Loss Machine

1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 915-939
Author(s):  
D. Bulgin ◽  
G. D. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract Rubberlike polymeric materials, particularly in the technical form when compounded with carbon black, are imperfectly elastic and the associated energy loss is of considerable practical significance. In some applications a high energy loss is of value to provide high damping, but in many cases and particularly in tires, the temperature rise due to the losses may be a limiting operational factor. The losses cause the tire to exhibit rolling resistance which, in the case of solid tires, can be related accurately to the modulus and resilience of the rubber. An analysis of this system has been carried out by Evans, while Tabor has considered the case of rigid cylinders and spheres rolling on flexible rubber surfaces. In the case of pneumatic tires the composite nature of the construction of fabric and rubber and the complex system of strain distribution make the calculation of rolling resistance from polymer properties extremely complicated. In order to approach this problem it is necessary to know the modulus and resilience of the materials used over a very wide range of temperature and a range of amplitude of deformation and of frequency. The required temperature range may be from −60° C to above 200° C, but the frequency range over which appreciable amplitudes are involved does not extend beyond approximately a thousand cycles per second while the amplitude of deformation does not exceed 50 per cent. In order to investigate adequately the many possible combinations of polymers and compounding systems, the values of resilience and modulus are required over the above range of conditions, and various instruments have been described which measure some or all of these properties. The rebound pendulum was one of the earliest instruments and is widely used for the measurement of resilience because of its inherent simplicity of operation and high accuracy, but as normally operated at a fixed temperature does not provide sufficient information for evaluation of materials for use in tires. This type of instrument also is not well suited for determination of modulus owing to its single cycle method of operation. The vibrator type instruments give more complete information but normally demand a high degree of skill in their operation and in the interpretation of results and are more suited to research than routine work.

scholarly journals Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication by blocking membrane fusion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruochen Zang ◽  
James Brett Case ◽  
Maria Florencia Gomez Castro ◽  
Zhuoming Liu ◽  
Qiru Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Late Endosomes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Catalyzed Membrane ◽  
Antiviral Mechanism ◽  
Enzymatic Product

AbstractCholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that shows broad antiviral activities against a wide range of enveloped viruses. Here, using an ISG screen against VSV-SARS-CoV and VSV-SARS-CoV-2 chimeric viruses, we identified CH25H and its enzymatic product 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) as potent inhibitors of virus replication. Mechanistically, internalized 25HC accumulates in the late endosomes and blocks cholesterol export, thereby restricting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein catalyzed membrane fusion. Our results highlight a unique antiviral mechanism of 25HC and provide the molecular basis for its possible therapeutic development.

scholarly journals Antiviral Textiles: A Review on their types and Significance

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Varsha N, Malavika B and Vyshnavi V Rao
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Functional Nanomaterials ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Products ◽  
Materials Used

The world is ever developing with new inventions and technology to cater the changing lifestyles of people. The COVID-19 pandemic has stressed an increased importance of health products. One such innovation is antiviral textile which are which are capable of preventing the microbes or viruses to contact the surface of textiles. Natural fibre textiles are the best medium for the growth of many microbes which leads to degradation and unpleasant odours. To prevent all these undesirable effects, textiles are impregnated with antiviral nanoparticles in the fibres or fabrics. The use of nanoparticles makes the textiles antimicrobial, anti odour, water and stain repellent. In the last few decades, natural polymers have gained much attention among scientific communities owing to their therapeutic potential. Antiviral textiles are classified into a few broad groups, such as polymeric materials, metal ions/metal oxides, and functional nanomaterials, based on the type of materials used at the virus contamination sites. This review is an overview of antiviral textiles and their types, properties, structure of polymers and nanoparticles involved and their significance.

Insulation Materials for Wire and Cable Applications

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mead ◽  
Z. Tao ◽  
H. S. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Material Selection ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Dielectric Strength ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Abstract A wide range of polymers has been used for wire and cable insulation. Older materials include natural, butyl, and styrene-butadiene rubber. Newer materials include crosslinked polyethylene, silicone rubber, ethylene-propylene elastomers, and thermoplastic elastomers. Properties of importance to electrical insulation ability include dielectric constant, resistivity, dielectric loss, and dielectric strength. Flame resistance is also important in certain applications. This paper reviews the different polymeric materials used in cable constructions and the important electrical properties for material selection.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Contagion Management at the Méditerranée Infection University Hospital Institute

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2627
Author(s):  
Pierre-Edouard Fournier ◽  
Sophie Edouard ◽  
Nathalie Wurtz ◽  
Justine Raclot ◽  
Marion Bechet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Monitoring Point ◽  
Epidemiological Monitoring ◽  
Wide Range

