Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) promise cultivars frost resistance and winter-hardiness under the conditions of the Right-Bank subzone of the Ukraine’s Western Lisosteppe

2021 ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
O.O. Ignatenko ◽  
◽  
N.V. Moiseichenko ◽  
V.I. Vasylenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
General Level ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right

In the winter-spring period of 2019-2020 the researches were carried out on the territory of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences (IH NAAS) of Ukraine (the Kyiv region) under the field and modeled conditions in order to determine the influence of variable temperatures on the frost resistance and winter-hardiness of five apricot cultivars bred in Crimea (Nikitsky Botanical Garden). Cv Siaivo of IH NAAS was used as the control. The varieties estimation in the natural conditions showed that they were characterized with high winter-hardiness and frost resistance in all the variants of the experiment in the orchards. During the relatively cool winter of 2018/2019 with the minimum temperature -14,2°C the damage of the shoots tissues and buds were by almost two times more severe (all the strains) than in the nearly frostless winter of 2019/2020. When testing in the laboratory under t -25 °C the difference in the cultivars damage by years was not considerable, its general level being higher than in the winter period of 2018/2019 (in the control freezing was not utilized). At the same time under a temperature of -30 °C percent of the damage of most of cvs (5 out of 6) was higher in the winter of 2019/2020. That showed the importance of the cold influence on the plants preparation to the effect of low temperatures. The usage of such temperatures as -30 °C established the critical level of their influence on the varieties, especially on such tissues as the top and generative buds of the one-year increment. In the field conditions under the effect of the critical temperatures, namely: after the long thaw the plants could lose crop at all as their generative buds did not endured significant air temperature fluctuations which took place in the winter period of 2019/2020. However, with the proper management the trees could be restored after the stress influence, the crop losses being rather substantial though. It was the strain Vynoslivyi that appeared the most frost resistant and can be applied in breeding as one of the parental forms and grown in sufficiently great industrial volumes.

scholarly journals Winter resistance and frost resistance of representatives of the genus Cotinus Mill. in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 164-175
Author(s):  
Valentina Oksantyuk ◽  
Larysa Koldar
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
The Right ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Aim. The goal is to assess the winter and frost resistance of plants of representatives of the genus Cotinus Mill. from the collection of the National Dendrological Park "Sofiyivka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Botanical Garden named after Academician Alexander Fomin of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Methods. The frost resistance of plants was investigated in the laboratory of plant physiology of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, by the method of direct freezing of shoots during the period of forced dormancy of plants. The intensity of damage (browning) of tissues on transverse sections of shoots was assessed using a six-point scale by M. A. Solov'eva (1982). The objects of study were plants C. obovatus Raf., C. coggygria Scop., C. coggygria 'Royal Purple', C. coggygria 'Purpurea'. Winter hardiness was assessed visually on an eight-point scale by S. Ia. Sokolov, (1957). Results. According to estimates of the general freezing of plants in the winter period of 2014–2020, minor injuries were found in all representatives of the genus Cotinus, which were estimated at 1–2 points. The results of experimental studies of plant frost resistance showed that in most variants of the experiment, the tissues of the upper internode and buds froze more. The tissues of the medial part of the shoot turned out to be the most resistant to freezing. According to the results of artificial freeze testing of cut shoots of C. coggygria and C. coggygria 'Royal Purple", sampled in the period of forced dormancy of plants, insignificant tissue damage was revealed at freezing temperature of –25 °С and –30 °С (0.63–1.70), only at temperature of –35 °C, the score of bark damage was 2.3–2.5 points. Conclusions. The low temperatures of the winter period of the study area cannot be considered as limiting abiotic factors that limit the widespread use of the studied representatives of the genus Cotinus in landscape construction. The high potential of frost and winter hardiness of the studied taxa gives grounds to test them in the more northern regions of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine to create garden and park compositions, because due to high decorative flowering and specific crown shape they have an attractive appearance in both group and solitary plantations.

STUDY OF PINE STRAWBERRY FROST RESISTANCE BY ARTIFICIAL FREEZING METHOD

1970 ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Z E. Ozherelyeva ◽  
M. I. Zubkova ◽  
D. A. Krivushina
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Main Components

