scholarly journals Bioactivity of Chitosan-Based Particles Loaded with Plant-Derived Extracts for Biomedical Applications: Emphasis on Antimicrobial Fiber-Based Systems

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Joana C. Antunes ◽  
Joana Domingues ◽  
Catarina S. Miranda ◽  
A. Francisca G. Silva ◽  
Natália C. Homem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Cell Permeability ◽  
Triggered Release ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
High Particle ◽  
Washing Durability ◽  
Additional Stabilization ◽  
Amine Groups ◽  
Cellular Components

Marine-derived chitosan (CS) is a cationic polysaccharide widely studied for its bioactivity, which is mostly attached to its primary amine groups. CS is able to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the microenvironments in which it is integrated, consequently reducing cell-induced oxidative stress. It also acts as a bacterial peripheral layer hindering nutrient intake and interacting with negatively charged outer cellular components, which lead to an increase in the cell permeability or to its lysis. Its biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of processability (particularly in mild conditions), and chemical versatility has fueled CS study as a valuable matrix component of bioactive small-scaled organic drug-delivery systems, with current research also showcasing CS’s potential within tridimensional sponges, hydrogels and sutures, blended films, nanofiber sheets and fabric coatings. On the other hand, renewable plant-derived extracts are here emphasized, given their potential as eco-friendly radical scavengers, microbicidal agents, or alternatives to antibiotics, considering that most of the latter have induced bacterial resistance because of excessive and/or inappropriate use. Loading them into small-scaled particles potentiates a strong and sustained bioactivity, and a controlled release, using lower doses of bioactive compounds. A pH-triggered release, dependent on CS’s protonation/deprotonation of its amine groups, has been the most explored stimulus for that control. However, the use of CS derivatives, crosslinking agents, and/or additional stabilization processes is enabling slower release rates, following extract diffusion from the particle matrix, which can find major applicability in fiber-based systems within ROS-enriched microenvironments and/or spiked with microbes. Research on this is still in its infancy. Yet, the few published studies have already revealed that the composition, along with an adequate drug release rate, has an important role in controlling an existing infection, forming new tissue, and successfully closing a wound. A bioactive finishing of textiles has also been promoting high particle infiltration, superior washing durability, and biological response.

scholarly journals Study of antimicrobial use in paediatric inpatients in a tertiary care hospital in Ahmedabad, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Hetal N. Jeeyani ◽  
Rutvik H. Parikh ◽  
Sheena Sivanandan ◽  
Harsh J. Muliya ◽  
Shivam N. Badiyani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Prescribing Indicators ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Mean

Background: Inappropriate use and overuse of antibiotics are important factors leading to increased bacterial resistance apart from increased risk of adverse reactions. The aim of this study was to derive antibiotic use percentage, study its pattern and compare antibiotic prescribing indicators with standard indicators.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from 1st August 2018 to 31st July 2019 on paediatric inpatients from 1 month to 14 years. All the relevant data was taken from the case records of patients at the time of discharge. The data included: age, sex, hospital stay, clinical diagnosis and details of antimicrobial treatment.Results: From 989 patients, 85.9% were diagnosed with infectious illness, of which 60.1% had viral and 36.7% had bacterial infection. The use of antimicrobial drugs was 42.7% and antibiotics was 40.4%. The mean number of antibiotics received was 1.13±0.31. 90% patients received single antibiotic. 88.8% drugs were prescribed by generic name and 99% drugs were prescribed from essential drug formulary. 17 different antibiotics were used out of which ceftriaxone (62.5%) was the most commonly used. Groupwise, antibiotic use was cephalosporins (68.4%), penicillin (20.2%), aminoglycosides (4.31%), fluoroquinolones (0.9%) and macrolides (0.22%). The use of higher antibiotics like vancomycin (3.86%) and carbapenems (0.68%) was quite less.Conclusions: The antibiotic use in our hospital was higher than the WHO standard but less as compared to majority of other studies. Use of cephalosporins was more and penicillin was less as compared to other studies. This suggests that there is a need of implementing antibiotic stewardship programs to enhance rational antibiotic prescribing.

