Islam, Sovereignty, and Democracy: A Turkish View

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Problematic Relationship ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Empirical Relations ◽  
The Social

In this article, some conceptual and empirical relations between Islam, sovereignty, and democracy will be examined, with comparisons to Christianity. In the first part of the article, the historical conditions of the formation of the dualist (Christianity) and monist (Islam) political theories of the two religions will be examined. This will be followed by a conceptualization of the beginning and end of their respective “middle ages.” It will be argued that the end of the Islamic middle ages was marked, in some Islamic countries, by the following phenomena: the building of a secular state apparatus; the replacement of "religion" by “nation” as the basis of the sovereignty of the new state; the deportation of Islam from the state to society; and the re-birth of Islam in the hands of the social actors as a political ideology aiming at re-capturing the state it had lost. In the final sections, the problematic relationship between secularization and democratization in the Islamic world will be examined, and the experiments with secularization in the Islamic world will be compared with those of France. It will be observed that what made secularization and democracy compatible in France was a combination of historical factors (the existence of the Church that controlled the social manifestations of religion; the state's success in nation-building; the efficiency of the secular judicial system; and the state's satisfactory performance in the area of socioeconomic development), which were largely absent in the Islamic contexts, with the possible exception of Turkey.

Anne-Marie Guillemard, Le déclin du social, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1986, 396 pages, $CDN 43.35

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-100
Author(s):  
Louise Bérubé ◽  
Jacqueline C. Massé
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Intergenerational Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
Social Politics ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social

ABSTRACTThis book is a sociological analysis of the different stakes on which the social politics of the aged have occurred in France during the period 1945–1985. In order to understand the social genesis of the politics of age, GuiUemard takes into account the dynamics of different social actors and, on the other hand, the autonomy of the state with respect to them. Analyzing these actors in relation to the autonomy of the state allows a comprehension of the different modalities of interventions in the field of aging. In so doing, the author shows that the same modes of intervention reflect, in the field of social relations, new forms of intergenerational relations.

scholarly journals „Tu bratają się sekretarz z handlarzem”, czyli skomplikowane związki gór, ekonomii i ideologii

Artifex Novus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 4-19
Author(s):  
Jerzy Kochanowski
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Related Services ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
State Commission ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

Abstrakt: W konkluzji partyjnej komisji wysłanej w 1972 r. do Zakopanego stwierdzano, że „państwo w Zakopanem zostało postawione w sytuacji gorszej niż w kapitalizmie, bowiem zostało zepchnięte na pozycje nawet nie nocnego stróża, ale bezpłatnego dróżnika i zamiatacza ulic”. Na tę swoistą „autonomię Podhala miały wpływ uwarunkowania historyczne, społeczne, kulturowe i geograficzne, typowe dla społeczeństw (wysoko)górskich na całym świecie. Z drugiej strony ważnym aktorem było pod Tatrami również państwo, które od początku lat 50. do końca lat 80. XX w. próbowało objąć ścisłym nadzorem turystykę i sport, sektory decydujące o wizerunku i znaczeniu Zakopanego i regionu tatrzańskiego. Polityka taka napotykała jednak na szczeblu regionalnym na bardzo silne ograniczenia i sprzeciwy. Z jednej strony przyczyną tego stanu rzeczy były specyficzne sieci społeczne łączące sektor prywatny ze strukturami samorządowymi, państwowymi i partyjnymi, a nawet z milicją i wymiarem sprawiedliwości. Z drugiej zaś tylko dzięki przymknięciu oczu na często sprzeczną z obowiązującym prawem aktywność gospodarczą aktorów społecznych, zarówno górali, jak i przyjezdnych, było możliwe – przy niewydolności organizacyjnej państwa – zaspokajanie rosnących błyskawicznie po 1956 r. potrzeb modernizującego się społeczeństwa na usługi rekreacyjne. Dopiero w pierwszej połowie lat 70. socjalistyczne państwo było w stanie, dzięki zwiększonemu finansowaniu, zapewnić w miarę racjonalny rozwój infrastruktury turystycznej (np. Hotel Kasprowy). Jednak już od drugiej połowy lat 70. strukturalny kryzys systemu i w następnej dekadzie jego całkowita dezintegracja doprowadziły do sytuacji, w której instytucje państwowe musiały ustąpić pola aktorom społecznym. Summary: The conclusion of the state commission addressed in 1972 to Zakopane was: “in Zakopane, the state is in a position worse than in capitalism. It has been reduced to the role of not even a night-watchman, but of an unpaid street-sweeper”. The peculiar “autonomy” of Podhale-Region was affected by historical, social, cultural and geographical conditions that are usually mentioned, on the other hand the state was also an important actor and nowise ambiguous. The tendency to take a strict supervision of sectors decisive for the image and the importance of Zakopane and the Tatra region – tourism and sport, existed at the central level since the mid of ‘50s to the ‘80s, but at the regional level, the policy encountered very strong limitations. On the one hand, the reason for that was the emergence of specific social networks linking the private sector with the structures of local government, state and party, or even with the police and judicatory, on the other only thanks to them it was possible – under the organizational inefficiency of the state – to fulfill the modernizing society needs for leisure and related services, that were instantly growing after 1956. Only in the first half of 70s the socialist state was able to provide a relatively rational program, thanks to being an influential factor for modernization mostly thanks to still being in disposal of material resources. However, in the period of disintegration of the system, in the end of ‘70s and in the ‘80s, state’s program was no longer a barrier and alternative for the social actors.