The Méditerranée Infection University Hospital Institute (IHU) is located in a recent building, which includes experts on a wide range of infectious disease. The IHU strategy is to develop innovative tools, including epidemiological monitoring, point-of-care laboratories, and the ability to mass screen the population. In this study, we review the strategy and guidelines proposed by the IHU and its application to the COVID-19 pandemic and summarise the various challenges it raises. Early diagnosis enables contagious patients to be isolated and treatment to be initiated at an early stage to reduce the microbial load and contagiousness. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we had to deal with a shortage of personal protective equipment and reagents and a massive influx of patients. Between 27 January 2020 and 5 January 2021, 434,925 nasopharyngeal samples were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2. Of them, 12,055 patients with COVID-19 were followed up in our out-patient clinic, and 1888 patients were hospitalised in the Institute. By constantly adapting our strategy to the ongoing situation, the IHU has succeeded in expanding and upgrading its equipment and improving circuits and flows to better manage infected patients.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Impact on the Mechanical Properties of Modification of Oligohydroxyethers in Organic Solvent Solution with Rubbers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 519
Author(s):  
Vitalii Bezgin ◽  
Agata Dudek ◽  
Adam Gnatowski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
The Impact

This paper proposes and presents the chemical modification of linear hydroxyethers (LHE) with different molecular weights (380, 640, and 1830 g/mol) with the addition of three types of rubbers (polysulfide rubber (PSR), polychloroprene rubber (PCR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)). The main purpose of choosing this type of modification and the materials used was the possibility to use it in industrial settings. The modification process was conducted for a very wide range of modifier additions (rubber) per 100 g LHE. The materials obtained in the study were subjected to strength tests in order to determine the effect of the modification on functional properties. Mechanical properties of the modified materials were improved after the application of the modifier (rubber) to polyhydroxyether (up to certain modifier content). The most favorable changes in the tested materials were registered in the modification of LHE-1830 with PSR. In the case of LHE-380 and LHE-640 modified in cyclohexanol (CH) and chloroform (CF) solutions, an increase in the values of the tested properties was also obtained, but to a lesser extent than for LHE-1830. The largest changes were registered for LHE-1830 with PSR in CH solution: from 12.1 to 15.3 MPa for compressive strength tests, from 0.8 to 1.5 MPa for tensile testing, from 0.8 to 14.7 MPa for shear strength, and from 1% to 6.5% for the maximum elongation. The analysis of the available literature showed that the modification proposed by the authors has not yet been presented in any previous scientific paper.

Evaluation of Abrasive Wear of Polymeric Materials Using Single-Pass Pendulum Scratching

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Torres Piza Paes ◽  
Antonio Marcos Rego Motta ◽  
Lauro Lemos Lontra Filho ◽  
Juliano Ose´ias de Morais ◽  
Sine´sio Domingues Franco
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Scratch Resistance ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Sediment Layer ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Energy Dissipated

Scratching abrasion due to rubbing against the sediment layer is an important degradation mechanism of flexible cable in deep water oil and natural gas exploitation. The present study was initiated to gain relevant data on the wear behaviour of some commercial materials used to externally protect these cables. So, Comparison tests were carried out using the single-point scratching technique, which consists of a sharp point mounted at the extremity of a pendulum. The energy dissipated during the scratching is used to evaluate the relative scratch resistance. The results showed, that the contact geometry strongly affects the specific scratching energy. Using SEM imaging, it was found, that these changes were related to the operating wear mechanisms. The observed wear mechanisms are also compared with those observed on some cables in deep water operations.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Fabrication of Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane-Based Composite Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3497
Author(s):  
Piotr Stachak ◽  
Izabela Łukaszewska ◽  
Edyta Hebda ◽  
Krzysztof Pielichowski
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
New Class ◽  
Hazardous Chemical ◽  
Wide Range

Polyurethanes (PUs) are a significant group of polymeric materials that, due to their outstanding mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, are used in a wide range of applications. Conventionally, PUs are obtained in polyaddition reactions between diisocyanates and polyols. Due to the toxicity of isocyanate raw materials and their synthesis method utilizing phosgene, new cleaner synthetic routes for polyurethanes without using isocyanates have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Among different attempts to replace the conventional process, polyaddition of cyclic carbonates (CCs) and polyfunctional amines seems to be the most promising way to obtain non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) or, more precisely, polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs), while primary and secondary –OH groups are being formed alongside urethane linkages. Such an approach eliminates hazardous chemical compounds from the synthesis and leads to the fabrication of polymeric materials with unique and tunable properties. The main advantages include better chemical, mechanical, and thermal resistance, and the process itself is invulnerable to moisture, which is an essential technological feature. NIPUs can be modified via copolymerization or used as matrices to fabricate polymer composites with different additives, similar to their conventional counterparts. Hence, non-isocyanate polyurethanes are a new class of environmentally friendly polymeric materials. Many papers on the matter above have been published, including both original research and extensive reviews. However, they do not provide collected information on NIPU composites fabrication and processing. Hence, this review describes the latest progress in non-isocyanate polyurethane synthesis, modification, and finally processing. While focusing primarily on the carbonate/amine route, methods of obtaining NIPU are described, and their properties are presented. Ways of incorporating various compounds into NIPU matrices are characterized by the role of PHU materials in copolymeric materials or as an additive. Finally, diverse processing methods of non-isocyanate polyurethanes are presented, including electrospinning or 3D printing.

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