scholarly journals The Online Sale of Antibiotics for Veterinary Use

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan F. Garcia ◽  
M. Jose Diez ◽  
Ana M. Sahagun ◽  
Raquel Diez ◽  
Matilde Sierra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Veterinary Antibiotics ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Simple Search

Antibiotics are essential medicines against infectious diseases in both humans and animals. An inappropriate use of antibiotics can impair animal health and enhance the risk of bacterial resistance, as well as its transfer from animals to humans. The objective of this study was to assess the possibility of purchasing antibiotics for veterinary use on the internet, to evaluate if a prescription is required, and to determine the availability of drugs classified as the highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HP-CIA). The Google and Bing search engines and both simple and complex search strings in Spanish and in English were used. The simple search string was “buy veterinary antibiotics”. Complex searches used wildcards and specific syntax. The searches carried out in Spanish revealed that 50% of websites operated in South America, and 65% of websites did not require a valid prescription. Fluoroquinolones were offered in 84% of these websites (45% without prescription), macrolides were offered in 63% of these websites (43% without prescription), and 3rd– and 4th–generation cephalosporins in 54% of these websites (38% without prescription). For the searches in English, 57% of these websites operated in the United States of America (USA), and 55% of them did not require a prescription. Fluoroquinolones were offered in 79% of these websites (49% without prescription), macrolides were offered in 72% of these websites (45% without prescription), and 3rd– and 4th–generation cephalosporins were offered in 49% of these websites (27% without prescription). Therefore, it is easy to illegally access antibiotics via the internet.

scholarly journals Immunoregulatory biological response modifiers: effect of cytokines on septic shock

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. S5-S10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Chirigos ◽  
Claudio De Simone
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumour Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumour Necrosis ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Biological Response Modifiers ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Whole bacteria or bacterial components or their extracts were employed to restore or augment the immune system. Beneficial effects were attained with these agents in treating various diseases. These agents were named biological response modifiers (BRMs) because they regulated certain cellular components of the immune system. The cellular regulation induced by these BRMs was found to be due to cytokines. The cytokines were shown to act directly on the various cellular components and to provide therapeutic benefit in various autoimmune and immune deficiency diseases. Overproduction of specific cytokines however leads to a deleterious effect on the host. Overproduction of tumour necrosis factor (endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide) leads to septic shock. Bacteraemia is the leading cause of overproduction of tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Septic shock in many cases leads to death. Several monoclonal antibodies to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anticytokines have demonstrated protection against septic shock.

scholarly journals Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Are Substrates for Aldehyde Generation in Tellurite-ExposedEscherichia coli

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo A. Pradenas ◽  
Waldo A. Díaz-Vásquez ◽  
José M. Pérez-Donoso ◽  
Claudio C. Vásquez
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Membrane Oxidation ◽  
Cellular Components

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage macromolecules and cellular components in nearly all kinds of cells and often generate toxic intracellular byproducts. In this work, aldehyde generation derived from theEscherichia colimembrane oxidation as well as membrane fatty acid profiles, protein oxidation, and bacterial resistance to oxidative stress elicitors was evaluated. Studies included wild-type cells as well as cells exhibiting a modulated monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) ratio. The hydroxyaldehyde 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal was found to be most likely produced byE. coli, whose levels are dependent upon exposure to oxidative stress elicitors. Aldehyde amounts and markers of oxidative damage decreased upon exposure toE. colicontaining low MUFA ratios, which was paralleled by a concomitant increase in resistance to ROS-generating compounds. MUFAs ratio, lipid peroxidation, and aldehyde generation were found to be directly related; that is, the lower the MUFAs ratio, the lower the peroxide and aldehyde generation levels. These results provide additional evidence about MUFAs being targets for membrane lipid oxidation and their relevance in aldehyde generation.

scholarly journals A Strategy for Hospital Pharmacists to Control Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Japan

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1284
Author(s):  
Yukihiro Hamada ◽  
Fumiya Ebihara ◽  
Ken Kikuchi
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Optimal Selection ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Selection Of

