scholarly journals Influence of Diet Enriched with Cocoa Bean Extracts on Physiological Indices of Laboratory Rats

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Żyżelewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Bojczuk ◽  
Grażyna Budryn ◽  
Adam Jurgoński ◽  
Zenon Zduńczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Physiological Indices ◽  
Wide Range

Cocoa bean is a rich source of polyphenols, mainly flavonoids which have a wide range of biological properties. The aim of the study was to determine the physiological indices of laboratory rats as a response to diets containing water extracts of raw or roasted cocoa beans of Forastero variety, as well as purified monomeric flavan-3-ols fraction isolated from them. The influence of these extracts on selected parameters was studied during 4 weeks feeding. The samples of rats feces were collected throughout the experiment and after its completion, biological samples (intestines content, blood, and organs) were retrieved individually from each rat and subjected to analyses. The observed changes in the gastrointestinal tract functioning indices and metabolism indicators, determined throughout the study and after its completion, confirm to some extent the biological activity of polyphenol extracts of cocoa beans. The differences in the results obtained for the analyzed parameters of the gastrointestinal tract revealed that the cocoa bean extracts differently affected the physicochemical properties of rats’ intestines. The results indicate the beneficial effects of the applied nutrition treatment on the activity of cecal enzymes and the content of volatile fatty acids in the gut.

Volatile Fatty Acids in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Collared Peccary (Tayassu tajacu)

1989 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Lochmiller ◽  
E. C. Hellgren ◽  
J. F. Gallagher ◽  
L. W. Varner ◽  
W. E. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Collared Peccary ◽  
Tayassu Tajacu

scholarly journals PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION of lipase from COCOA BEANS (Theobroma cacao. L.) of clone PBC 159

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-453
Author(s):  
Ratna Agung Samsumaharto
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Nitrobenzoic Acid ◽  
Lipase Enzyme ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Km Value ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

A study was carried out to characterize the cocoa lipase from cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao, L.) of clone PBC 159. The optimum temperature of cocoa lipase was 30-40 °C and the pH optimum was 7.0-8.0. The moleculer weight of the lipase enzyme was in between 45-66 kDa. The results indicate that Km value for cocoa bean lipase was 2.63 mM, when trimyristin was used as a substrate. The incubation of cocoa bean lipase with triolein and tributyrin (as substrate) yielded Km of 11.24 and 35.71 mM, respectively. The Vmax value obtained from the incubation of the lipase with a wide range of substrates, including tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein, are expressed as µmole acid/min/mg protein for cocoa lipase. Vmax values decreased with the increase in the triacylglycerol chain-length, with Vmax values of 27.78, 13.16 and 11.63 µmole acid/min/mg protein when incubated with tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein, respectively. Inhibition of lipase occurred in the presence of diisopropyl flourophosphate, N-bromosuccinimide and 5,5-dithiobis-(-2-nitrobenzoic acid).   Keywords: characterization, lipase, cocoa beans

scholarly journals Potential Combination of Xanthone Compounds from Mangosteen Fruit (Garcinia mangostana) with Eugenol Compounds in Basic Leaf (Ocimum sanctum) as Alternative Therapy in Preeclampsia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Muhammad Al Farisi Sutrisno
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range

Preeclampsia is a hyperdynamic condition that is syndromed by hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Preeclampsia incident is the first cause of 6-8 % number morbidity/mortality maternity and fetus in the world. Preeclampsia is related to the disability of physiology adaptation that can decrease perfusion of uteroplacental. Xanthone derivatives in mangosteen have been reported to possess a wide range of biological properties, including antioxidant and antihypertensive activities. Eugenol is a primary component of basil oil. It is known for its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and vasorelaxant actions. These beneficial effects of eugenol make it an excellent therapeutic candidate for the treatment of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. This study wants to analyze the best available research evidence on the potential combination of xanthone compounds from mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana) with eugenol compounds in basil leaf (Ocimum sanctum) as an alternative therapy in preeclampsia.  A literature review was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar using the index terms "xanthone" and "eugenol" and "hypertension" and "preeclampsia." All types of studies were included for this study, such as randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, literature reviews, and pilot studies published between 2010 and 2021. Articles which not written in English were excluded from the study. This search resulted in 10 papers. Antioxidant properties of mangosteen peel extract compounds derived from xanthone, the most significant component is α-mangosteen and γ-mangosteen. Eugenol is vasorelaxant action by increasing the expression of its target genes, Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase and adequate potassium-calcium-activated potassium channels channel, thereby relaxing vascular smooth muscle cells and decreasing blood pressure. With this review, we suggest that eugenol, which is a vasorelaxant combined with xanthone which is an antioxidant by obstructing free radical and oxidative stress, can be a potent therapeutic for preeclampsia and intend to motivate researchers (e.g., chemistry, biology, pharmaceutical, and therapeutic areas) to provide evidence of these compounds for the management of preeclampsia.

