scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN OKSIGEN DAN ELEVASI KEPALA 30º TERHADAP TINGKAT KESADARAN PADA PASIEN CEDERA KEPALA SEDANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
Luci Riani Ginting ◽  
Kuat Sitepu ◽  
Renni Ariana Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Skull Fracture ◽  
P Value ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Oxygen Perfusion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adequate Oxygenation

Head injury is directly or indirectly mechanical injuries that resulted wound in the scalp, skull fracture, tear the lining of the brain, and brain damage, and neurological disorders. The basic method for brain protection of head injury patients are freeing the airway and giving adequate oxygenation. Giving oxygen and headv elevation 30° of head are the appropriate action for the moderate head injury classification to launch the cerebral oxygen perfusion and to increase consciousness level. The purpose of this research were to determine the GCS before and after giving oxygenation with and position 30 ° of head and to analyze the effect of giving oxygen and headv elevation30 °of head to change the levels of consciousness of moderate head injury patients. This research was an Quasi-Experimental study with 10 respondents. The test were used Paired Sample T-test Test. The results showed that there was an effect of giving oxygen and headv elevation 30 °of head toward to change the level of consciousness of moderate head injury patients. GCS average value before was 10.10 and GCS average after 12.90 value was with p value was 0.000. Keywords : Levels of Consciousness GCS, Moderate Head Injury, Position 30° of the Head

PENGARUH PIJAT BAYI TERHADAP KUALITAS TIDUR BAYI UMUR 0 – 3 BULAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SOSIAL PALEMBANG TAHUN 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Infant Massage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRAK Tidur merupakan kebutuhan yang harus terpenuhi terutama pada fase perkembangan karena selama tidur akan terjadi perkembangan otak maupun tubuh, sehingga gangguan tidur merupakan masalah yang akan menimbulkan dampak buruk terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi. Kualitas tidur bayi yang baik dapat diciptakan dengan memberikan pemijatan bayi secara rutin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa pemijatan dapat mempengaruhi kualitas tidur bayi umur 0-3 bulan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian Quasy Eksperimental dengan metode One Group Pretest-Postest. Sampel 22 bayi yang dipilih dengan tehnik Total Sampling yang di observasi sebelum dan sesudah diberikan pemijatan. Variabel yang diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitas tidur bayi 0-3 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh pijat bayi terhadap kualitas tidur bayi umur 0-3 bulan (p value  0,008 < α = 0,05).Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disarankan agar keluarga dan masyarakat memberikan pemijatan secara rutin dan mandiri untuk meningkatkan kebutuhan tidur bayi yang berkualitas.   ABSTRACT Sleep is a human necessity that must be met, especially in the development phase because during sleep will occur the brain and body developments, so that sleep disturbance is a problem that would cause adverse effects on infants’ growth and development. The good quality of sleep can be created by providing the infants massage routinely. This study aimed to prove that the massage could affect the quality of sleep on the 0-3 months old baby. This study used Quasy-experimental design with One Group Pretest-Posttest. The sample 22 infants selected by total sampling technique observed on before and after the massage. The variables measured in this study are the quality of sleep. The results of study indicate that there is an effect of infant massage to the sleep quality on 0-3 months old babies (p value 0,008 < α = 0,05).Based on the results of this study it recommended for the families and communities to provide infant massage regularly and independently to increase the quality of sleep on the baby.  

A DEEP BREATHING EXERCISE MANAGEMENT IN ARCHERY TO MEMORIZING AL-QUR'AN TO STUDENT OF TAHFIDZ QUR'AN AT SMP AD-DHUHA JEMBER

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Akhmad Efrizal Amrullah ◽  
Ridlo Hafidz Faqih ◽  
Miftakhur Rohman ◽  
Candra Aditya Hermansyah
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Deep Breathing ◽  
Brain Oxygenation ◽  
Breathing Exercises ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Brain

