scholarly journals Acceleration of Small Intestine Development and Remodeling of the Microbiome following Hyaluronan 35 kDa Treatment in Neonatal Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2030
Author(s):  
Hala Chaaban ◽  
Kathryn Burge ◽  
Jeffrey Eckert ◽  
MaJoi Trammell ◽  
David Dyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Paneth Cells ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Postnatal Maturation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Intestinal Proliferation

The beneficial effects of human milk suppressing the development of intestinal pathologies such as necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants are widely known. Human milk (HM) is rich in a multitude of bioactive factors that play major roles in promoting postnatal maturation, differentiation, and the development of the microbiome. Previous studies showed that HM is rich in hyaluronan (HA) especially in colostrum and early milk. This study aims to determine the role of HA 35 KDa, a HM HA mimic, on intestinal proliferation, differentiation, and the development of the intestinal microbiome. We show that oral HA 35 KDa supplementation for 7 days in mouse pups leads to increased villus length and crypt depth, and increased goblet and Paneth cells, compared to controls. We also show that HA 35 KDa leads to an increased predominance of Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae, Lactobacillales Lactobacillaceae, and Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae. In seeking the mechanisms involved in the changes, bulk RNA seq was performed on samples from the terminal ileum and identified upregulation in several genes essential for cellular growth, proliferation, and survival. Taken together, this study shows that HA 35 KDa supplemented to mouse pups promotes intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, as well as the development of Paneth cells and goblet cell subsets. HA 35 KDa also impacted the intestinal microbiota; the implications of these responses need to be determined.

scholarly journals Protective Role of Natural and Semi-Synthetic Tocopherols on TNFα-Induced ROS Production and ICAM-1 and Cl-2 Expression in HT29 Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Vladana Domazetovic ◽  
Irene Falsetti ◽  
Caterina Viglianisi ◽  
Kristian Vasa ◽  
Cinzia Aurilia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Bowel Diseases

Vitamin E, a fat-soluble compound, possesses both antioxidant and non-antioxidant properties. In this study we evaluated, in intestinal HT29 cells, the role of natural tocopherols, α-Toc and δ-Toc, and two semi-synthetic derivatives, namely bis-δ-Toc sulfide (δ-Toc)2S and bis-δ-Toc disulfide (δ-Toc)2S2, on TNFα-induced oxidative stress, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and claudin-2 (Cl-2) expression. The role of tocopherols was compared to that of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant precursor of glutathione synthesis. The results show that all tocopherol containing derivatives used, prevented TNFα-induced oxidative stress and the increase of ICAM-1 and Cl-2 expression, and that (δ-Toc)2S and (δ-Toc)2S2 are more effective than δ-Toc and α-Toc. The beneficial effects demonstrated were due to tocopherol antioxidant properties, but suppression of TNFα-induced Cl-2 expression seems not only to be related with antioxidant ability. Indeed, while ICAM-1 expression is strongly related to the intracellular redox state, Cl-2 expression is TNFα-up-regulated by both redox and non-redox dependent mechanisms. Since ICAM-1 and Cl-2 increase intestinal bowel diseases, and cause excessive recruitment of immune cells and alteration of the intestinal barrier, natural and, above all, semi-synthetic tocopherols may have a potential role as a therapeutic support against intestinal chronic inflammation, in which TNFα represents an important proinflammatory mediator.

scholarly journals Drosophila Gut—A Nexus Between Dietary Restriction and Lifespan

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Lian ◽  
Qi Wu ◽  
Brian Hodge ◽  
Kenneth Wilson ◽  
Guixiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Accumulation Of Damage

Aging is often defined as the accumulation of damage at the molecular and cellular levels which, over time, results in marked physiological impairments throughout the organism. Dietary restriction (DR) has been recognized as one of the strongest lifespan extending therapies observed in a wide array of organisms. Recent studies aimed at elucidating how DR promotes healthy aging have demonstrated a vital role of the digestive tract in mediating the beneficial effects of DR. Here, we review how dietary restriction influences gut metabolic homeostasis and immune function. Our discussion is focused on studies of the Drosophila digestive tract, where we describe in detail the potential mechanisms in which DR enhances maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier, up-regulates lipid metabolic processes, and improves the ability of the gut to deal with damage or stress. We also examine evidence of a tissue-tissue crosstalk between gut and neighboring organs including brain and fat body. Taken together, we argue that the Drosophila gut plays a critical role in DR-mediated lifespan extension.

