scholarly journals Transesterification Using Ultrasonic Spray of Triolein Containing CaO Particles into Methanol Vapor in a 3-Phase Reactor

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Ravisut Vitidsant ◽  
Satoshi Kodama ◽  
Hidetoshi Sekiguchi
Keyword(s):  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Methanol Vapor ◽  
Exponential Factor ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Ultrasonic Spray ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Ester Yield ◽  
Key Factor

Ultrasonic spraying was used in a three-phase reactor to produce small droplets of triolein mixed with CaO as a solid catalyst at temperatures above the boiling point of methanol for enhancement of the transesterification of triolein. Droplets fell in the methanol countercurrent flow and were collected at the bottom of the reactor, followed by circulation to the ultrasonic spray system. The experimental parameters included triolein flow rates of 2.5–9.0 mL/min, reaction temperatures of 70–100 °C, and catalyst contents of 1.0–7.0 wt%. The methanol feed rate was set to be constant. The results suggested that the enhancement was successful after using the three-phase reactor by generating a high contact surface area for the droplets, which was a key factor for determining the performance. Comparing the results with conventional transesterification in the liquid phase using the same CaO at 60 °C, the three-phase reactor produced a methyl ester yield 2–5% higher during the 60 min trial period. However, the yield became lower after 60 min because the mass transfer of methanol to the droplets was limited. The transesterification kinetics were estimated based on the experimental data—assuming a first-order reaction—and the results indicated a range of the rate constant, an apparent activation energy, and a pre-exponential factor of 1.21–3.70 × 10−2 min−1, 36.1 kJ mol−1, and 64.9 min−1, respectively, suggesting that the three-phase reactor was effective for fast transesterification at the initial stage.

scholarly journals Inhibition of in-stent restenosis after graphene oxide double-layer drug coating with good biocompatibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Ge ◽  
Yadong Xi ◽  
Ruolin Du ◽  
Yuzhen Ren ◽  
Zichen Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Double Layer ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Stent Restenosis ◽  
Ultrasonic Spray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Coated Surface ◽  
And Migration ◽  
In Stent Restenosis

Abstract In this study, we designed a double layer-coated vascular stent of 316L stainless steel using an ultrasonic spray system to achieve both antiproliferation and antithrombosis. The coating included an inner layer of graphene oxide (GO) loaded with docetaxel (DTX) and an outer layer of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) loaded with heparin (Hep). The coated surface was uniform without aggregation and shedding phenomena before and after stent expanded. The coating treatment was able to inhibit the adhesion and activation of platelets and the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, indicating the excellent biocompatibility and antiproliferation ability. The toxicity tests showed that the GO/DTX and CMC/Hep coating did not cause deformity and organ abnormalities in zebrafish under stereomicroscope. The stents with GO double-layer coating were safe and could effectively prevent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis after the implantation into rabbit carotid arteries for 4–12 weeks.

Kinetics Calculation of the Non-isothermal Reduction of Pellet

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Yingli ◽  
Wang Jingsong ◽  
Guo Wentao ◽  
Dong Zeshang ◽  
Xue Qingguo
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Exponential Factor ◽  
Isothermal Method ◽  
Solid Diffusion ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Interfacial Chemical Reaction ◽  
Oxygen Blast ◽  
In The Beginning

AbstractThe reduction tests of pellet were carried out from room temperature to 1,373 K in the condition of traditional blast furnace (TBF) and oxygen blast furnace (OBF) by thermogravimeter measurement. The apparent activation energy E, pre-exponential factor A and the controlling steps of reaction were determined by the non-isothermal method of Coats–Redfern. In the condition of TBF, the reduction is controlled by solid diffusion to interfacial chemical reaction at initial stage, and gas diffusion at final stage. In the condition of OBF, the controlling step switched from solid diffusion to gas diffusion + interfacial chemical reaction in the beginning and the interfacial chemical reaction at the late stage. Meanwhile, the transition temperature points of the controlling step were predicted. The transition temperatures are 750℃ and 900℃ in TBF and 630℃ (earlier 120℃ than in TBF) and 900℃ (after the insulation) in OBF.