scholarly journals Challenges to balance food demand and supply: analysis of PNAE execution in one semiarid region of Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviany Moura Chaves ◽  
Liana Galvão Bacurau Pinheiro ◽  
Renata Alexandra Moreira das Neves ◽  
Maria Arlete Duarte de Araújo ◽  
Joana Barbosa da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The State ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
School Feeding ◽  
The Social ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
School Feeding Program

This study intended to address the challenges faced by the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) to implement public purchases from family farming, as they understand their role in the transformation of local food systems. For this, we developed a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, located in the northeastern semiarid region, during the regional assessments done by the Collaborating Center for the School Feeding Program in 2018 and 2019. We analyzed the policy from the perspective of the social actors inserted at the ends of the supply and demand chain through the application of questionnaires and focus groups. There were 188 social actors from 45 municipalities taking part in our data gathering. We examined the meeting of supply and demand based on the performance of the policy in the state, and identified that: i) the percentage of purchases between 2011 and 2017 was, on average, 19.1%, demonstrating that, despite not meeting the recommended rate, the state has progressed its investments in this segment; ii) some limitations characterized the limited effectiveness of public purchases of family farming for schools: lack of federal actions to enhance the value of family farming, unfavorable conditions for local agricultural production, low performance of technical rural assistance, menus do not reflect the offer of family farming, difficulties in preparing and executing the public call and insufficient communication between social actors; iii) Action and decision-making, through street-level bureaucracy, depends on the discretion of the social actors. We believe that this study can collaborate in the understanding of structural problems that affect the implementation of the program and assist in the search for alternatives that are consistent with the current needs, aiming at the construction of sustainable food systems.

scholarly journals Estudio De Percepción De Emprendedores Universitarios Sobre El Impacto De Un Programa Escolar De Emprendimiento En Sus Empresas, En Tehuipango, Veracruz

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (34) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Mejía-Ochoa ◽  
Rogelio Limón-Rivera ◽  
Juan Carlos Rojas-Martínez ◽  
Elyana Cristina Peláez-Muñoz ◽  
Silvia Hernández-Velásquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Entrepreneur ◽  
School Program ◽  
Technological Institute ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Entrepreneurship has impacts on countries, generating jobs and socioeconomic development. In Mexico, from the 1980s, Higher Education Institutions develop entrepreneurship and self-employment promotion programs, to promote entrepreneurial philosophy among their students. In the State of Veracruz, since 2015 the Higher Technological Institute of Zongolica has developed the Social Entrepreneur and Self-Employment (SES) program. The objective of this research is to conduct a study of the perception of university entrepreneurs on the impact of the SES school program on their companies, in the municipality of Tehuipango, Veracruz. For which a questionnaire was designed, applied and validated to a population of 32 graduates of the entrepreneur program. It is concluded that the respondents agree with being entrepreneurs, consider having influenced socioeconomically in their municipality and perceive that the social entrepreneur and self-employment program influenced their level of entrepreneurship. Finally, it was identified the need to create a program of accompaniment to companies, as support so that they continue operating in the market.