The importance of prebiotics in the regulation of metabolic syndrome disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. S. Nyankovska ◽  
S. L. Nyankovskyy ◽  
M. S. Yatsula ◽  
M. I. Horodylovska
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Interleukin 22 ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Normal Microflora ◽  
Good Nutrition

The products of functional foods differ from other meals by their ability to improve health and well‑being or to reduce the risk of diseases and not only to provide the good nutrition. The composition of such products includes oligosaccharides of the fructan type such as inulin. Inulin is a soluble dietary fiber, consisting of a group of natural polysaccharides that are not digested in the intestine and instead fermented into short‑chain fatty acids associated with multiple metabolic processes, including glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Besides, inulin affects the lipid exchange regulation and improvement of lipid profile. Inulin is a mixture of linear fructose polymers or fructans with 2 — 60 units, each of them is connected by unique β (2‑1) bonds with a glucose unit. In contrary to typical carbohydrate, these β (2‑1) connections cannot be hydrolyzed by enzymes of saliva or pancreas, that’s why inulin has a reduced energetic value as well as dietary prebiotic effects.Functional food is an important component of the change in the lifestyle to control obesity and related risks for health. Obesity and dyslipidemia are important aspects of metabolic syndrome, associated with changes in the gut microbiome. The most important direction in the modern preventive and therapeutic medicine presents the use of prebiotics, that provide positive effects on the normal microflora and cause a whole cascade of secondary beneficial effects for humans (metabolic, anticarcinogenic, immunostimulating, antitoxic, etc.). Prebiotic Inulin promotes the restoration of intestinal microbiome by means of increasing production of intestinal epithelial cells and recovering interleukin‑22 expression.On the domestic market inulin presented as an Inulin‑NEO preparation, available in a form of tablets and sachet, which makes it easy to use.

scholarly journals The Role of pHi in Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation–Transport Mechanisms, Regulatory Pathways, and Consequences

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Amiri ◽  
Ursula E. Seidler ◽  
Katerina Nikolovska
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Current State ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Intestinal Proliferation ◽  
Potential Regulatory Role

During the maturation of intestinal epithelial cells along the crypt/surface axis, a multitude of acid/base transporters are differentially expressed in their apical and basolateral membranes, enabling processes of electrolyte, macromolecule, nutrient, acid/base and fluid secretion, and absorption. An intracellular pH (pHi)-gradient is generated along the epithelial crypt/surface axis, either as a consequence of the sum of the ion transport activities or as a distinctly regulated entity. While the role of pHi on proliferation, migration, and tumorigenesis has been explored in cancer cells for some time, emerging evidence suggests an important role of the pHi in the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) proliferative rate under physiological conditions. The present review highlights the current state of knowledge about the potential regulatory role of pHi on intestinal proliferation and differentiation.

scholarly journals Gold standard for nutrition: a review of human milk oligosaccharide and its effects on infant gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunhao Zhang ◽  
Tianle Li ◽  
Jing Xie ◽  
Demao Zhang ◽  
Caixia Pi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome ◽  
The Impact

AbstractHuman milk is the gold standard for nutrition of infant growth, whose nutritional value is mainly attributed to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs, the third most abundant component of human milk after lactose and lipids, are complex sugars with unique structural diversity which are indigestible by the infant. Acting as prebiotics, multiple beneficial functions of HMO are believed to be exerted through interactions with the gut microbiota either directly or indirectly, such as supporting beneficial bacteria growth, anti-pathogenic effects, and modulation of intestinal epithelial cell response. Recent studies have highlighted that HMOs can boost infants health and reduce disease risk, revealing potential of HMOs in food additive and therapeutics. The present paper discusses recent research in respect to the impact of HMO on the infant gut microbiome, with emphasis on the molecular basis of mechanism underlying beneficial effects of HMOs.

scholarly journals Influence of Maternal Milk on the Neonatal Intestinal Microbiome

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathyayini P. Gopalakrishna ◽  
Timothy W. Hand
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Health And Disease

The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in maintaining health throughout life. The microbiota develops progressively after birth and is influenced by many factors, including the mode of delivery, antibiotics, and diet. Maternal milk is critically important to the development of the neonatal intestinal microbiota. Different bioactive components of milk, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulins, modify the composition of the neonatal microbiota. In this article, we review the role of each of these maternal milk-derived bioactive factors on the microbiota and how this modulation of intestinal bacteria shapes health, and disease.