Memorizing Al-Qur'an is an effort to maintain the purity of the Al-Qur'an. The Qur'an tahfidz program is one of the activities intended to prevent the Qur'an from changing and falsifying either partially or completely. As the name implies, this program is applied to tahfidz Qur'an student to memorize Al-Qur'an under the guidance of their teacher. Memorization ability is determined by memory capacity which indicates brain health, one of which is influenced by the supply of oxygen to the brain. One way to maintain brain oxygenation is the management of deep breathing exercises combined with archery. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of deep breathing exercises management in archery to achievement of memorizing the Qur'an. This research was held at SMP Ad-Dhuha Jember with a quasi-experimental one group pretest-posttest design method and was conducted in April-June 2019. The type of sample used was a total sampling of 34 respondents. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. The results showed an increase in the achievement of memorizing Al-Qur'an among students of the tahfidz Qur'an after managing deep breathing exercises with archery. Data analysis with alpha (α) <0.05 indicates a p value of 0.000 so that Ho is rejected. Thus there is an effect of deep breathing exercises management in archery on the achievement of memorizing the Al-Qur'an. A strong memory is needed to keep memorizing Al-Qur'an. To help increase the memory capacity of the brain, it requires an adequate supply of oxygen. Deep breathing exercises management combined with archery can be a way to maintain brain oxygenation. This exercise focuses on fullfiling oxygen needs, which in the process of memorizing the brain's memory functions are widely used.

PENGARUH EDUKASI PERAWAT TERHADAP KETEPATAN KELUARGA PASIEN MELAKUKAN CUCI TANGAN DALAM PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN COVID-19 DI RSUD ARIFIN ACHMAD PROVINSI RIAU

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
Nurul Utami
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Nurse Education ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
P Value ◽  
Average Value ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
And Control ◽  
Source Of Information

Corona virus is a virus that attacks the respiratory system. The high incidence of Covid-19 is due to low public awareness of applying health protocols. So the need for prevention and control efforts by complying with health protocols to wear masks, keep your distance and wash your hands properly. Washing hands is an easy routine and is important in infection control, and is the best method to prevent the transmission of microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nurse education on the accuracy of the patient's family through hand washing in preventing Covid-19 transmission at Arifin Achmad Hospital, Riau Province. This research uses quantitative research with a quasi experimental design, with a population of 20 people. Data collection tools used observation sheets and data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate with the Wilcoxson test. The results of this study show that the average value before being given education about hand washing is low compared to the average value after being given education about hand washing. So that hand washing education is effective in increasing hand washing to prevent Covid-19 transmission with a p-value of 0.000. The results of this study are expected to be a source of information and knowledge for the nursing profession regarding the effect of providing nurse education on the accuracy of the patient's family in washing hands.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TERAPI OKSIGEN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN NON-REBREATHING MASK (NRM) TERHADAP NILAI TEKANAN PARSIAL CO2 (PaCO2) PADA PASIEN CEDERA KEPALA SEDANG (MODERATE HEAD INJURY) DI RUANG INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU) RSUP H ADAM MALIK MEDAN TAHUN 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Marlisa Marlisa
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Normal Blood ◽  
P Value ◽  
Youth Health ◽  
Series Design ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Injury Treatment ◽  
Adequate Oxygenation

Head injury is any cases that caused high disability and mortallity rate. In neurology, head injury occupies the first squence and become the main of health problem to most youth, health and productive peoples. The treatment of head injury treatment is to prevent damage of brain cells by adequate oxygenation. The objective of the research was to find out the influence of giving oxygent therapy by using non-rebreathing mask (NRM) towards changing of partial pressure CO2 (PaCO2) value to head injury patients in ICU room of H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan. The research used the quasi experiment method with time series design. The samples were 10 respondents, taken by purpossive sampling technique. The instrument of the research was observation sheet. The result of the research showed that before given the oxygent therapy by using nonrebreathing mask (NRM), 5 respondents (50%) had normal blood pH value, 6 respondents (60%) had low blood HCO3- value, and 6 respondents (60%) had normal blood PaCO2 value. After given oxygent therapy found that 5 respondents (50%) had low blood pH value, 6 respondents (60%) had low blood HCO3- value, and 7 respondents (70%) had low blood PaCO2 value. The result of statistic analyze with T-Test was found significant influence of changing PaCO2 value with p value = 0,000 (p<0,05). The reduction of PaCO2 value is followed by increasing of blood pH value and reduction of blood HCO3- value. Using of non-rebreathing mask (NRM) is only effective for head injury patients with high blood PaCO2.

scholarly journals Effect of pterygium excision on mean corneal curvature.

