scholarly journals Biomass Stand-Alone System for Power Supply Option to Remote/Isolated Locations

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Dc Motor ◽  
Heating Water ◽  
Permanent Magnet Dc Motor ◽  
Combustion Technique

Reliability and continuity of electricity supply generated by the use of fossil fuels cannot be guaranteed absolutely because of the present decline in oil and gas. Because of this, it becomes necessary to consider another form of energy generation such as biomass. In this work, the potential of electricity generation for a small household rural/isolated location using combustion technique was done. Due to the availability of sufficient biomass (agricultural waste) in rural/isolated locations, rice husk combustion technique for biopower generation was investigated in this work. The experiment was conducted at Uburu in Ohaozara Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. A 12V permanent magnet DC motor was used as the alternator while rice husk was used as biomass fuel. The biopower was achieved by heating water to steam which was used to turn the turbine attached to the permanent DC motor and a maximum of 155Whr was generated. From the result, it can be seen that the typical load of a household in a rural/isolated location is 55W and the peak experimental power is 154.96W. This peak experimental power is sufficient to carry the household load in a rural/isolated location. The peak experimental energy value is 1549.6Whr in a 10 minutes interval which is far more than the energy demand of 260Whr in a typical household in rural/isolated location. The result shows that biomass can be used to generate power for lighting point and power outlet for small households in rural/isolated locations.

scholarly journals Projection of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions in Coming Decades in Indian Context

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
I. Nawaz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Every observable movement involves energy. Hence, energy is obviously an important determinant in the development of a nation. To be specific, the standard of living is directly related to the per capita energy consumption in the region. The per capita energy consumption is mostly due to consumption of electricity. Therefore, electric power is one of the key factors in development of a country. The combined effect of population growth and increase in industrial, domestic and agricultural activities are inevitable and the basic reason for the increase in the worldwide energy demand. Particularly in the Indian context, the power demand is likely to increase by 7% per annum in the next few decades; assuming a GDP growth of 9%. The major resources of electricity generation are the conventional fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. At present, 55% of electricity generated in India is from coal. However, use of coal for electricity generation results in increase of CO2 concentration in atmosphere. In this study, an attempt has been made to estimate the increase in CO2 emission on the basis of statistical analysis using the available data of power production and projected population growth.

ENERGY — MAJOR SOURCES AND CONSUMPTION

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
R.J.S. Sherwin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Total System

We are wholly dependent upon energy of solar, terrestrial and celestial origin. Contributions from any basically new form of energy are unlikely. Fossil fuels are the basis of modern economies, crude oil being dominant.Overall energy demand and the considerable, special merits of crude oil and natural gas will lead to enormous demand for these two commodities in the coming decades. Oil and gas lend themselves to the economies of scale which are as important as technical factors. Vigorous and efficient world-wide exploration and research and development in improved recovery would appear urgent and important. A shortfall in these commodities could have serious economic repercussions world-wide. A massive shortfall could be disastrous.Research and development in coal, oil shale, tar sands, heavy oil, nuclear fracturing of reservoir rocks and fundamental issues to improve overall efficiency in using resources are worth early expenditure. Doubling total system efficiency or recovery percentage would each be equivalent to doubling proven reserves.Australia seems fairly well endowed with natural gas and brown coal but the locations with respect to large population centres are less than ideal. Reserves of uranium are also substantial. There could be serious shortages of black coal and oil resources. A good balance of components might not be easy to achieve if national security were given due weight. For example, to maintain its industrial economic growth Australia needs imported crude oil as a major contributor to primary energy consumption in spite of vulnerability to foreign control of supply and price.

scholarly journals Modelling and Environmental Assessment of a Stand-Alone Micro-Grid System in a Mountain Hut Using Renewables

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Mitja Mori ◽  
Manuel Gutiérrez ◽  
Mihael Sekavčnik ◽  
Boštjan Drobnič
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Lifecycle Assessment ◽  
Micro Grid

