scholarly journals ARISTOCRAT?, AMAZON?, OR PRIESTESS? (Some Remarks on the Status of Women in Greco-Scythian Communities)

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203
Author(s):  
Ja. Chochorowski

In the year 2000, a joint expedition from the Archaeological Museum in Odessa and the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków conducted excavations in a Greco-Scythian necropolis at Koshary, near the Tiligul Estuary. In a circle of tombs surrounding a Scythian barrow (no. 55), grave no. 111 (dated to the late 4th century BC) stood out with its noticeably special status. In a large niche tomb meticulously carved in the bedrock, a young woman aged Infans II / Iuvenis (i. e. 14—15 years old) was buried on a bed made from reeds and grass and covered with felt. The body was placed to grave with the head to the east, and the burial stands out from other female graves in the Koshary necropolis by an impressive set of jewellery. The set was comprised of the following: silver earrings in the shapes of the heads of Demeter and Persephone, with bronze hooks for attachment, glass beads from a string on the neck, 6 bronze finger rings (4 on the left and 2 on the right hand), and 2 round bosses or appliques made of bronze on the chest. In addition, a tray containing a portion of meat and an iron knife provided with a bone handle was placed by the woman’s head. Immediately by the tray, a set of Greek vessels was placed, consisting of a thin-walled cup-skyphos, a saltcellar, and two small handmade bowls. Four bronze rings (possibly earrings) were also found near the vessels. A leather quiver with Scythian-type arrowheads, deposited to the right from the body, is a unique element. The deceased most likely had Greek origins (buried with the head to the east), but was connected with the family / lineage whose progenitor had been the man buried in the Scythian (in terms of burial orientation) barrow no. 55. Taking into account the over-standard furnishing, the size of the tomb, careful arrangement of the burial, and the monumental size of the stone barrier closing the niche, one can certainly regard the deceased woman as belonging to a group or class of high economic status and representing local elites. Her social role seems to be hinted at by the symbolism of Demeter and Persephone featuring on the ceremonial earrings, namely that of the longing mother and daughter lured by Hades into the underworld, whose cyclical, spring-summer meetings were supposed to bless the Earth with good harvest. The deposition of a «Scythian» quiver by the body was probably meant to additionally emphasise her prestige and social status, and her role as a guardian of her kinsmen’s fortunes. The newly forming, syncretic communities developing at the fringes of civilisations were undoubtedly distinguished by a very high degree of «openness» of their social structures towards «foreign» individuals. Of crucial importance were economic objectives determining the strategy of subsistence. For the Koshary community this was first of all cereal farming, as evidenced by a significant number of grain-storing structures (suggesting an industrial scale) discovered in a settlement adjoining the necropolis. This role of the Black Sea coast as a supplier of food (cereals in particular) for Greece allowed the region to be introduced into civilizational arteries of the Mediterranean world. This is why agricultural cults and Eleusinian Mysteries became important elements of spiritual life in the region. Thus, it comes as no surprise that individuals engaged in agricultural cults (associated with the ideology of immortality and afterlife) enjoyed high prestige in the analysed community. Perhaps, such person was the young women buried in grave no. 111, with the set of exquisite jewellery including impressive silver earrings with the heads of Demeter and Persephone.