Experimental Investigation on Electrostatic Spray Applied in Dyeing and Finishing System

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 2221-2225
Author(s):  
Zong Hai Zhang ◽  
Jun Feng Wang ◽  
Jiang Yao ◽  
Liang Ze Zhi ◽  
Feng Gu
Keyword(s):  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
Environment Pollution ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Single Side ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
Electrostatic Spray ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Experimental Fluid

In order to reduce energy-consuming and environment pollution of traditional dyeing and finishing industry, a design and experimental method of electrostatic spray system for dyeing and finishing was proposed. With dyeing and finishing solution as experimental fluid, the size of the droplets was measured under different charging voltages. By changing experimental parameters such as fluid amount Q, air pressure and charging voltages U, the relationship between single-side moisture transporting effect and Q, U were analyzed. The research showed the single-side moisture transporting effect became better when Q was from 22L/H to 34L/H. Moreover, electrostatic force Fe was beneficial for single-side moisture transporting effect especially when adding geographic pole at the back of the fabric. A reasonable operation plan which met the dyeing and finishing effect was given，which exceeded traditional dyeing and finishing in efficiency, energy saving and environment protection.

scholarly journals Standard source of atmospheric black carbon aerosol generated from ultrasonic spray of BC suspension

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchen Zhu ◽  
Huixiang Wang ◽  
Xiaoyan Wang ◽  
Hao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Standard Source ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Ultrasonic Spray ◽  
Black Carbon Aerosol ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Absorption Photometer

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) aerosol has strong radiative forcing and plays an important role in global climate change and human health. A generator with low levels of BC-air is developed in this study for researchers to calibrate BC monitors. Ultrasonic nozzle is applied to atomize BC suspension to produce quantificational BC-air samples which can be used directly as a standard source of BC. Membrane test conducted by balance is used to check up its feasibility. Results show that the relationship of weight increment of membrane and target concentration of BC-air have very good linearity. This confirms that the ultrasonic spray system is a good source to generate standard concentration of BC-air. The device has good feasibility in the BC concentrations range of 0–200 μg m−3. Multi Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) is used to detect the concentration of BC-air generated by the ultrasonic spray of suspension. Target concentrations generated by the device accord with the measured data of MAAP.

Environmental patterns in the origin and diversification loci of Early Cambrian skeletalized Metazoa: Evidence from the Avalon microcontinent

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 93-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed Landing ◽  
Stephen R. Westrop
Keyword(s):  
Protective Role ◽  
Uv Damage ◽  
Marine Communities ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Cambrian Radiation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Ediacaran Fauna ◽  
High Diversity

The Cambrian Radiation was expressed as major changes in marine communities. High-diversity skeletalized metazoan faunas appeared and persisted with little change in the most proximal onshore habitats and show little expansion into the offshore through much of the long (ca. 24 m.y.) pretrilobitic Placentian Epoch on the Avalon microcontinent. These small shelly fossil communities and a large number of coelomate burrowers that appeared earlier in the Placentian comprise the Placentian Ecologic Evolutionary Unit (new)—the initial stage of the Cambrian Evolutionary Fauna. Early members of a number of high-level metazoan groups were concentrated in onshore habitats vacated by the demise of the Ediacaran fauna, where they diversified and, possibly, originated no earlier than latter part of the Placentian Epoch (543–ca. 519 (m.y.a.). Development of unstable substrates and predation in open shelf habitats occupied coelomate trace producers may have been a key factor in the restriction of diverse skeletalized metazoan faunas to peritidal habitats, where mineralized skeletons may have served as protection from desiccation and UV-damage. In contrast, the oldest trilobites are most diverse and abundant in offshore habitats, and their appearance in habitats dominated by large trace producers suggests a protective role of their mineralized integument.

scholarly journals Effect of the flow velocity on bubble boiling characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 06002
Author(s):  
Levin Anatoliy ◽  
Khan Polina
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Nucleate Boiling ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Cylindrical Wall ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Temperature State ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Formation Dynamics

The present research considers the initial stage of nucleate boiling with high heat fluxes releasing from the technical surface. We show new experimental data on the dynamics of the vapor phasein subcooled water flow in the channel under nonstationary heat release conditions. The heat release dissipation on the heater was performed by passing a controlled three–phase rectified electric current through a tube with a pulse duration of τimp = 60—300 ms with a heating rate of 1000—6000 K/s. We studied the formation dynamics and the structure of the vapor–liquid layer near the heat releasing wall and monitored the temperature state of the wall depending on the parameters of the heater’s flow and the intensity of heating of the cylindrical wall.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Aniline-Contaminated Waters: A Three-Phase Modelling Approach Using TiO2/GAC

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3448
Author(s):  
Cristian Ferreiro ◽  
Natalia Villota ◽  
José Ignacio Lombraña ◽  
María J. Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Reaction System ◽  
Catalytic Ozonation ◽  
Kinetic Constants ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalytic ◽  
Three Phase