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 568-571
Author(s):  
Saira Bano ◽  
Sumaya Khan ◽  
Mahnoor Waqar ◽  
Moniba Iqbal ◽  
Hamza Waqar Bhatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Corneal Curvature ◽  
Ocular Surgery ◽  
Department Of Ophthalmology ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
History Of ◽  
Induced Astigmatism ◽  
Pterygium Excision ◽  
The Difference

Objective: To determine the difference in mean corneal curvatures before and after pterygium excision. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi. Period: 1st January 2015 to 1st July 2015. Material & Methods: 68 patients aged between 18 to 65 years were included in the study. Patients with history of ocular trauma, ocular surgery, glaucoma, anti-glaucoma treatment, allergy to steroids, pseudo pterygium, recurrent pterygium and presence of corneal abnormalities such as, scarring that might affect the astigmatic value were excluded. All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination by slit lamp and best corrected visual acuity and keratometric values were noted. Pterygium excision was done by a single surgeon. BCVA and keratometric readings were taken again after 2 weeks of pterygium excision. Results: Mean age was 37.60 ± 11.11 years. Out of these 68 patients, 44 (64.71%) were male and 24 (35.29%) were females. Mean pre-operative corneal curvature was 2.99 ± 0.69D and post-operative corneal curvature was 1.70 ± 0.40D with P-value of <0.0001 which is statistically significant. Conclusion: This study concluded that pterygium excision brings significant change in corneal curvature in patients of pterygium induced astigmatism.

scholarly journals PEMBERIAN INFORMASI NEONATAL DEVELOPMENTAL CARE MENINGKATKAN SIKAP PERAWAT DALAM MERAWAT BBLR

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Anafrin Yugistyowati ◽  
Lia Endriyani
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nursing Intervention ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Developmental Care ◽  
Information Exposure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Newborn with low birth weight (LBW) in Indonesia is relatively high even up to 16,9 %. The role of the neonatal nurse is highly expected to provide care for newborn babies with LBW by giving supportive environment. Neonatal Developmental Care (NDC) is one of intervention that aims to implement modifications to the nursery environment and care practices to promote growth and development of newborn with LBW. Most of nurses still have no information related NDC and its implementation in neonatal room. This study aimed to explore the influence of NDC information exposure toward nurse’s attitude. A quasi-experimental with before-and-after design was applied. This study recruited 21 nurses to participate as intervention and control group. The Paired T-Test was performed to analyze the data. The results showed there is an influence of NDC information exposure toward nurse’s attitude in caring for newborn with low birth weight by P-value 0,00. This study recommend that NDC can be one of nursing intervention for caring newborn baby with LBW in order to optimize caring for infant along caring for growth and development during their treatment in hospital.

scholarly journals Efektivitas penyuluhan kesehatan dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan kader posyandu tentang pencegahan pneumonia pada balita

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Rapitos Sidiq
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Health Counseling ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Kejadian Pneumonia pada balita masih menjadi permasalahan di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Banyak faktor yang melatarbelakangi kejadian penyakit ini, baik faktor lingkungan maupun perilaku manusia. Salah satu uapaya yang dilakukan untuk pencegahan penyakit ini adalah dengan peningkatan peran kader posyandu untuk kegiatan promotif dan preventif termasuk mempromosikan perilaku pencarian pertolongan kesehatan dan perawatan balita di rumah, sehingga setiap kader dituntut mengetahui tentang pencegahan pneumonia tersebut. Secara umu penelitian ini ingin melihat efektivitas penyuluhan kesehatan dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan kader posyandu tentang pencegahan penyakit pneumonia pada balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Darul Kamal Tahun 2017. Penelitian menggunakan metode quasi eksperimental dengan rancangan one group pretest-postest design. Jumlah sampel penelitian 30 orang. Uji statistic yang digunakan paired t-tes tingkat kemaknaan (α) 0,05 (5%). Penelitian ini menghasilkan nilai pengetahuan kader sebelum dan sesudah intervensi adalah 27,17:29,00 dengan p-value 0,003 (< 0,05). Penyuluhan kesehatan efektif dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan kader posyandu tentang pencegahan penyakit pneumoniaKata kunci:   Penyuluhan kesehatan, pengetahuan, kader posyandu, pneumonia, balita  ABSTRACTThe incidence of pneumonia in a toddler is still a problem in the world including Indonesia. Many factors caused the incidence of this disease, both environmental factors, and human behavior. One of the efforts undertaken for the prevention of this disease is by increasing the role of Health Post cadres for promotive and preventive activities including promoting health-seeking behavior and home toddler care so that each cadre is required to know about the prevention of pneumonia. In general, this research would like to see the effectiveness of health counseling in increasing the knowledge of health pos cadres on prevention of pneumonia disease in under-five children in the work area of Puskesmas Darul Kamal 2017. The study used quasi-experimental method with one group pretest-posttest design. The sample size is 30 people. Test statistic used paired t-test significance level (α) 0.05 (5%). This study yields cadre knowledge value before and after intervention is 27,17: 29,00 with p-value 0,003 (<0,05). Health counseling is effective in increasing knowledge of cadres about prevention of pneumonia disease.Keywords: Health counseling, knowledge, cadres, pneumonia, toddler

