scholarly journals Investigation of the regularity of sedimentation of liquid droplets during field crop spraying

Author(s):  
V. Panasyuk ◽  
V. Pyatachenko

Purpose. Improving the quality of spraying field crops, reducing losses of chemicals of spraying and improving the environmental safety. Methods. Analytical and experimental. Results. Analytical dependences are obtained, which make it possible to determine the droplet velocity depending on their diameter and working pressure. Conclusions. With increase in diameter of the droplet and the liquid pressure in the spray increases the time during which it reaches the speed of hovering and increases the path which will pass a drop until its speed reaches the hovering velocity. These data can be used to justify the rational parameters of the sprayer. Keywords: dispersion of spray, meteorological factors, spraying, droplet settling, spray, rate hovering.

Author(s):  
I. A. Ilina ◽  
I. A. Machneva ◽  
E. S. Bakun

  The article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition, physical and thermal-pfysical characteristics of damp apple pomaces and the identifying patterns of influence of drying temperature the functional composition and gel-forming ability of pectin. The research is aimed at obtaining initial data for the subsequent calculation of the main technological, hydro-mechanical, thermal, structural and economic characteristics of devices for drying the plant raw materials, ensuring the environmental safety and high quality of pectin-containing raw materials, the reducing heat and energy costs. As a result of the study of the thermal characteristics of apple pomaces, the critical points (temperature conductivity – 16.5 x 10-8 m2/s, thermal conductivity – 0.28 W/m K, heat capacity – 1627 j/(kg K)) at a humidity of 56 % are determined, which characterizing the transition from the extraction of weakly bound moisture to the extraction of moisture with strong bonds (colloidal, adsorption). It was found that the pomaces obtained from apples of late ripening have a higher content of solids (21-23 %), soluble pectin and protopectin (2.5-4.5 %). Dried pomaces obtained from apple varieties of late ripening contain up to 25 % pectin, which allow us to recommend them as a source of raw materials for the production of pectin. The optimum modes of preliminary washing of raw materials are offered, allowing to the remove the ballast substances as much as possible. It is established that when the drying temperature increases, the destructive processes are catalyzed: the strength of the pectin jelly and the uronide component and the degree of pectin esterification are reduced. The optimum drying temperature of damp apple pomaces is 80 0C, at which the quality of pectin extracted from the dried raw materials is maintained as much as possible. It is shown that the most effective for the pectin production is a fraction with a particle size of 3-5 mm, which allow us to extract up to 71 % of pectin from raw materials.


Author(s):  
O. Klepikov ◽  
S. Eprintsev ◽  
S. Shekoyan

Data of the Federal Information Fund for Social Hygiene Monitoring conducted on the basis of the Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor have been analyzed to assess environmental risks, as well as to develop environmental safety system as a factor for sustainable development of the territory in the regions of the Russian Federation. Atmospheric air pollution in Russian regions was evaluated by content of priority pollutants. Ranking of Russian regions according to the quality of drinking water supply was carried out. The possibility of using Federal Information Fund for Social Hygiene Monitoring as an integral part of the model for optimizing the social and environmental conditions of populated areas is estimated.


Author(s):  
I. V. Sokolov ◽  
Y. G. Antipin ◽  
N. V. Gobov ◽  
I. V. Nikitin

Based on an analysis of the design principles and practice of underground mining of ore deposits, the most significant features, trends to develop and directions to enhance of underground geotechnology in the field of opening and preparation, mining systems, filling works and ore preparation have been established. The main signs of innovation - scientific research and implementation in production in order to obtain additional value, are highlighted. Various approaches to the development of innovative underground geotechnologies are shown and a methodology for their justification is formulated based on a systematic approach implemented in the framework of the concept of integrated development of mineral resources and on the principles of economic efficiency, industrial and environmental safety, completeness of subsoil development. The experience of the IM UB RAS on the development and implementation of innovative underground geotechnologies in the design and industrial operation of a number of ore deposits is given, which significantly increased the completeness and quality of ore extraction from the subsoil, increased labor productivity in sinking and stoping works, reduced capital and operating costs for ore mining and to utilize mining and processing waste in the mined-out space.