FIKROTUNA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ABD WARITS

In the history of women's life, the woman has never cracked from the wild cry of helplessness. Woman always become victim of men’s egoism, marginalized, hurt, unfettered, fooled and never appreciated the presence and role. This situation troubles many intellectual Muslims who have perspective that Islam teaches equality, equality for all human beings in the world. The difference in skin color, race, tribe and nation, as well as gender does not cause them to get the status of the different rights and obligations. The potential and the right to life of every human being and the obligation to serve the Lord Almighty is the same. Indeed, all human beings, as caliph in the world, have the same obligation, namely to prosperity of life in the world. No one is allowed to act arbitrarily, destroying, or hurt among others. They are required to live side by side, united, and harmonious, help each other and respect each other. However, that "demand" never becomes a reality. The differences among human identities become a barrier and the cause of divisions. For them, those who are outside environment, different identities are "others" who rightly do not need them "know". The difference of identity has become a reason to allow "hurt" each other. Several intellectual Muslims who recognize the wrong (discrimination against women), and then they attempt to formulate a movement for women's liberation. All the efforts have been done on the basis of awareness that arbitrary action by any person can never be justified. They also realize, that the backwardness of women are "stumbling block" that will lead to the resignation of a civilization. However, this struggle found a lot of challenges; including the consideration of "insubordination" to conquer the power of men, despite it had done by using many strategies. Starting from the writing of scientific book and countless fiction themed women has been published in order to give awareness of equality between men and women. This paper seeks to reexamine the process of the empowerment struggle to give a brand new concept, so that the struggle of women empowerment is not as insubordination and curiosity process in an attempt to conquer the male. Through approach of literature review and observations on the relationship between men and women, the writer finally concluded that the movement of Islamic feminism is not a movement to seize the power of men, but an attempt to liberate women from oppression so that they get the rights of their social role, giving freedom for women to pursue a career as wide as possible like a man, without forgetting a main duty as a mother: to conceive, give birth and breastfeed their children.


2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Arif Wibowo ◽  
Tri Mas Djoko Sunarno ◽  
Subagdja Subagdja

Penelitian tentang status keragaman ikan Belida (Chitala spp.) dari Sungai Tulang Bawang berdasarkan pada karakter morfometrik dan indeks fluktuasi asimetrik dilakukan selama tahun 2005 di daerah aliran Sungai Tulang Bawang Propinsi Lampung. Estimasi keragaman berdasarkan pada karakter morfometrik dengan menggunakan nilai coefficient variation diperoleh dengan cara membagi standar deviasi karakter dengan rata-rata, pada 25 karakter morfometrik dari 26 spesimen ikan belida (Chitala spp.). Indeks fluktuasi asimetrik ikan belida (Chitala spp.) dari Sungai Tulang Bawang diestimasi menggunakan formula Palmer dan Strobeck, untuk kemudian melihat CVDI sebagai estimasi keragaman dengan terlebih dahulu melakukan analisis uji ttest untuk mengetahui signifikasi karakter sebelah kiri dan kanan. Klasifikasi nilai coefficient variation untuk karakter morfometrik CVd”25% = sangat seragam, 25%<CVd”50% = cukup seragam, 25 <CVd”50% = cukup bervariasi, dan CVe”75% = sangat bervariasi. Sedangkan nilai fluktuasi asimetrik digunakan indeks 3 tingkatan variasi yang rendah (CVDI=0,1), variasi sedang (CVDI=0,5), dan sangat bervariasi (CVDI=1). Berdasarkan pada nilai coefficient variation sebagian besar karakter morfometrik tergolong cukup seragam 72% (25%<CVd”50%) dan cukup bervariasi 28% (50 <CVd”75%), dengan rata-rata 47,60% tergolong cukup seragam. Berdasarkan pada indeks CVDI terlihat 60% karakter asimetrik tergolong variasi sedang dan sangat bervariasi (CVDI=0,5) dan CVDI=1), 40% termasuk variasi yang rendah. Hasil analisis karakter morfometrik dan indeks fluktuasi asimetrik mengkonfirmasi bahwa populasi ikan belida (Chitala spp.) di Sungai Tulang Bawang telah berada pada kondisi mendekati seragam atau memiliki variasi genetik yang rendah. Research on the status of knife fish (Chitala lopis) diversity in Tulang Bawang River (Lampung Province) based on morphometric charactes and indeks of fluctuating asimetric had been carried out during 2005 at Tulang Bawang River (Lampung Province). Diversity was estimated based on morphometric characters using coefficient variation values, which is derived from dividing the standard deviation characters by its mean, on 25 morphometric characters from 26 knife fish (Chitala lopis) specimens. Fluctuating asimetric indeks of knife fish (Chitala lopis) Tulang Bawang River were estimated using Palmer and Strobeck formula, and then see CVDI as the estimate of diversity, as previously conduct Ttest analysis to find signification character between the right and left of the body. Coefficient variation values derived on morphometric character classified four categories, CVd”25% = as highly uniform, 25%<CVd”50% = middle uniform, 25%<CVd”50% = middle variation, and CVe”75% = highly variation. Meanwhile fluctuating asimetric value employed three rate clasification, low variation (CVDI=0.1), middle variation (CVDI=0.5), and high variaton (CVDI=1). Based on coefficient variation value, most of the morphometric characters were middle uniform 72% (25%<CVd”50%) and middle variation 28% (50%<CVd”75%), with means value is 47.60% classified as middle uniform. Based on indeks CVDI shown 60% asimetric characters classified as variation middle and high variation (CVDI=0.5 and CVDI=1), 40% identified had low variation. Research confirms that knife fish (Chitala lopis) at Tulang Bawang river were in state of closing uniform or presumby have low genetic variation.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadis Rahimi ◽  
Hossein Elyasi ◽  
Nasrin Galehdar