In Japan, there is concern regarding the relation between the inappropriate use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (AMR). Increased bacterial resistance is due in part to the inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents. The support of the pharmacist becomes important, and there is growing interest in antimicrobial stewardship to promote the appropriate and safe use of antimicrobials needed for the optimal selection of drugs, doses, durations of therapy, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), and implementations of cost containment strategies in Japan. Pharmacists should strive to disseminate the concept of “choosing wisely” in relation to all medicines, implement further interventions, and put them into practice. In this article, we present data for antimicrobial stewardship and Japan’s AMR action plan, focusing on how pharmacists should be involved in enabling physicians to choose antimicrobials wisely.

scholarly journals Emerging of bacterial resistance: an ongoing threat during and after the Syrian crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
Basem Battah
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Rapid Emergence ◽  
New Strategies

The rapid emergence of bacterial resistance worldwide is a serious problem, leading to many therapeutic failures and rendering inactive effective antibiotics currently used . This problem has recently been accelerated by conflicts and its related migration. The antibiotic resistance phenomenon is diffused in Syria with a high rate of multi drug resistance cases in gram negative and gram positive organisms during and after the Syrian crisis as a result of misprescribing and overprescribing of antibiotics. The inappropriate use of antibiotic plays an important role in resistance generation. Hence, big efforts are urgently needed by using phenotypic and genetic analysis of bacterial strains against antibiotics to increase characterization and identification of mutant resistant strains and find new strategies to control the spread of antimicrobial resistance infections. This review highlights the antibacterial resistance problem in Syria, showing its negative impact and presenting a sum of efforts that are urgently needed to overcome this problem.

scholarly journals Prescribing antibiotics to pediatric dengue: increasing risk of bacterial resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Dhanunjaya Sandopa ◽  
Sree Keerthi Nethi ◽  
Sai Charitha Sreeram ◽  
Narasimha Kumar Godlaveti Vijay ◽  
Vyshnavi Biradavolu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Morbid Conditions

Background Use of antibiotics to treat self-limiting viral infections like dengue fever (DF) without any co-morbid conditions in pediatric patients is common practice in India, and a major contribution of the inappropriate use of antibiotics in the country.Objective To provide an analysis of diagnosis, grading, and prescribing of antibiotics in pediatric inpatients with DF in a tertiary care teaching hospital in India.Methods Data from case sheets of all pediatric inpatients (n=370) diagnosed with DF without co-morbid conditions were collected with regards to diagnosis, grading, presence, and appropriateness of antibiotic usage according to the 2009 WHO Guidelines, the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) of India Guidelines, and the Hospital Infection Society (HIS) Guidelines.Results Platelet count determination (50% of the cases) was the major diagnostic method for dengue. Inappropriate grading of DF was seen in 20% of patients. Almost 75% of the 370 dengue cases were prescribed antibiotics for the expressed purpose of avoiding hospital-acquired infections. A single antibiotic was given in 225 cases (60.81%), 2 antibiotics in 33 (8.91 %) cases, and 3 antibiotics in 9 (2.43%) cases.Conclusions From the results it is clear that antibiotics were prescribed to treat DF where the antibiotics do not have any role. DF is a self-limiting viral infection that can be treated with proper management of hemodynamic status with IV fluids. To avoid the usage of antibiotics in the treatment of dengue, awareness has to be created in healthcare professionals regarding the treatment guidelines for dengue and appropriate use of antibiotics to avoid hospital acquired infections.

scholarly journals Prescribing antibiotics to pediatric dengue: increasing risk of bacterial resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Dhanunjaya Sandopa ◽  
Sree Keerthi Nethi ◽  
Sai Charitha Sreeram ◽  
Narasimha Kumar Godlaveti Vijay ◽  
Vyshnavi Biradavolu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Morbid Conditions