2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31
Author(s):  
Eleonóra Kecskés-Nagy ◽  
Milan Koszel ◽  
István Sztachó-Pekáry

The objective of the work was to determine the influence of working pressure and working speed on drop tracks size and changes in flow rate of flat fan nozzles. New nozzles and nozzles after laboratory wear were tested. The influence of nozzles wear on drop tracks size was tested. It was found that the increase in liquid flow rate resulted in higher values of mean diameter of the droplet track. The increase in working pressure or working speed causes decrease in drop tracks size and reduction in merging of droplets on sprayed surface. The increase of the wear was followed by increased coverage rate. This phenomenon is especially dangerous when using nozzles with a considerable wear for agricultural spraying since this causes ecological threat to environment.


2019 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alcides Marangoni Junior ◽  
Marcelo da Costa Ferreira

ABSTRACT Manual backpack sprayers are widely used in rural properties in Brazil. However, studies that assess their working characteristics, especially spray tip models and working pressure conditions, are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess how much the working pressure and spray tips influence the distribution quality of phytosanitary spray solutions in manual backpack sprayers. Four spray nozzles (standard flat-fan Magnojet TP11002, turbo flat-fan TeeJet TT11002, hollow-cone TeeJet TXA8002, and disc-core) were assessed in a patternator table at 1, 2, 3, and 4 bar. Analyses of spray distribution profile were performed by symmetry and the coefficient of variation (CV) analysed by the Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Spray tip models and working pressure influenced in more than 100% the distribution uniformity values of spray solution and in about 50% the useful range of the phytosanitary treatment. Among the models assessed in this study, the turbo flat-fan spray nozzle presents the best set of characteristics to be indicated for manual backpack sprayers aiming at field phytosanitary treatments.


Author(s):  
U. Pinnis ◽  
Ā. Ruciņš ◽  
A. Vilde ◽  
S. Cēsnieks

Comparative studies have been carried out to estimate the possibilities, purposefulness and efficiency of combine soil tollage, fertilising and sowing machines and units for field crops used on peasant farms under the Baltic conditions. It is found out that most widely used machines and units are aggregates combining pre-sowing tillage of soil (combined cultivators, or revolving power harrow), mineral fertiliser application (pneumatic distributors) and grain sowing (pneumatic, or mechanical sowing machines). As to the agrotechnical terms, the ploughing-sowing aggregates may have limited application. The most suitable are tractor-mounted machines. For combined aggregates preference should be given to more powerful tractors having frontally mounted equipment as well. In contrast to single-operational machines, the use of combined aggregates removes the weather risk, improves the quality of work, raises their efficiency, reduces the consumption of energy and fuel (accordingly, the amount of harmful exhaust gases) and cuts the total costs by 10-18 %. For agrotechnical, energetic, economical and ecological considerations the up-to-date combined aggregates of soil tillage; fertiliser application and sowing are efficient and should be widely introduced on the farms of Latvia.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Artem Lukomec

Seed production of field crops plays a key role in ensuring food security of the country and is a continuation of the selection process, a necessary link for the development and maintenance of the variety. In seed production, the main object is a variety that is genetically close to each other a certain group of plants, homogeneous in morphological and biological properties. The finish of high-quality seed production is seeds with good varietal and sowing qualities. The main condition for effective production of field crops is a well-established seed production system, which is a set of functionally interconnected structures engaged in the production of elite and reproductive seeds. Seed production of field crops solves two main tasks: variety exchange and variety renewal. When a variety is changed, one zoned variety is replaced by another with more valuable economic characteristics. During variety renewal, varietal seeds in farms are replaced with seeds of the same varieties, but of higher reproductions. Usually, seeds for cereals and legumes are updated every 3-4 years, for millet - every 2 years, for sunflower - annually. The main goal of seed production of field crops is to maintain a set of characteristics of the variety, its most valuable qualities and economic indicators.


Author(s):  
Н.В. Астахов ◽  
А.В. Башкиров ◽  
О.Ю. Макаров ◽  
А.А. Пирогов ◽  
А.С. Демихова