Mountain huts are stand-alone micro-grid systems that are not connected to a power grid. However, they impact the environment by generating electricity and through day-to-day operations. The installed generator needs to be flexible to cover fluctuations in the energy demand. Replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources presents a challenge when it comes to balancing electricity generation and consumption. This paper presents an integration-and-optimization process for renewable energy sources in a mountain hut’s electricity generation system combined with a lifecycle assessment. A custom computational model was developed, validated with experimental data and integrated into a TRNSYS model. Five different electricity generation topologies were modelled to find the best configuration that matches the dynamics and meets the cumulative electricity demand. A lifecycle assessment methodology was used to evaluate the environmental impacts of all the topologies for one typical operating year. The carbon footprint could be reduced by 34% in the case of the actually implemented system upgrade, and by up to 47% in the case of 100% renewable electricity generation. An investment cost analysis shows that improving the battery charging strategy has a minor effect on the payback time, but it can significantly reduce the environmental impacts.

scholarly journals Evolution of Energy Strategies in Turkey: Forecasts by Time Series

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Soner Top ◽  
Hüseyin Vapur
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Greenhouse Emissions ◽  
Increasing Demand

As a developing country with over 70% external dependence on energy, there is an increasing demand for electricity in Turkey. In this study, energy resources strategies in Turkey have been investigated and the historical development of its energy usage was summarised. Turkey's energy demand has increased as a result of industrial development and the various energy sources have been selected in different periods to meet this need. In all periods, fossil fuels have taken the lead in energy production. Although investments in renewable and nuclear energy sources have increased, fossil energy sources will not be replaced in the near future. The future fossil fuel production, the electricity production and the greenhouse emissions have been calculated and interpreted by time series (ARIMA), statistically. The forecasts mainly show that natural gas based electricity generation will decrease to 9.3% and renewable energy based electricity generation will increase to 25.6% in the next decade. It is obvious that the fossil fuels based greenhouse emissions will be 375.61 million tons CO2 equivalent in 2026 and the largest share of this emission will be derived from the natural gas by 66.3 billion m3.

scholarly journals Coal deposits of Turkey: properties and importance on energy demand

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Oskay ◽  
H. Inaner ◽  
A. I. Karayigit ◽  
K. Christanis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Coal Deposits ◽  
Coal Reserves ◽  
Low Rank Coals

In the last two decades electricity generation and consumption in Turkey was increasing steadily. Around 80% of the electricity generated is derived from fossil fuels such as imported natural gas and oil, and domestic coal. As the energy policy now is focusing on reducing the dependency on imported fuels, coal, particularly this of low-rank, is becoming important for the country. Latest explorations showed that total coal reserves of Turkey reach to 13 Gt with low-rank coals (i.e. lignite and sub-bituminous) being dominant. Coal deposits, formed under various conditions and in various geological times, are widely spread over the territory. The most significant deposits are of Tertiary, especially Neogene age. Neogene coals are most appropriate for combustion in the thermal power plants due to the high total reserves despite the high ash yields and the low calorific values. We imply that applying reasonable exploitation planning and appropriate washing techniques, coal will play a key role in future energy supply of the country.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Bio-Cellulose Acetate Membrane From Coconut Juice Residues for Carbon Dioxide Removal From Biogas in Membrane Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attaso Khamwichit ◽  
Sakkarin Wattanasit ◽  
Wipawee Dechapanya
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membrane ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Membrane Unit ◽  
Separation Unit