Background Use of antibiotics to treat self-limiting viral infections like dengue fever (DF) without any co-morbid conditions in pediatric patients is common practice in India, and a major contribution of the inappropriate use of antibiotics in the country.Objective To provide an analysis of diagnosis, grading, and prescribing of antibiotics in pediatric inpatients with DF in a tertiary care teaching hospital in India.Methods Data from case sheets of all pediatric inpatients (n=370) diagnosed with DF without co-morbid conditions were collected with regards to diagnosis, grading, presence, and appropriateness of antibiotic usage according to the 2009 WHO Guidelines, the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) of India Guidelines, and the Hospital Infection Society (HIS) Guidelines.Results Platelet count determination (50% of the cases) was the major diagnostic method for dengue. Inappropriate grading of DF was seen in 20% of patients. Almost 75% of the 370 dengue cases were prescribed antibiotics for the expressed purpose of avoiding hospital-acquired infections. A single antibiotic was given in 225 cases (60.81%), 2 antibiotics in 33 (8.91 %) cases, and 3 antibiotics in 9 (2.43%) cases.Conclusions From the results it is clear that antibiotics were prescribed to treat DF where the antibiotics do not have any role. DF is a self-limiting viral infection that can be treated with proper management of hemodynamic status with IV fluids. To avoid the usage of antibiotics in the treatment of dengue, awareness has to be created in healthcare professionals regarding the treatment guidelines for dengue and appropriate use of antibiotics to avoid hospital acquired infections.

scholarly journals Preparation of polyacrylonitrile-based fibres with chelated Ag ions for antibacterial applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 200324
Author(s):  
Li Chang ◽  
Wenjie Duan ◽  
Anguo Chen ◽  
Jianjun Li ◽  
Siqi Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antibacterial Mechanism ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Washing Durability ◽  
Fine Microstructure ◽  
Antibacterial Material

The need for an excellent antibacterial material that is sufficiently powerful to never develop bacterial resistance is urgent. In this study, a series of novel polyacrylonitrile-based fibres with chelated Ag ions (referred to as Ag-SH-PANF) were prepared by a two-step chemical modification process: grafting and chelating. The properties of the as-prepared Ag-SH-PANF were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The antibacterial activities of Ag-SH-PANF were examined against pathogenic bacteria, and an antibacterial mechanism was explicated based on the release of Ag ions from the fibres' surfaces. The results showed that, although chelation occurred between the Ag ions and the grafted amino, sulfhydryl and disulfide groups, Ag-SH-PANF retained its fine microstructure and thermal stability. Moreover, Ag-SH-PANF displayed excellent antibacterial ability against pathogenic bacteria as well as good washing durability. In terms of the antibacterial mechanism, Ag ions are the main bactericidal agents in the role of catalysts and are not consumed in the antibacterial process. Nonetheless, a relatively higher concentration of Ag ions can accelerate the bactericidal process.

scholarly journals Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchiolitis in Colombia: a predictive model

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Antonio Buendía ◽  
John Edwin Feliciano-Alfonso
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Inappropriate Prescription ◽  
Acute Bronchiolitis ◽  
Inappropriate Use

Abstract Introduction Acute bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalization in the pediatric population. The inappropriate prescription of antibiotics in acute bronchiolitis is associated with bacterial resistance, higher costs, and risk of adverse effects in this population. The objective of this work is to develop a predictive model of inappropriate use of antibiotics in children with acute bronchiolitis in Colombia. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients under 2 years of age with a diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis from two hospitals in Rionegro, Colombia. To identify factors independently associated with inappropriate use of antibiotics, we used logistic regression and estimated odds ratios (ORs). To assess discrimination, area under the curve (AUC) was estimated with a 95% confidence interval and plotted using AUC–ROC plots. To correct sampling bias of variance parameters and to evaluate the internal validity of the model, repeated curved validation “tenfold cross-validation” was used, comparing the area under the ROC curve obtained in the repetitions with that observed in the model Results A total of 415 patients were included. 142 patients (34.13%) had a prescription of some antibiotic during their hospital stay. In 92 patients (64.78%, 95% CI 56.3 to 72.6%) the prescription of antibiotics was classified as inappropriate. Age older than 1 year, chest retractions, temperature between 37.5 °C and 38.5 °C and leukocyte count between 10,000 and 15,000 million/mm3 were the predictive variables of inappropriate use of medications in this population. Conclusion The presence of fever between 37.5 °C and 38.5 °C, leukocytosis between 10,000 and 15,000 million/mm3, and age older than 1 year and presence of chest retractions, should alert the physician regarding the high risk of inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. Patients with acute bronchiolitis with a score on our scale greater than 2 should be carefully evaluated regarding the need for the use of antibiotics, if prescribed.

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