scholarly journals Aplikasi Web Cek Riska sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Ibu Mendeteksi Dini Risiko Tinggi Kehamilan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-221
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Putu Martini ◽  
Irna Nursanti ◽  
Giri Widakdo
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Web Application ◽  
P Value ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Risk Pregnancy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Mean ◽  
In Pregnancy

This study aimed to determine the effect of the risk checks web application on the knowledge of mothers to detect high risk early in pregnancy. The research design used in this study was a quasi-experimental design with one group design without control. The results showed that the mean difference before and after the intervention was 13.00, with a p-value of 0.000. In conclusion, the risk check web application can increase mothers' knowledge to detect high risk early in pregnancy.   Keywords: Web Application, High-Risk Pregnancy

scholarly journals PEMBERIAN SUPLEMEN KOLAGEN TERHADAP ELASTISITAS DAN WARNA KULIT WANITA MENOPAUSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Lhedys Angela ◽  
Sri Dinengsih ◽  
Risza Choirunissa
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Skin Elasticity ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Color Background ◽  
Quasi Experiment

ABSTRACT GIVING COLLAGENT SUPPLEMENTS ON ELASTICITYAND MENOPAUSE WOMEN'S SKIN COLOR Background: Physical changes that are generally more visible when a person reaches menopause are changes in skin elasticity and skin color. Reduced water and oil content in the skin will result in reduced skin elasticity resulting in fine lines and wrinkles on the skin and factors that cause skin discoloration are the use of drugs, use of unsafe cosmetics or absorption of ultraviolet (UV) rays. that comes from sunlight. This is caused by reduced collagen production by cells. Due to the reduced amount of collagen, there will also be a reduction in the amount of reduced glycosaminoglycans which then results in reduced skin turgor.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of collagen consumption on skin elasticity and skin color in menopausal women in Cikande, Serang District, Banten Province.Methods: This study used quantitative descriptive statistics with a Quasi-Experimental research design with a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design approach, which is a quasi-experiment where a group is measured and observed before and after the treatment (treatement). The sample of this research was 20 menopausal women in July in Cikande Village, Serang Regency, Banten Province.Results: Based on the results of the Paired Samples statistical test before and after collagen consumption on skin elasticity, a P value of 0.0118 was obtained from the significance value α => 0.05, this indicates that there is no effect between collagen consumption on skin elasticity. Based on the results of the Paired Samples statistical test before and after collagen consumption on skin color, the P value was obtained of 0.603 from the significance value α => 0.05, this indicates that there is no effect between collagen consumption on skin color.Conclusion: There is no effect of collagen consumption on skin elasticity and skin color in menopausal women in Cikande Village, Serang Regency, Banten Province. Suggestion:It is hoped that further researchers can carry out further research on the effect of collagen consumption on skin elasticity and skin color and for future researchers to be able to continue this research, as well as become a reference in conducting further research and can be developed again, especially on variables that have not been studied. Keywords: Menopause, Collagen, Skin elasticity, Skin color ABSTRAKLatar Belakang:Perubahan fisik yang umumnya lebih terlihat nampak ketika seorang sampai pada masa menopause adalah perubahan terhadap elastisitas kulit dan warna kulit.Berkurangnya kadar air dan minyak didalam kulit akan mengakibatkan berkurangnya elastisitas kulit sehingga timbul garis-garis halus dan kerut-kerut pada kulit dan faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan warna kulit adalah penggunaan obat-obatan, penggunaan kosmetik yang tidak aman atau penyerapan sinar ultraviolet (UV) yang berasal dari cahaya matahari. Hal ini disebabkan oleh berkurangnya produksi kolagen yang dilakukan oleh sel. Akibat berkurangnya jumlah kolagen maka akan berkurang pula jumlah pengurangan glycosaminoglycans yang kemudian berakibat pada berkurangnya turgor kulitTujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsumsi kolagen terhadap elastisitas kulit dan warna kulit pada wanita menopause di Kelurahan Cikande Kabupaten Serang Provinsi Banten.