The study of the frost resistance was carried out in 2017–2019 on the basis of the Laboratory of Physiology of Fruit Plant Resistance, Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding. Strawberry cultivars of different ecological and geographical origin (‘Kokinskaya Rannia’, ‘Rosinka’, ‘Solovushka’, ‘Tzaritza’, ‘Urozhaynaya TzGL’ – Russia; ‘Sara’ – Sweden; ‘Alba’, ‘Marmolada’ – Italy; ‘Korona’, ‘Sonata’ – Holland) were used as experimental material. The frosts resistance of strawberry varieties was studied in the laboratory conditions was used by artificial freezing. A model of strawberry plant selection was developed to determine the main components of winter hardiness. On the basis of preparation of plant samples for modeling of damaging factors of the winter period, storage conditions of experimental plants were developed. Plant hardening and modeling of damaging factors of the winter period were carried out with the additional modification for strawberries. As a result of the artificial freezing, the damage to the tissues of rhizome and apical buds of shoots of strawberry varieties of different ecological and geographical origin were evaluated in early winter period and during thaws in winter. It was determined that the decrease in the temperature to -15°C at the end of November did not cause irreversible damage to the strawberry varieties. The decrease in the temperature to -20°C in early December increased the damage to the studied strawberry varieties. During the winter it was determined that the strawberry response to the thaw increased by the end of the winter period. The decrease in frost resistance is primarily due to the resumption of growth processes under the influence of positive temperatures. As a result of determining the components of winter hardiness, the varieties Solovushaka, Tzaritza (Russia), Sara (Sweden) and Korona (Holland) showed the greatest potential of frost resistance.

Winter resistance of plants Darmera peltata (Torr. ex Bent.) Voss in introduction conditions of Kiev

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.В. Швец ◽  
Е.В. Колесниченко
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
The North ◽  
Open Ground ◽  
National University ◽  
Ground Conditions

Вид Darmera peltata (Torr. еx Benth.) Voss характеризуется широким ареалом интродукции и культивирования во многих странах Западной и Северной Европы как красивоцветущее и декоративно-лиственное растение. Вид D. peltata имеет высокие показатели декоративности, в частности раннее и продолжительное цветение, многочисленные соцветия со светло-розовыми цветами, большие по форме и размерам листья, сохраняющие свою декоративность до заморозков. Усиленный интерес к этому виду связан с его экологической пластичностью: растения могут одновременно расти на затененных, влажных и переувлажненных участках. Введение в культуру растений D. peltata в г. Киеве сдерживают недостаточные сведения о биологической устойчивости растений к неблагоприятным факторам в течение осеннего, зимнего и весеннего периодов. Исследовалась зимостойкость растений D. peltata в условиях интродукции г. Киева. Изучались особенности культивирования растений в условиях открытого грунта. Объектами исследования служили растения D. peltata коллекционного участка Ботанического сада Национального университета биоресурсов и природопользования Украины. Морозостойкость растений D. peltata определяли методом прямого лабораторного промораживания по уровню повреждения корневища. Исследования проведены в лаборатории отдела физиологии растений Института садоводства НААН Украины согласно методике М.А. Соловьевой. Промораживание корней растений проводили при температуре -5, -8, -12 и -16 °С. Определено, что зимостойкость растений D. peltata обусловлена не только генетическими особенностями, но и состоянием подготовленности растений к зимнему периоду (время окончания роста осенью, условия питания растений в течение вегетационного сезона, поражение болезнями и вредителями). Погодные условия осеннего периода г. Киева характерны постепенным сокращением фотопериода и умеренным снижением температуры воздуха, что благоприятно для успешного перехода растений в состояние покоя и накопления ими питательных веществ. В течение зимнего периода не обнаружено таких явлений, как выпревание, вымокание и выпирание растений D. peltata из почвы. Сильные морозы и перепады температур воздуха не причинили существенных повреждений их корневищам, так как температура почвы в этот период оставалась относительно стабильной, обусловленной наличием снежного покрова. Результаты проведения лабораторного промораживания растений D. peltata свидетельствуют об их высокой, фактически потенциальной морозостойкости. Сделан вывод, что условия г. Киева вполне благоприятны для зимования растения D. peltata в открытом грунте. Species of Darmera peltata (Torr. ex Benth.) Voss is characterized by a wide areal of introduction and cultivation in many countries of Western and Northern Europe as a beautiful-flowering and decorative foliage plant. Species of D. peltata has high decorative performance, in particular, early and continuous flowering, numerous florets with light pink flowers, large in shape and size leaves that retain their decorative effect until frost. Enhanced interest by this species associated with its ecological plasticity: the plants can grow in the shade, wet and waterlogged areas at the same time. Introduction in culture plants of D. peltata in Kiev is limited by insufficient information about biological resistance of plants to adverse factors during autumn, winter and spring period. The purpose of work was researching the winter reistance plants of D. peltata in introduction conditions of Kyiv and the provisioning of information according to the features of cultivation of plants in open ground conditions. Winter resistance of D. peltata was studied in Kiev, located in the north of Ukraine. The objects of study were plants of D. peltata of the collection area of Botanical Garden of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. Frost resistance plants of D. peltata was determined by direct laboratory freezing the level of damage to the roots. Researches was made in the Laboratory of Plant Physiology of the Institute of Horticulture NAAS of Ukraine according to the method of M.A. Solovieva. Freezing plant roots was carried out at the temperature of -5, -8, -12 and -16 °C. It was determined that the winter resistance plants of D. peltata depends not only on genetic characteristics but also the state of preparing plant to the winter period (the end time of growth in autumn, the conditions of plant food during the growing season, a defeat diseases and pests). The weather conditions of autumn period in Kiev characterized by a gradual reduction of photoperiod and moderate decreasing of air temperature that is favorable to their successful transition to the resting state, and the accumulation of nutrients. Researching the plants of D. peltata during the winter period is not found out such phenomena as the damping-off, waterlogging and bulging the plants from the soil. Heavy frosts and air temperature changes did not cause significant damage to rhizomes of plant D. peltata, as the soil temperature during this period remained relatively stable due to the presence of snow. The results of the laboratory freezing plants of D. peltata show about the high actual and potential frost resistance. That is why, the conditions of Kiev is quite favorable for wintering plants of D. peltata in the open ground.