The Ruling Family’s Hegemony

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-86
Author(s):  
Islam Hassan
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The State ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter examines the question of how the ruling family proactively continues to consolidate its own position within Qatari society. The state adopts three primary means to reproduce and stimulate the existing inclusion and exclusion schemes in Qatari society. First, it promotes the dominant Arab social values, culture, traditions, and customs that perpetuate a scheme of inclusion and exclusion and secure the position of the ruling family and Arab tribal social actors at the apex of the social hierarchy of the state. Second, it narrows down the definition of national identity in order to limit vertical social mobility in society only to certain tribal families. Third, through articles of the Constitution, the legal system and implicit family policies related to marriage and nationality, the state has been influencing individuals, insofar as marriage choices are concerned, as a further means of preventing social mobility to wider strata of society.

scholarly journals Árbitros y mediadores en el mundo rural valenciano durante la Baja Edad Media: Els Ports y El Maestrat (s. XIII-XIV) = Arbiters and Mediators in Rural Valencia during the Late Middle Ages: Els Ports and El Maestrat (Thirteenth-Fourteenth Centuries)

2019 ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Vicent Royo Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social

Este artículo analiza la identidad de los árbitros que median en los conflictos suscitados en el campo valenciano en la Baja Edad Media. Tras la conquista del siglo XIII, la implantación de la nueva sociedad rural provoca el surgimiento de numerosos conflictos entre los actores sociales presentes en las comarcas de Els Ports y El Maestrat, situadas al norte del reino de Valencia. Muchos de estos litigios se solucionan a través de la institución arbitral, de modo que los mediadores tienen la responsabilidad de gestionar los cambios de la estructura social. En consecuencia, se pretende analizar la identidad de los árbitros y averiguar los criterios que siguen señores, burgueses y campesinos para elegir a los mediadores durante los siglos XIII y XIV, porque estos personajes tienen un papel esencial en la articulación de las relaciones sociales en el mundo rural.AbstractThis article analyses the identity of the arbiters in conflicts that took place in the rural country of the kingdom of Valencia during the late Middle Ages. After the conquest of the thirteenth century, the implementation of a new rural society led to the emergence of numerous conflicts between the social actors present in the regions of Els Ports and El Maestrat, both located in the northern part of the kingdom of Valencia. Many of these conflicts were resolved through arbitration, so the arbiters are responsible for managing any changes in social structure. Consequently, our aim is to analyse the identity of the arbiters and to determine the diverse criteria that lords, bourgeois and peasants followed to choose mediators during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, as these individuals played an essential role in the forging of relationships in rural society.

scholarly journals UM OLHAR TÉCNICO PEDAGÓGICO SOBRE PROGRAMAS EDUCACIONAIS E ESTUDANTES COM DEFICIÊNCIAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-774
Author(s):  
Edijan Santos de Gois ◽  
Alexandra Silva Santos ◽  
Advanusia Santos Silva de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
The State ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Experience Report ◽  
Educational Assistance ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Inclusion Process ◽  
The Social

Objective: Knowing the importance of including students with disabilities in ordinary education, this research was carried out to analyze the challenges of including students with disabilities in educational programs, from a technical and pedagogical perspective. Methods: The social actors in this research were students with disabilities seen in the NPME, Fluency Assessment and PDDE programs. The study was done through a personal (auto) biographical experience report, and the collaborator, participating in this research, is a pedagogical technician of the Municipal Secretariat of a city in the State of Sergipe and acts as Coordinator of the educational programs focused on: PNME, Assessment of fluency and PDDE, being called Santos, having their identity preserved. Results: Thus, the difficulties encountered by the employee in monitoring the inclusion programs for students with disabilities, and the achievements through such programs for the inclusion process were pinned. Conclusion: Based on the experiences lived, at the head of the programs, the Santos employee, ponders the need for advances in the pedagogical proposals for the students, the target audience of this study, but highlights some achievements, nonetheless. In the Novo Mais Educação Program, the workshops notoriously provided for the strengthening of bonds of affection among students. However, for there to be educational assistance with a view to inclusion, it is also important that effective means for the execution of programs and inclusion of students are made possible.