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan kuantitatif stastistik deskriptif dengan desain penelitian Quasi-Eksperimen dengan pendekatan One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design yang merupakan quasi-experiment dimana sebuah kelompok diukur dan diobservasi sebelum dan setelah perlakuan (treatement).Sample penelitian ini adalah 20 wanita menopause pada bulan Juli di Kelurahan Cikande Kabupaten Serang Provinsi Banten.Hasil Penelitian:Berdasarkan hasil uji Paired Samples statistik sebelum dan sesudah konsumsi kolagen terhadap elastisitas kulit diperoleh nilai P value sebesar 0,0118 dari angka kemaknaan α = > 0,05 hal tersebut menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh antara konsumsi kolagen terhadap elastisitas kulit. Berdasarkan hasil uji Paired Samples statistik sebelum dan sesudah konsumsi kolagen terhadap warna kulit diperoleh nilai P value sebesar 0,603 dari angka kemaknaan α = > 0,05 hal tersebut menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh antara konsumsi kolagen terhadap warna kulit.Kesimpulan:Tidak ada pengaruh konsumsi kolagen terhadap elastisitas kulit dan warna kulit pada wanita menopause di di Kelurahan Cikande Kabupaten Serang Provinsi Banten.Saran:Diharapkan bagi peneliti selanjutnya dapat melakukan penelitian lebih lanjutmengenai pengaruh konsumsi kolagen terhadap elastisitas kulit dan warna kulit dan bagi peneliti selanjutnya agar dapat melanjutkan penelitian ini, serta menjadi sebuah acuan dalam melakukan penelitian selanjutnya dan dapat dikembangkan lagi terutama pada variabel-variabel yang belum diteliti. Kata Kunci:Menopause, Kolagen, Elastisitas kulit, Warna kulit.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Akupresur dan Minuman Jahe terhadap Pengurangan Intensitas Nyeri Haid/Dismenore Pada Remaja Putri

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Indah Dewi Sari ◽  
Utary Dwi Listiarini
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Menstrual Pain ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference

Half of the women in Indonesia experience menstrual pain / dysmenorrhoea, 54.89%, experience various disorders including abdominal pain, cramps and back pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acupressure, ginger drink and the difference in giving acupressure and ginger drink to reducing the intensity of menstrual pain / dysmenorrhea in young women at SMK Swasta PAB 5 Klambir Lima 2020. The design of this study used a quasi-experimental pre and post test with a sample of 30 students who were divided into two groups. Each group was given acupressure and ginger drink in the morning and evening during menstruation from day one to day two. Respondents were assessed for pain before and after the intervention was given. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk normality test contained Sig data (p <0.05). The Wilcoxon test has a p-value of 0.002 (p <0.05), which means that acupressure is effective in reducing the intensity of menstrual pain / dysmenorrhea, there is a p-value of 0.001 (p <0.05) which means that ginger is effective against reducing pain intensity. menstruation / dysmenorrhea, there is a p-value of 0.034 (p <0.05), which means that there is a difference in the effectiveness of acupressure and ginger drink in reducing the intensity of menstrual pain / dysmenorrhea. There is an effectiveness of giving acupressure, ginger drink, and there is a difference in giving acupressure and ginger drink on the intensity of menstrual pain / dysmenorrhea on young women. It is hoped that the school will provide ginger drinks and acupressure measures to young women who experience menstrual pain / dysmenorrhea so that they can participate in learning activities at school.

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