scholarly journals Comprehensive assessment of walnut winter hardiness in the Voronezh region

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.А. Славский ◽  
М.П. Чернышов
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
The North ◽  
Voronezh Region

Широкому введению ореха грецкого в культуру севернее зоны существующего ареала распространения, в частности, в Воронежскую область, препятствует ряд причин, наиболее значимой из которых является недостаточная его зимостойкость. В связи с этим выявление, отбор и улучшение свойств зимостойких сортов и форм ореха грецкого, способных к росту и полноценному плодоношению севернее зоны естественного ареала, являются главными задачами селекционной работы. Эти задачи вполне решаемы с учетом высокого уровня индивидуальной изменчивости адаптивных признаков у отобранных растений ореха грецкого в исследуемом регионе. Изучены садовые, парковые и полезащитные насаждения, плантации, ландшафтные группы и отдельно стоящие деревья. При определении устойчивости растений к неблагоприятным климатическим факторам использованы общепринятые методики. Для оценки зимостойкости разработан новый подход к определению комплексной устойчивости растений в зимний период, состоящей из суммарных показателей морозостойкости, морозоустойчивости и устойчивости к резким перепадам температур, поскольку эти адаптивные признаки имели наибольшие уровни значимости. Предложенная ускоренная комплексная оценка зимостойкости имеет большое преимущество, по сравнению со стандартной методикой, для достоверного определения которой требовались наблюдения за несколько лет. Выявлены значительные сходства между опытными и аппроксимированными результатами зимостойкости (критерий согласия Пирсона = 12,6). При этом выровненные абсолютные величины зимостойкости незначительно превышали практические. Это связано, в первую очередь, с приспособленностью к климатическим условиям Воронежской области и высокой восстановительной способностью большинства растений. Wide introduction of walnut in culture to the North of the zone of the existing area of distribution, in particular in the Voronezh region, is hampered by a number of reasons, the most significant of which is insufficient winter hardiness. In this regard, the identification, selection and improvement of the properties of winter-hardy varieties and forms of walnut, capable of full valuable growth and fruiting outside the natural area, is the main breeding task. This problem looks quite solvable, taking into account the high level of individual variability of adaptive features in the selected walnut forms in the studied region. Studied garden and field plantings, plantations, landscape group and separately standing trees. In determining the resistance of plants to adverse climatic factors used conventional techniques. For the assessment of winter hardiness the new approach to determination of complex stability of plants in the winter period consisting of total indicators of frost resistance, frost resistance and resistance to sharp changes of temperatures is developed, since these adaptive features had the highest levels of significance. The proposed accelerated complex assessment of winter hardiness has a great advantage compared to the standard methodology, for the reliable determination of which it was necessary to observe for several years. Discovered significant similarities between the experienced and the approximable results of winter hardiness (assessment criterion Pirson = 12.6). At the same time, the theoretical values of winter hardiness were slightly higher than the practical ones. This is due, first of all, to the adaptability to the climatic conditions of the Voronezh region and the high regenerative capacity of most plants.

scholarly journals MODEL PENDIDIKAN JIHAD PONDOK PESANTREN TA’MIRUL ISLAM SURAKARTA DAN PONDOK PESANTREN DARUSY SYAHADAH BOYOLALI

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nur Rochim Maksum
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
School Leader ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Education Organization ◽  
Education Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right