The rapid growth of energy demand and consumption from fossil fuels has been of great concern since the last decade. Renewable energy, including biogas production from wastes, has been studied to ease up the energy crisis problems. This study aims to synthesize bio-cellulose acetate (CA) membranes from agricultural waste and to study its efficiency in the removal of CO2 from biogas. The bio-CA membranes were synthesized from acetylation of bacterial cellulose (BC) and obtained from coconut juice residues (CJRs). The results showed that both chemical and physical characteristics of the bio-CA membrane were compared with those of the chemical CA membranes. The CO2 removal capacity of the bio-CA membranes was tested in a membrane separation unit. The maximum CO2 selectivity of 29.53 was achieved when using the bio-CA membrane with a thickness of 0.05 mm under the feed pressure of 0.1 MPa. Thick CA membranes exhibited better CO2 selectivity performance, particularly at low operating pressure. However, the CO2/CH4 separation factor decreased in the high-pressure region, probably because of the plasticization of the gas components. Eco-efficiency was evaluated to determine the optimal process conditions. In terms of eco-efficiency, the results suggested that the optimal condition was a bio-CA membrane of 0.05-mm thickness and pressure of 0.1 MPa. The implication of this study is promoting a zero-waste environment in which the agricultural residues could be potentially used in the synthesis of high-value CA membranes for biogas purification applications in energy production.

scholarly journals Energy Storage and Installed Wind Capacity Requirements for the Substitution of Fossil Fuels in the Electricity Generation Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Efstathios E. Michaelides ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Storage Capacity ◽  
Fossil Fuel Power Plants

The impending adverse effects of Global Climate Change encourages the substitution of fossil fuels with non-carbon sources for electricity generation. However, while fossil fuel power plants may generate electric power at demand, the most abundant renewable energy sources–wind and solar–are intermittent or periodically variable. This necessitates the development of adequate energy storage at the utility/grid level. Using actual data for the hourly energy demand in the ERCOT electricity grid, this study examines the electricity supply-demand equilibrium and determines the necessary energy storage capacity for the substitution, first, of the coal power plants and, secondly, of all the fossil fuel power plants. The calculations show that, if the natural gas, intermediate-load power plants continue to be available, all coal units may be substituted with wind farms without the need for energy storage. When all the fossil fuel units are to be substituted, significant energy storage capacity is required, approximately 45.3 million m3. The calculations also show that the further development of nuclear energy and additional solar energy units reduce the requirements for energy storage and, also lessen the energy dissipation in the storage-recovery process.

scholarly journals Differences in Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources from Similar Environmental Conditions: The Cases of Spain and Cuba

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5190
Author(s):  
Álvaro González Lorente ◽  
Montserrat Hernández López ◽  
Francisco Javier Martín Álvarez ◽  
Javier Mendoza Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Renewable Energies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
The Impact

In order to achieve the objectives set by the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris agreement, the legislative framework that is developed at the national and regional level must be appropriate. Research has focused on the importance of environmental policies to stimulate renewable energy demand and has also highlighted the existence of legal regimes more inclined to preserve the current model of dependence on fossil fuels. The main aim of this paper is to observe the impact of different regulation framework in the use of renewable energies in electricity generation. The choice of Spain and Cuba was based on several reasons: first, they present different models of legal regulations for renewable energies, with more centralized power in the case of Cuba and more influence of supranational institutions in the case of Spain; second, they have similarities regarding their productive model (highly dependent on hydrocarbons as sources of electricity generation) and the high potential for electricity generation with renewable energies thanks to their rich natural endowment that could favor energy generation from sources like the sun, wind and water; finally, both countries face a global situation where they could take advantage of this cost-cutting moment, and therefore, of electricity tariffs, to propose a sustainable model of electricity generation based exclusively on renewable energies. The conclusions show that Spain can become a role model to improve the Cuban system, given that the European and Spanish “green” positions can be very useful in developing Cuba’s future energy model based on renewables. The existing ties between the Caribbean country, Spain and the European Union (EU) should be the basis to support a model for which Cuba has an outstanding endowment of natural resources and where the similarities with Spain can generate synergies based on the European experience.

scholarly journals The potential of electricity generation from the major agricultural wastes in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Vo Chau Ngan Nguyen ◽  
Thi Thuy Nguyen ◽  
Le Phuong Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Rice Husks ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Livestock Feeding