scholarly journals Herbal Products: Benefits, Limits, and Applications in Chronic Liver Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Del Prete ◽  
Antonella Scalera ◽  
Maddalena Diana Iadevaia ◽  
Agnese Miranda ◽  
Claudio Zulli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Chronic Liver Disease ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Common ◽  
Proof Of Efficacy ◽  
Natural Way

Complementary and alternative medicine soughts and encompasses a wide range of approaches; its use begun in ancient China at the time of Xia dynasty and in India during the Vedic period, but thanks to its long-lasting curative effect, easy availability, natural way of healing, and poor side-effects it is gaining importance throughout the world in clinical practice. We conducted a review describing the effects and the limits of using herbal products in chronic liver disease, focusing our attention on those most known, such as quercetin or curcumin. We tried to describe their pharmacokinetics, biological properties, and their beneficial effects (as antioxidant role) in metabolic, alcoholic, and viral hepatitis (considering that oxidative stress is the common pathway of chronic liver diseases of different etiology). The main limit of applicability of CAM comes from the lacking of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials giving a real proof of efficacy of those products, so that anecdotal success and personal experience are frequently the driving force for acceptance of CAM in the population.

The Protective Effects of Extra Virgin Olive Oil on Immune-mediated Inflammatory Responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Casas ◽  
Ramon Estruch ◽  
Emilio Sacanella
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Immune Mediated

Background and Objective: The increasing interest in the Mediterranean diet (MeDiet) hinges on the relevant role it plays in inflammatory diseases. Several clinical, epidemiological and experimental evidences suggest that consumption of the MeDiet reduces the incidence of certain pathologies related to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and immune system diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). These reductions can be partially attributed to extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) consumption which has been described as a key bioactive food because of its high nutritional quality and its particular composition of fatty acids, vitamins and polyphenols. Indeed, the beneficial effects of EVOO have been linked to its fatty acid composition, which is very rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and has moderate saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The current knowledge available on the beneficial effects of EVOO and its phenolic compounds, specifically its biological properties and antioxidant capacity against immune-mediated inflammatory responses (atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, obesity, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease or neurodegenerative disease, among others) in addition to its potential clinical applications. Conclusion: The increasing body of studies carried out provides compelling evidence that olive polyphenols are potential candidates to combat chronic inflammatory states.

scholarly journals Volatile Fatty Acids in Ruminal Fluid Can Be Used to Predict Methane Yield of Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Richard O. Williams ◽  
Murray. C. Hannah ◽  
Joe L. Jacobs ◽  
William J. Wales ◽  
Peter J. Moate
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Methane Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Wide Range

The dry matter intake (DMI) of forage-fed cattle can be used to predict their methane emissions. However, many cattle are fed concentrate-rich diets that decrease their methane yield. A range of equations predicting methane yield exist, but most use information that is generally unavailable when animals are fed in groups or grazing. The aim of this research was to develop equations based on proportions of ruminal volatile-fatty-acids to predict methane yield of dairy cows fed forage-dominant as well as concentrate-rich diets. Data were collated from seven experiments with a total of 24 treatments, from 215 cows. Forage in the diets ranged from 440 to 1000 g/kg. Methane was measured either by open-circuit respiration chambers or a sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) technique. In all experiments, ruminal fluid was collected via the mouth approximately four hours after the start of feeding. Seven prediction equations were tested. Methane yield (MY) was equally best predicted by the following equations: MY = 4.08 × (acetate/propionate) + 7.05; MY = 3.28 × (acetate + butyrate)/propionate + 7.6; MY = 316/propionate + 4.4. These equations were validated against independent published data from both dairy and beef cattle consuming a wide range of diets. A concordance of 0.62 suggests these equations may be applicable for predicting methane yield from all cattle and not just dairy cows, with root mean-square error of prediction of 3.0 g CH4/kg dry matter intake.

Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 567-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Glucagon Secretion ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peripheral Tissues

The VFA, also known as short-chain fatty acids, are produced in the gastrointestinal tract by microbial fermentation of carbohydrates and endogenous substrates, such as mucus. This can be of great advantage to the animal, since no digestive enzymes exist for breaking down cellulose or other complex carbohydrates. The VFA are produced in the largest amounts in herbivorous animal species and especially in the forestomach of ruminants. The VFA, however, also are produced in the lower digestive tract of humans and all animal species, and intestinal fermentation resembles that occurring in the rumen. The principal VFA in either the rumen or large intestine are acetate, propionate, and butyrate and are produced in a ratio varying from approximately 75:15:10 to 40:40:20. Absorption of VFA at their site of production is rapid, and large quantities are metabolized by the ruminal or large intestinal epithelium before reaching the portal blood. Most of the butyrate is converted to ketone bodies or CO2 by the epithelial cells, and nearly all of the remainder is removed by the liver. Propionate is similarly removed by the liver but is largely converted to glucose. Although species differences exist, acetate is used principally by peripheral tissues, especially fat and muscle. Considerable energy is obtained from VFA in herbivorous species, and far more research has been conducted on ruminants than on other species. Significant VFA, however, are now known to be produced in omnivorous species, such as pigs and humans. Current estimates are that VFA contribute approximately 70% to the caloric requirements of ruminants, such as sheep and cattle, approximately 10% for humans, and approximately 20-30% for several other omnivorous or herbivorous animals. The amount of fiber in the diet undoubtedly affects the amount of VFA produced, and thus the contribution of VFA to the energy needs of the body could become considerably greater as the dietary fiber increases. Pigs and some species of monkey most closely resemble humans, and current research should be directed toward examining the fermentation processes and VFA metabolism in those species. In addition to the energetic or nutritional contributions of VFA to the body, the VFA may indirectly influence cholesterol synthesis and even help regulate insulin or glucagon secretion. In addition, VFA production and absorption have a very significant effect on epithelial cell growth, blood flow, and the normal secretory and absorptive functions of the large intestine, cecum, and rumen. The absorption of VFA and sodium, for example, seem to be interdependent, and release of bicarbonate usually occurs during VFA absorption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. I. Ruminal production of volatile fatty acids by sheep offered diets of ryegrass and forage oats

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Pasture Plants

The production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen of sheep was estimated by isotope dilution techniques. The 12 diets used consisted of dried ryegrass and forage oats and covered a wide range of levels of cell wall constituents (46–40% of the organic matter), crude protein (6–32%), and soluble carbohydrate (5–18%). Each diet was offered at a level equal to approximately 90% of the sheep's ad libitum intake. The production of VFA was correlated with the total amount of organic matter digested in the alimentary tract (r = 0.93–0.95). The mean VFA production per 100 g of organic matter digested in the alimentary tract was equivalent to 56.8 g, 243 kcal, or 0.85 mole. Values for individual diets varied about these means with a coefficient of variation of 6–7%. Rates of VFA production in, and VFA absorption from the rumen were correlated with VFA concentration in rumen liquor (r = 0.67, r = 0.67) and the rumen VFA pool (r = 0.81, r = 0.79). Approximately 76% of the VFA produced in the rumen was absorbed from the rumen, 19% was absorbed from the omasum and abomasum, and 5% passed from the abomasum to the intestines.

Changes in composition and pH of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract of sheep in relation to scouring induced by wheat engorgement

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Changes in the composition of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract of scouring sheep fed on wheat grain ad libitum were studied relative to sheep fed on lucerne hay ad libitum. Wheat engorgement significantly (P < 0.005) depressed the pH of the digesta in the reticulorumen and the digestive tract distal to the jejunum. A mean total volatile fatty acids concentration of 10.3mM in the caecum of scouring sheep was significantly lower than the mean of 51.6mM in sheep fed on lucerne hay. Net absorption of water was negligible in the colon of scouring sheep as digesta were only 13.7–14.7% dry matter, whereas in sheep fed on lucerne, the dry matter of digesta increased from 14.7% in the caecum to 27.9% at the rectum.

Improving the prediction of rumen volatile fatty acids in lactating dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 240-240
Author(s):  
A. Bannink ◽  
J. France ◽  
J. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Intermediary Metabolism ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) constitute the largest fraction of metabolizable energy absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. The molar proportion of individual VFA is important because individual VFA have a different fate in intermediary metabolism. However, rumen models predict the VFA molar proportions inaccurately from feed characteristics (Dijkstra, 1993). To investigate what model elements are responsible for this inaccuracy, modified descriptions of several elements were tested and sensitivity of VFA predictions was determined. This simulation study aims to identify model elements whose improved description can contribute to a more accurate prediction of VFA molar proportions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document