This work aims to study the sustainable catalytic ozonation of aniline promoted by granular active carbon (GAC) doped with TiO2. Aniline was selected as a model compound for the accelerator manufacturing industries used in the manufacture of rubber due to its environmental impact, low biodegradability, and harmful genotoxic effects on human health. Based on the evolution of total organic carbon (TOC), aniline concentration measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), pH and ozone concentration in liquid and gas phase, and catalyst loading, a three-phase reaction system has been modelled. The proposed three-phase model related the ozone transfer parameters and the pseudo-first order kinetic constants through three coefficients that involve the adsorption process, oxidation in the liquid, and the solid catalyst. The interpretation of the kinetic constants of the process allowed the predominance of the mechanism of Langmuir–Hinshelwood or modified Eley–Rideal to be elucidated. Seven intermediate aromatic reaction products, representative of the direct action of ozone and the radical pathway, were identified and quantified, as well as precursors of the appearance of turbidity, with which two possible routes of degradation of aniline being proposed.

A three-phase nonequilibrium model for catalytic distillation

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Kotora ◽  
Zuzana Švandová ◽  
Jozef Markoš
Keyword(s):  
Effective Diffusivity ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Algebraic Equations ◽  
Catalytic Distillation ◽  
Nonequilibrium Model ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Nonlinear Algebraic Equations ◽  
Steady State Simulation ◽  
Heat Transfers ◽  
Fortran Programming Language

AbstractNonequilibrium model for steady state simulation of catalytic distillation is presented. Mathematical model takes into account both mass and heat transfers across the gas liquid interface and through the liquid-solid (catalyst) interface. Equations describing the mentioned phenomena are based on the effective diffusivity approach. The resulting system of nonlinear algebraic equations was implemented in the FORTRAN programming language and solved by the BUNLSI (Ferraris & Tronconi, 1986) solver. The described model was verified using the experimental data obtained from a continuous distillation column equipped with catalytic packing. As an experimental model system, synthesis of propyl propionate from propan-1-ol and propionic acid was chosen. Comparison of experimental and simulation data is presented, and appropriateness of the developed model for other types of catalytic distillation processes is discussed.

scholarly journals The influence of foliar fertilizers on the quality and yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina Gajc-Wolska ◽  
Katarzyna Mazur ◽  
Monika Niedzińska ◽  
Katarzyna Kowalczyk ◽  
Paweł Żołnierczyk
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Protected Cultivation ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Fruit Formation

AbstractOptimal feeding of field-grown plants is thought to be a key factor modifying their growth and development. Natural biostimulants, foliar fertilizers and plant growth regulators have been applied in horticultural production; however, their effect varies depending on the plant species treated, and those have been mainly cucumber, tomato, pepper, potato, and melon. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of preparations produced through nanotechnology on the yield and fruit quality of sweet pepper grown under cover. The experiment comprised plants grown in three different combinations: combination I (plants treated with 2 kg ha−1Nano Active); combination II (plants treated with 1% Nano Active Forte + 4 kg ha−1Nano Active Forte + 2 kg ha−1Nano Active, a single treatment carried out at the initial stage of fruit formation); and combination III (the control, where all plants were sprayed with water).The obtained results showed that Nano Active Forte foliar treatment of sweet pepper plants significantly increased fruit yield in protected cultivation. Supplementation with foliar fertilizers modified the fruit chemical composition. Application of the Nano Active Forte preparation led to an increase in dry matter content as well as in the concentrations of total sugars, vitamin C and carotenoids. Applications of Nano Active Forte and Nano Active enhanced the potassium and phosphorus contents, while the concentrations of nitrates and calcium remained at the same level regardless of the preparations used.

Modeling of the Catalytic Distillation Process for the Synthesis of Ethyl Cellosolve Using A Three-Phase Nonequilibrium Model

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxiang Zheng ◽  
Flora T. T. Ng ◽  
Garry L. Rempel
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Plate ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Catalytic Distillation ◽  
Nonequilibrium Model ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Plant Data ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
Good Agreement

The catalytic distillation (CD) process for the synthesis of ethyl cellosolve from ethanol and ethylene oxide on molecular sieve catalyst NKC-01 in a 200 mm CD pilot column was simulated using the three-phase nonequilibrium model which was developed in our laboratory. The main feature of this model is that the actual rates for transport and reaction are used and the stage efficiency or HETP (height equivalent to a theoretical plate) is not required. The effect of multicomponent mass and heat transfer between vapor and liquid phases as well as between liquid and solid (catalyst) phases was taken into account according to the Maxwell-Stefan equations. The Newton-Raphson method was used to solve the model equations. The simulation profiles of the temperature and composition along the column are in good agreement with the pilot CD plant data obtained for the synthesis of ethyl cellosolve. Good agreement between model predictions and experimental data is also obtained for the yield and selectivity of the ethyl cellosolve. This model could be extended to simulate other CD processes and commercial scale CD plants.

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