The purpose of this study was to know jihad meaning of Ta'mirul Islam boarding school leader and Darusy Shahadah boarding school leader, the model and the differences and similarities of education are applied at jihad in Ta'mirul Islam Boarding School and Darusy Syahadah boarding school 2015-2016. Type of research is a field research with qualitative methods with primary and secondary data sources, that obtained from informants in  Ta'mirul Islam Boarding School and Darusy Syahadah boarding school, this data collection techniques used interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis technique used inductive method. These results indicate that: Ta'mirul Islam boarding school leader said that meaning of jihad in accordance with the theory of Yusuf Qordowi as seriusly form of doing things. Ta'mirul Islam boarding school avoids the sense of narrowing the meaning of jihad as war. Darusy Syahadah boarding school recognizes both the meaning of jihad, either in a general sense and still looks jihad with war that must be planted in deep inside a Muslim. Jihad educational model those are applied in Ta'mirul Islam boarding school  namely: Jaulah, mujahādah, education, social Jihad, economics Jihad, education organization, said the right words to despotic leaders, the devotion of one year after graduation. Darusy Syahadah applied namely: physical Jihad, passions jihad, faith jihad, social jihad, propaganda jihad, education jihad, media jihad. Similarities of jihad education model between both boarding are namely: propaganda jihad, second: passions and devils jihad, third: amar ma‘rūf nahī munkar, fourth: education jihad. The difference between them are Ta'mirul Islam boarding school used of economic jihad jihad and said the right words to  despotic leader, while Darusy Syahadah did not. Darusy Syahadah boarding school implemented physical education model while Ta'mirul Islam boarding school did not apply that model.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui makna jihad menurut Pimpinan Pondok Pesantren Ta’mirul Islam dan Pimpinan Pondok Pesantren Darusy Syahadah, model serta perbedaan dan persamaan pendidikan jihad yang diterapkan  Pondok Pesantren Ta’mirul Islam dan Pondok Pesantren Darusy Syahadah 2015-2016. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian lapangan dengan metode kualitatif dengan sumber data primer dan sekunder, yang diperoleh dari informan di Pondok Pesantren Ta’mirul Islam dan Darusy Syahadah, Teknik pengumpulan data ini menggunakan metode wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu metode induktif. Hasil penelitian yaitu: Pimpinan Pondok Pesantren Ta’mirul Islam dalam memaknai jihad sesuai dengan teori Yusuf Qordowi sebagai bentuk kesungguh-sungguhan dalam melakukan sesuatu,. Pondok pesantren Ta’mirul Islam menghindari pengertian dari penyempitan makna dari jihad itu yakni jihad yang bermakna perang. Pimpinan Pondok pesantren Darusy Syahadah mengakui kedua makna jihad, baik dalam makna umum dan tetap memamdang jihad dengan perang sebagai makna yang harus tetap di tanamkan secara mendalam dalam diri seorang muslim. Model pendidikan jihad yang di terapkan pondok pesantren Ta’mirul Islam yakni: Jaulah, mujāhadah, Pendidikan, Jihad sosial, Jihad ekonomi, Pendidikan organisasi, mengatakan perkataan yang benar kepada pemimpin yang zalim, pengabdian setahun pasca kelulusan. Model pendidikan jihad Darusy Syahadah yakni: Jihad fisik, jihad hawa nafsu, jihad aqidah, jihad sosial, jihad dakwah, jihad pendidikan, jihad media. Persamaan model pendidikan jihad antara keduanya yaitu: jihad dakwah, kedua: jihad hawa nafsu dan syaitan, ketiga: jihad amar ma‘rūf nahī munkar,keempat: jihad pendidikan. Perbedaan diantara keduanya yaitu Ta’mirul Islam menggunakan model jihad ekonomi dan model jihad dengan mengatakan perkataan yang benar dihadapan penguasa yang zalim, sedangkan Darusy Syahadah tidak menggunkannya. Darusy Syahadah menerapkan model pendidikan jihad fisik sedangkan Ta’mirul Islam sendiri tidak menerapakan model tersebut.