Review of Constipation Treatment Methods with Emphasis on Laxative Foods

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-688
Author(s):  
Shamsi Abbasalizadeh ◽  
Behzad Ebrahimi ◽  
Aslan Azizi ◽  
Rogaye Dargahi ◽  
Maryam Tayebali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Lifestyle Factor ◽  
Flax Seed ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Daily Exercise

Constipation is a common public health concern experienced by all individuals during their life affecting the quality of life. In this paper, we aimed to provide an overview of the existing evidence regarding the role of food ingredients, including bran, prune, fig, kiwifruit, and flax-seed in constipation treatment. We searched Scopus, Pub Med, and Science Direct by using the keywords, “laxative foods” and “constipation”, for searching studies assessing laxative food ingredients and their beneficial effects on constipation treatment and/or control. Lifestyle modifications such as increasing dietary fiber and fluid intake and daily exercise are the proposed first line treatments for constipation. Optimizing ‘diet’ as an efficient lifestyle factor may contribute to the well-being of patients. The use of laxative food ingredients including bran, prune, fig, kiwifruit, flax-seed, probiotics, and prebiotics is a convenient alternative to cope with constipation. According to previous findings, laxative food ingredients could be considered as effective treatments for subjects suffering from constipation. Many studies have assessed the pharmacological and non-pharmacological roles of these ingredients in treating constipation, however, their importance has not been thoroughly investigated.

Dietary Carotenoids in Managing Metabolic Syndrome and Role of PPARs in the Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 846-853
Author(s):  
Raghunandan Purohith ◽  
Nagendra P.M. Nagalingaswamy ◽  
Nanjunda S. Shivananju
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Dietary Antioxidants ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Established Relationship ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Metabolic syndrome is a collective term that denotes disorder in metabolism, symptoms of which include hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. Diet is a major predisposing factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, and dietary intervention is necessary for both prevention and management. The bioactive constituents of food play a key role in this process. Micronutrients such as vitamins, carotenoids, amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, and aromatic pigment molecules found in fruits, vegetables, spices, and condiments are known to have beneficial effects in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. There exists a well-established relationship between oxidative stress and major pathological conditions such as inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Consequently, dietary antioxidants are implicated in the remediation of these complications. The mechanism of action and targets of dietary antioxidants as well as their effects on related pathways are being extensively studied and elucidated in recent times. This review attempts a comprehensive study of the role of dietary carotenoids in alleviating metabolic syndromewith an emphasis on molecular mechanism-in the light of recent advances.

Short-Term Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide Therapy in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: a Pilot Study to Possible Future Implications of Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Onesti ◽  
Vittorio Frasca ◽  
Marco Ceccanti ◽  
Giorgio Tartaglia ◽  
Maria Cristina Gori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Myasthenia Gravis ◽  
Repetitive Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide ◽  
Open Pilot

Background: The cannabinoid system may be involved in the humoral mechanisms at the neuromuscular junction. Ultramicronized-palmitoylethanolamide (μm-PEA) has recently been shown to reduce the desensitization of Acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked currents in denervated patients modifying the stability of ACh receptor (AChR) function. <p> Objective: To analyze the possible beneficial effects of μm-PEA in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) on muscular fatigue and neurophysiological changes. <p> Method: The duration of this open pilot study, which included an intra-individual control, was three weeks. Each patient was assigned to a 1-week treatment period with μm-PEA 600 mg twice a day. A neurophysiological examination based on repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) of the masseteric and the axillary nerves was performed, and the quantitative MG (QMG) score was calculated in 22 MG patients every week in a three-week follow-up period. AChR antibody titer was investigated to analyze a possible immunomodulatory effect of PEA in MG patients. <p> Results: PEA had a significant effect on the QMG score (p=0.03418) and on RNS of the masseteric nerve (p=0.01763), thus indicating that PEA reduces the level of disability and decremental muscle response. Antibody titers did not change significantly after treatment. <p> Conclusion: According to our observations, μm-PEA as an add-on therapy could improve muscular response to fatigue in MG. The possible modulation of AChR currents as a means of eliciting a direct effect from PEA on the conformation of ACh receptors should be investigated. The co-role of cytokines also warrants an analysis. Given the rapidity and reversibility of the response, we suppose that PEA acts directly on AChR, though further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

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