Heart of the State, Site of Tension: The Archival Turn Viewed from Venice, ca. 1400-1700

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (03) ◽  
pp. 457-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo de Vivo
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
The State ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

In recent years, a new historiographical trend has focused on archives not as mere repositories of sources, but as objects of inquiry in their own right. Particular attention has been paid to how their continually evolving organization and management reflect the political presuppositions of the institutions presiding over them. This article acknowledges this archival turn and provides an example drawn from the famous case study of the Venetian chancery between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries, at a time of substantial developments in the management of archives. It proposes a more inclusive and socially contextualized approach in order to demonstrate that archives were not just tools of power but also sites of economic, social, and political conflict. A close reading of the very document that led to the institutional view of the Venetian archive as the “heart of the state” reveals that the patrician rulers worried about both the fragility of their archive and the reliability of the notaries in charge of it. This perspective helps to explain the exalted representation of the archive in the late Middle Ages and the early modern era—a representation that, taken at face value, continues to inspire historical analysis today—by illuminating the practical difficulties surrounding archival methods at the time. The history of archives emerges as a promising field of inquiry precisely because it can shed light on both the history of the state and the social context in which the state’s actions had to be negotiated.

scholarly journals The evolution of the cultural influence of classicism and baroque in the development of scientific knowledge in Russia: the problem of anthropologism and the development of science

2020 ◽  
pp. 209-219
Author(s):  
M. A. Lazarev
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
European Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Principle ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

In the work on historical and cultural material, an analysis is made of the change in the direction of the scientific paradigm from anthropocentric to socio-centric, which is most reflected in the period of the “New Time”, that is, the period in the history of mankind, between the “Middle Ages” and “Modern Times”, which had a significant influence on the evolution of scientific thought. The mutual relationship between culture and art is shown, as well as the step-by-step process of the formation of European science is examined, in which the influence of the state’s cultural policy on the worldview of the society, and the integrity of a science-oriented worldview are observed. Then science, reflected as a sociocultural phenomenon, has several aspects, such as the influence of culture and society on science, and vice versa, the influence of science on culture and society, which determines the direction of scientific interests, and the very approaches to understanding, comprehending the world. Realization of the development of science in the interests of the state with inevitability made it possible to imagine the main role of the social principle in the existence of man, which subsequently received a continuation in the nature of man. The man was cut off from nature and from the world and completely absorbed in the system of the social sphere, just as the individual was perceived only in the system of the state, whose general limitations were limited to his worldview.

scholarly journals Wpływ regulacji prawnej Karta nauczyciela na wydatki inwestycyjne gmin — na przykładzie gminy Mirsk

2017 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 173-192
Author(s):  
Jan Zaliwski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
The State ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Economic Development

THE INFLUENCE OF LAW REGULATIONS ‘‘THE TEACHER’S CHART” ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PARISHES — BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF MIRSK PARISHThe following article is atrial to reflect upon the way the legal regulations — the Teacher’s Chart frames the budget of local territorial governments, in this case the parish of Mirsk, and in particular influences the dynamics of capital investments. These in turn has amajor impact on the social–economic development. In the initial considerations, Iconducted adetailed analysis of the teacher’s wages broken down accordingly to the teacher’s qualifications and main components of the pension. Ialso analyzed the origin of entitlements that derive form the above mentioned act. Next, Ipointed out the sources of financing education, both from the state budget and the local governments. Ipresented examples of schools of adifferent status than state schools together with motivating and determining factors that led the local governments to such decisions quoting the court and administrative judicial decisions. In the subsequent part of the article which is dedicated to the analysis of the budget’s incomes and expenses connected with education in Mirsk parish, in charts I enclosed detailed actual state of education in this parish.The data depicts the state of affairs both from the organizational and finical side, in 2012 and 2013. This comparison shows that the Mirsk parish in year 2013 alloted 1,375,837 zł 7,93% of the total income from its own funds, to finance the current functioning of education basic wages and several entitlements listed at the beginning of this article. This sum decreased the sum for capital investments in the infrastructure area in Mirsk parish, such as building of roads, water-supply network or the sewage system. These factors have amajor impact on the social–economic development of the parish. The following article recommends several propositions of reconstruction of school network on the parish territory together with enlisting potential savings deriving from these propositions. The summary of the article encloses the criticism of the existing normative solutions together with the final conclusion that for the last 25 years there has been aconstant lack of political possibility to actually improve and modernize this provision of the law.

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