Обеспечение надежности и качества радиоэлектронных средств и приборов - это одна из главных задач в процессе проектирования новых устройств. Благодаря высокому качеству паяных соединений увеличивается срок службы электронных изделий, а также их безотказность в процессе эксплуатации и ремонтопригодность. Также нужно не забывать об экологической безопасности производимых устройств. В связи со всем вышеизложенным наиболее перспективно проводить исследования и искать практические решения возникающих трудностей в сфере технологий, в которых используются бессвинцовые припои, что позволит соблюсти современные требования к электронной аппаратуре. Кратко изложены основные последствия и проблемы применения чисто бессвинцовой пайки, рассмотрены проблемы применения смешанной технологии пайки и исследование эффекта роста оловянных «усов». Сделан вывод о том, что избежать большинства дефектов помогает применение активных флюсов, сохраняющих свои свойства при высоких температурах, пасту необходимо выбирать с тем условием, что в ее составе не должно быть канифоли, которая начинает активно выделяться в виде газа при повышении температуры, следует также верно подбирать температурный профиль пайки. Среди финишных покрытий лучше всего себя зарекомендовали иммерсионное серебро и никель-золото. Применение в припое в качестве заменителей свинца таких металлов, как висмут и индий существенно повышает стоимость припоев. Отмечается, что хорошие показатели имеют припои с содержанием цинка, однако цинк приводит к невозможности долгосрочного хранения паяльных паст, повышению оксидирования, необходимости пайки в среде инертных газов и с применением активных флюсов Ensuring the reliability and quality of radio-electronic equipment and devices is one of the main problems in the process of designing new devices. Due to the high quality of soldered joints, the service life of electronic products increases, as well as their reliability during operation and maintainability. It is also necessary not to forget about the environmental safety of the manufactured devices. In connection with all the above, it is most promising to conduct research and look for practical solutions to the emerging difficulties in the field of technologies that use lead-free solders, which will allow us to meet modern requirements for electronic equipment. The article briefly describes the main consequences and problems of using pure lead-free soldering, the problems of using mixed soldering technology, and the study of the effect "whiskers". Use of active fluxes that retain their properties at high temperatures helps to avoid most defects, the paste should be chosen with the condition that it should not contain rosin, which begins to actively emit as a gas when the temperature rises, and the temperature profile of soldering should also be correctly selected. Among the finishing coatings, immersion silver and nickel-gold proved to be the best. The use of metals such as bismuth and indium in solder, as lead substitutes, significantly increases the cost of solders. The article also notes that solders with a zinc content have good indicators but zinc leads to the impossibility of long-term storage of soldering pastes, increased oxidation, the need for soldering in an environment of inert gases and with the use of active fluxes


2021 ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
V.Kh. Nurullayev ◽  
◽  
Kh.G. Ismayilova ◽  
L.M. Shikhiyeva ◽  
◽  
...  

The paper presents up-to-date and perspective requirements for the quality of diesel fuels. The effect of chemical, as well as fractional composition on the quality of diesel fuels is marked. The capability of obtaining prospective ecologically friendly diesel fuel based on the mixture of Azerbaijani oils via hydro-treatment in the presence of the catalyst of alumonickelmolibdene is noted. Ecologically friendly diesel fuels with ASTMD 4294 by sulfur - 0.039 % mass, ASTMD 3227 by sour sulfur - 0.006 % mass, ASTMD 5708 by metals: V ˃ 2 mg/kg, Ni ˃ 1 mg/kg, Fe ˃ 3 mg/kg, Na ˃ 8 mg/kg, as well as with the freezing temperature of ASTMD 97 – 50 оС have been obtained. Such kinds of diesel fuel meet EN standards and provide environmental safety in storage and transportation to the European countries. The prospect of obtaining and using buffer plug (mixture of petroleum products) during consistent pumping of various sorts of oil products without ecologic-economic risks of jet fuels is shown as well.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangming Wang ◽  
Yue Song ◽  
Jiabo Wang ◽  
Wanqiang Chen ◽  
Yunlian Cao ◽  
...  

The failure of a hydraulic system will affect the shifting quality and driving safety of a CVT tractor. In order to reveal the response of the tractor under different hydraulic system failures without destroying the transmission, the following methods are proposed in this paper: firstly, building the simulation model of CVT; secondly, building a test bench to test and verify the transmission model to ensure that the simulation model can accurately predict the response of CVT under different clutch oil pressures; thirdly, obtaining the fault oil pressure data without starting the engine and taking the data of fault oil pressure as the input variable of the simulation model; finally, obtaining the response of the CVT tractor under different hydraulic system failures by simulation. It is found that the damage of the seal ring inside the rotary joint has little effect on shifting quality; oil way block can lead to greater shift impact; when seal ring damage and oil way block occur together, the clutch cannot reach the minimum working pressure; clutch piston jamming and oil leak can cause power interruption of the tractor. The results show that it is feasible to study the response of CVT in fault mode by simulation.


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