This study was conducted to review the related articles and draw a final conclusion regarding the application of reflexology for delivery (labor and cesarean section) pain management in women all over the world. In this systematic review, relevant articles were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and Scopus databases from the year 2000 to 2018. All the human clinical trials that examined the effects of reflexology methods on delivery pain (labor or Cesarean section) were included, and others were excluded from the study. All the 18 included original articles (with 1391 patients) reported that reflexology significantly reduces the pain of delivery, confirming its decreasing effect on labor, Cesarean section, and post-delivery pain. Results of all articles showed that if true reflexology is performed on the right location of the body and at the appropriate time, the pain of delivery can be significantly decreased. Reflexology is appropriate pain relief and prophylaxis for any kind of pain, especially delivery and post-delivery pain. It is a safe remedy with no adverse effects reported so far.


Author(s):  
Anne Phillips

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.


2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Doni Budiono

The  authority  of justice in Indonesia  is executed by  the Supreme Courts and  the  justice  boards/body under the Supreme Courts, including  the general  justice, religious affairs justice, military justice,  state administration  justice,  and  the Constitution Court. According to  certainty in  the Act of  Tax Court, Article1, clause  (5),  tax  dispute   refers to the legal dispute arising in the  taxation  affairs between the  tax payer or the  body  responsible for the  tax with   the government   executives  ( Directorate General of Tax) as the consequence of   the issue of  the decree for the  appeal  to the Tax  Court in accordance with the  tax Act, including the  charge  against the  execution of collection   in accordance with the  Act of Tax Collection by force. The  formation of Tax Court is  designed by  the Executives, in this case, the  Department of Finance, specifically  the Directorate   General  of Tax  which has the right to issue  law  more technical about  tax accord to Article 14,  letter A,  President Decree  no. 44  year 1974,  concerning the  basic  organization of the Department.  Based on  it,  it  is clear that  in addition to execute the government  rules and policy,  this body  has to execute judicial   rules and policy. This is against the  principles of  Judicative  Power/Authority in Indonesia,  which   clearly states that this body  should be under the Supreme Court.   Therefore. It is suggested that   the Act  No UU no.14 Year 2012 concerning  Tax Court   be revised  in accordance with the system of  Power Division  of Justice  as  stated in 45 Constitutions.