Legal Update: North Dakota Supreme Court: Third Edition of Guides is “Most Current”

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
James J. Mangraviti
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Hip Motion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Hip Rotation ◽  
Hip Extension

Abstract The accurate measurement of hip motion is critical when one rates impairments of this joint, makes an initial diagnosis, assesses progression over time, and evaluates treatment outcome. The hip permits all motions typical of a ball-and-socket joint. The hip sacrifices some motion but gains stability and strength. Figures 52 to 54 in AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fourth Edition, illustrate techniques for measuring hip flexion, loss of extension, abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation. Figure 53 in the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition, illustrates neutral, abducted, and adducted positions of the hip and proper alignment of the goniometer arms, and Figure 52 illustrates use of a goniometer to measure flexion of the right hip. In terms of impairment rating, hip extension (at least any beyond neutral) is irrelevant, and the AMA Guides contains no figures describing its measurement. Figure 54, Measuring Internal and External Hip Rotation, demonstrates proper positioning and measurement techniques for rotary movements of this joint. The difference between measured and actual hip rotation probably is minimal and is irrelevant for impairment rating. The normal internal rotation varies from 30° to 40°, and the external rotation ranges from 40° to 60°.

Implementasi Sistem Informasi Monitoring Pengolahan Data Inventory Gudang Pada PT.Talaga Mulya Indah

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Nurlaila Suci Rahayu Rais ◽  
Dedeh Apriyani ◽  
Gito Gardjito
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Unified Modeling Language ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Unified Modeling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Monitoring of warehouse inventory data processing is an important thing for companies. PT Talaga mulya indah is still manual using paper media, causing problems that have an effect on existing information, namely: problems with data processing of incoming and outgoing goods. And the difference between data on the amount of stock of goods available with physical data, often occurs inputting data more than once for the same item, searching for available data, and making reports so that it impedes companies in monitoring inventory of existing stock of goods. Which aims to create a system that can provide updated information to facilitate the warehouse admin in making inventory reports, and reduce errors in input by means of integrated control. In this study, the authors used the data collection method used in this analysis using the method of observation, interviews, and literature review (literature study). For analysis using the PIECES analysis method. Furthermore, the system design used is UML (Unified Modeling Language). The results of this study are expected to produce the right data in the process of monitoring inventory data processing, also can provide the right information and make it easier to control the overall availability of goods.

Regional household poverty and mobility analysis – a transition probability approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-302
Author(s):  
Damian Mowczan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Probability ◽  
General Level ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Equivalent Unit ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Probability Matrices ◽  
General Mobility ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

The main objective of this paper was to estimate and analyse transition-probability matrices for all 16 of Poland’s NUTS-2 level regions (voivodeship level). The analysis is conducted in terms of the transitions among six expenditure classes (per capita and per equivalent unit), focusing on poverty classes. The period of analysis was two years: 2015 and 2016. The basic aim was to identify both those regions in which the probability of staying in poverty was the highest and the general level of mobility among expenditure classes. The study uses a two-year panel sub-sample of unidentified unit data from the Central Statistical Office (CSO), specifically the data concerning household budget surveys. To account for differences in household size and demographic structure, the study used expenditures per capita and expenditures per equivalent unit simultaneously. To estimate the elements of the transition matrices, a classic maximum-likelihood estimator was used. The analysis used Shorrocks’ and Bartholomew’s mobility indices to assess the general mobility level and the Gini index to assess the inequality level. The results show that the one-year probability of staying in the same poverty class varies among regions and is lower for expenditures per equivalent units. The highest probabilities were identified in Podkarpackie (expenditures per capita) and Opolskie (expenditures per equivalent unit), and the lowest probabilities in Kujawsko-Pomorskie (expenditures per capita) and Małopolskie (expenditures per equivalent unit). The highest level of general mobility was noted in Małopolskie, for both categories of expenditures.

Konsep Pemerintahan Religius dan Demokrasi Menurut Abdul Karim Soroush dan Ayatullah Khomeini

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 438-473
Author(s):  
M. Heri Fadoil
Keyword(s):  
Religious System ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Ayatollah Khomeini ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

Abstract: Abdul Karim Soroush judges that religious rule is incorrect assessment of the application of Islamic jurisprudence. In a religious society, Islamic jurisprudence obtains the right to govern. It is, of course, necessary to establish a kind of Islamic jurisprudence-based religious rule. Soroush firmly rejects it because such interpretation is too narrow. As for democracy, Soroush argues that the system used is not necessarily equal to that of the Western. On the contrary, Ayatollah Khomeini’s thoughts on religious rule are reflected in the so called wilayat al-faqih. It is a religious scholar-based government. Democracy, according to him, is the values of Islam itself, which is able to represent the level of a system to bring to the country’s progress. Principally, there are some similarities between the ideas of Ayatollah Khomeini and those of Abdul Karim Soroush in term of religiosity. They assume that it is able to sustain the religious system of government. The difference between both lies on the application of religiosity itself. Ayatollah Khomeini applies the concept of a religious scholar-based government, while Abdul Karim Soroush rejects the institutionalization of religion in the government or state.Keywords: Governance, democracy, Abdul Karim Soroush, Ayatollah Khomeini

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