Agricultural activities produce a large quantity of waste each year in the Mekong Delta. For example, appropriately 26.86 million tons of rice straw, 5.37 million tons of rice husks, 1.33 million tons of bagasse and 0.59 million tons of corn straw were produced in 2016. Despite such a huge quantity of agricultural waste, the waste has been rarely used effectively. Around 54.1 - 98.0% of rice straw is normally burnt on the field; only 20 - 50% of rice husk is used for pellet or energy purposes; a few sugar-cane factories apply bagasse feeding to steam cookers, and a small quantity of corn straw is used as livestock feeding. If this biomass source is used for electricity generation, in theory, for the period of 2006 - 2020, it is estimated that this source can potentially generate 1203 million MWh/year from rice straw, 236 million MWh/year from rice husk, 45 million MWh/year from bagasse, and 40 million MWh/year from corn straw. Electricity generation of biomass source will not only solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by agricultural waste but also meet increasing energy demands for socio-economic development in this region. Hàng năm lượng chất thải phát sinh từ một số loại hình canh tác nông nghiệp chính ở ĐBSCL rất lớn. Chỉ tính riêng năm 2016 ghi nhận thải ra khoảng 26,86 triệu tấn rơm rạ; 5,37 triệu tấn vỏ trấu; 1,33 triệu tấn bã mía và 0,59 triệu tấn thân cây bắp. Lượng chất thải phát sinh lớn nhưng các biện pháp sử dụng những nguồn sinh khối này chưa đa dạng, rơm rạ phần lớn được người dân đốt trực tiếp ngay trên đồng ruộng chiếm 54,1 - 98,0% lượng rơm rạ thải ra; chỉ có khoảng 20 - 50% lượng vỏ trấu được sử dụng; bã mía chỉ được một số nhà máy sử dụng để đốt cho lò hơi; một lượng nhỏ thân cây bắp được người dân sử dụng cho chăn nuôi. Nếu có thể tận dụng các nguồn sinh khối này để sản xuất điện thì tiềm năng lý thuyết ước tính từ năm 2005 đến 2020 của rơm rạ là 1203 triệu MWh/năm; vỏ trấu là 236 triệu MWh/năm; bã mía là 45 triệu MWh/năm; và thân cây bắp là 40 triệu MWh/năm. Sản xuất điện từ các nguồn sinh khối này không chỉ giải quyết lượng phế phẩm nông nghiệp phát sinh, giảm thiểu ô nhiễm môi trường mà còn có thể tạo ra nguồn điện cung cấp cho nhu cầu phát triển của vùng.

scholarly journals Effects of the orientation of residential buildings with a sunspace on their energy performance and the emission of CO2

Tehnika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-570
Author(s):  
Ana Vukadinović ◽  
Jasmina Radosavljević ◽  
Amelija Đorđević
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The City

The paper discusses the effects of the orientation of a passive individual building with a sunspace, with different window to wall ratio (WWR = 20%, WWR = 40% and WWR = 60%), on total energy required for heating and cooling of the building. The emission of CO2, as a greenhouse gas, which is generated by the combustion of fossil fuels used for electricity generation utilized for heating the building in the winter and its cooling in the summer months, has also been calculated. The paper utilizes EnergyPlus software to calculate the energy demand of various orientation of the model of a building with a sunspace. The considered model of the building has only the ground floor G and the floor area Po = 92.16 m2, with the floor aspect ratio 2.25:1. The sunspace of the considered model is set along the entire length of the facade of the building and its width is 1.2 m. The research was performed for the city of Nis (43° 19' latitude, 21° 54' longitude, at an altitude of 202 m). When considering the total energy required for heating and cooling and the total annual mass of emitted CO2 pollutant, the research showed that the most favorable orientation of the building is to the south (azimuth of the facade with a sunspace Ps = 185° for the WWR = 20% and WWR = 40% and Ps = 180° for WWR = 60%).

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