Author(s):  
Yaroslav Skoromnyy ◽  

The article presents the conceptual foundations of bringing judges to civil and legal liability. It was found that the civil and legal liability of judges is one of the types of legal liability of judges. It is determined that the legislation of Ukraine provides for a clearly delineated list of the main cases (grounds) for which the state is liable for damages for damage caused to a legal entity and an individual by illegal actions of a judge as a result of the administration of justice. It has been proved that bringing judges to civil and legal liability, in particular on the basis of the right of recourse, provides for the payment of just compensation in accordance with the decision of the European Court of Human Rights. It was established that the bringing of judges to civil and legal liability in Ukraine is regulated by such legislative documents as the Constitution of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Explanatory Note to the European Charter on the Status of Judges (Model Code), the Law of Ukraine «On the Judicial System and the Status of Judges», the Law of Ukraine «On the procedure for compensation for harm caused to a citizen by illegal actions of bodies carrying out operational-search activities, pre-trial investigation bodies, prosecutors and courts», Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the case on the constitutional submission of the Supreme Court of Ukraine regarding the compliance of the Constitution of Ukraine (constitutionality) of certain provisions of Article 2, paragraph two of clause II «Final and transitional provisions» of the Law of Ukraine «On measures to legislatively ensure the reform of the pension system», Article 138 of the Law of Ukraine «On the judicial system and the status of judges» (the case on changes in the conditions for the payment of pensions and monthly living known salaries of judges lagging behind in these), the Law of Ukraine «On the implementation of decisions and the application of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights».


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1477-1481
Author(s):  
Ishwari Gaikwad ◽  
Priyanka Shelotkar

The current world situation is both frightening and alarming due to the massive disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The next few days are censorious as we need to be very precautious in our daily regimen as well as dietary habits. Ayurveda offers knowledge about food based on certain reasoning. Indecent food custom is the chief cause for the rising development of health disorders in the current era. In classical texts of Ayurveda, the concept of diet explained well, ranging from their natural sources, properties and specific utility in pathological as well as physiological manner. In this work, the review of the relevant literature of Ahara (Diet) was carried out from Charak Samhita and other texts, newspapers, articles, web page related to the same.  Every human being is unique with respect to his Prakriti (Physical and mental temperament), Agni (Digestive capacity), Koshtha  (Nature of bowel) etc. For that reason, the specificity of the individual should be kept in mind. Ahara, when consumed in the appropriate amount at the right moment following all Niyamas (Guidelines) given in Ayurveda texts, gives immunity and keeps the body in a healthy state during pandemics such as Covid-19. Ultimately, this will help the human body to maintain its strength for life. This article reviews the concept of diet viz. combination of foods, their quantity and quality, methods of preparation and processing, which are to be followed during pandemics and are essential in maintenance and endorsement of health and preclusion of diseases.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 832-838
Author(s):  
Roshna Sukheoji Bhutada ◽  
Renu Rathi ◽  
Devyani Dasar

WHO declared Covid 19 /SARS -COV-2 as a global pandemic.Till date, there is no medicine for COVID-19. If the Infection arises in the body then the defence mechanism activated against infection. A recent study suggests that temporarily augmenting the body's immune system in the early stages of COVID-19 can help patient to avoid severe symptoms as it is rightly said prevention is better than cure. Ayurveda approaches to develop physiological reactions to facilitate immunity. Planning of diet is most important to boost immunity.As per many researches to provide supplementary food which contains Zinc, Vitamin C,Vitamin D and immunity boosting foodsuch as citrus natural products, custard apple, apple, papaya is among the Fruits. Vegetables include broccoli, onion, garlic and green leafy vegetables. Nuts, ginger, turmeric, pepper, egg yolk, shellfish, mushroom. The need of the hour is a quick boost to immune system to keep it fit, fighting. One should get the right amount of nutrients from the diet, supplementation regimen to boost immune system.In this review, there are few common supplements and super food studies have been included. It might be a torch bearer as sample menu and their alternatives are given for a normal adult. Needy may change contemplated according to age, sex, body mass index and daily physical activities.


Screen Bodies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Daisuke Miyao

The process of modernization in Japan appeared as a separation of the senses and remapping of the body, particularly privileging the sense of vision. How did the filmmakers, critics, and novelists in the 1920s and 1930s respond to such a reorganization of the body and the elevation of vision in the context of film culture? How did they formulate a cinematic discourse on remapping the body when the status of cinema was still in flux and its definition was debated? Focusing on cinematic commentary made by different writers, this article tackles these questions. Sato Haruo, Ozu Yasujiro, and Iwasaki Akira questioned the separation of the senses, which was often enforced by state. Inspired by German cinema released in Japan at that time, they explored the notion of the haptic in cinema and problematized the privileged sense of vision in this new visual medium.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document