Invention and Innovation: A Case Study in Metals

2008 ◽  
Vol 380 ◽  
pp. 15-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Connelly ◽  
Jainagesh A. Sekhar
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
Technical Innovation ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Patent Activity ◽  
Patent Counts ◽  
Production Activity ◽  
Long Life

We explore an improved method for the measurement of innovation and innovative activity across long life-cycles especially where patentable technology plays a part in the innovation. In a previous publication we were able to distinguish four stages of a long life cycle. In this article we examine whether the patent life cycle and the production activity life cycle are related. Two conventional schools of thought commonly exist in reference to measurement of technical innovation, one suggesting the use of patents as the best indicator of innovative activity, and the other recommending alternative means, not using patent data. This article proposes a novel method of measurement utilizing yearly patent counts. A model was developed using nine metals whose yearly production activity was correlated with patent counts associated with the same materials. This correlated data was then entered into best-fit equations to obtain fitted patent and activity life cycle curves. Differences in the origins of these fitted curves were interpreted as lags of time in the life cycle of the patent or activity thus allowing for comparisons between patents and innovation activity. The behavior of the number of patents with time was found to be similar to production growth, making patents a measure and representation of technical innovation. In conclusion we were able to categorize the metals into three groups. Group 1, containing nickel and chromium, are metals whose patent activity is driving their production. Group 2, containing aluminum, zinc and copper, are metals in which production is driving the patenting. Group 3, which is composed of the Stage IV metals iron, manganese, molybdenum and tungsten, represents materials that have no current innovative activity that can be measured or correlated to the patent activity. The results suggest a fertile field of future research extending the initial pattern equation model to include R&D, Patents, and Performance, as well as Sales, as innovation activity. Further, the model shows promise for the analysis and assessment of existing and future industrial technology life cycles involving materials, processes, products, software and service innovations.

scholarly journals Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5726
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wewer ◽  
Pinar Bilge ◽  
Franz Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Electromobility is a new approach to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the deceleration of global warming. Its environmental impacts are often compared to traditional mobility solutions based on gasoline or diesel engines. The comparison pertains mostly to the single life cycle of a battery. The impact of multiple life cycles remains an important, and yet unanswered, question. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate advances of 2nd life applications for lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles based on their energy demand. Therefore, it highlights the limitations of a conventional life cycle analysis (LCA) and presents a supplementary method of analysis by providing the design and results of a meta study on the environmental impact of lithium ion batteries. The study focuses on energy demand, and investigates its total impact for different cases considering 2nd life applications such as (C1) material recycling, (C2) repurposing and (C3) reuse. Required reprocessing methods such as remanufacturing of batteries lie at the basis of these 2nd life applications. Batteries are used in their 2nd lives for stationary energy storage (C2, repurpose) and electric vehicles (C3, reuse). The study results confirm that both of these 2nd life applications require less energy than the recycling of batteries at the end of their first life and the production of new batteries. The paper concludes by identifying future research areas in order to generate precise forecasts for 2nd life applications and their industrial dissemination.

Assessing Product Architecture Costing: Product Life Cycles, Allocation Rules, and Cost Models

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian K. Fixson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Product Architecture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Product Life ◽  
Allocation Rules ◽  
The Cost

Product families and product platforms have been suggested as design strategies to serve heterogeneous markets via mass customization. Numerous, individual cost advantages of these strategies have been identified for various life cycle processes such as product design, manufacturing, or inventory. However, these advantages do not always occur simultaneously, and sometimes even counteract each other. To develop a better understanding of these phenomena, this paper investigates the cost implications of the underlying design decision: the product architecture choice. The investigation includes factors such as product life cycle phases, allocation rules, and cost models, all of which impact the cost analysis results. Based on this investigation, directions for future research on product architecture costing are provided.

scholarly journals Getting in the Loop: Regulation of Development in Caulobacter crescentus

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick D. Curtis ◽  
Yves V. Brun
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Caulobacter Crescentus ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Over 40 Years

SUMMARY Caulobacter crescentus is an aquatic Gram-negative alphaproteobacterium that undergoes multiple changes in cell shape, organelle production, subcellular distribution of proteins, and intracellular signaling throughout its life cycle. Over 40 years of research has been dedicated to this organism and its developmental life cycles. Here we review a portion of many developmental processes, with particular emphasis on how multiple processes are integrated and coordinated both spatially and temporally. While much has been discovered about Caulobacter crescentus development, areas of potential future research are also highlighted.

Resale Price Maintenance or Dealer Exclusive Territories? Toward a Theory of Product Distribution

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Resale Price Maintenance ◽  
Exclusive Territories ◽  
Resale Price ◽  
Long Life ◽  
Price Maintenance

A theory of product distribution is presented by examining a manufacturer's choice between resale price maintenance (RPM) and dealer exclusive territories to solve the standard retail free riding problem. The choice depends critically on the life cycle of the product being distributed: manufacturers of products with long life cycles are more likely to distribute their products with exclusive territories, with RPM becoming more probable as the life cycle of the product shrinks. These results provide a link between a product's characteristics and the likely manner in which it is offered at retail.

scholarly journals Understanding the Life Cycles of Entrepreneurial Teams and Their Ventures: An Agenda for Future Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 104225872097838
Author(s):  
Holger Patzelt ◽  
Rebecca Preller ◽  
Nicola Breugst
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Team Formation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Entrepreneurial Teams ◽  
The Past ◽  
Entrepreneurial Team ◽  
Over Time

While research on entrepreneurial teams has flourished over the past two decades, it has mainly taken a static perspective, neglecting the developments both teams and their ventures undergo over time. To address this issue, we develop a “double life cycle framework” covering entrepreneurial teams’ formation, collaboration, and dissolution phases as well as potential nonlinear sequences of these phases. While this team life cycle is embedded in the venture life cycle, both life cycles can progress independently. We offer research suggestions on entrepreneurial team formation, collaboration, and dissolution in each venture phase, highlighting the role of entrepreneurial teams in advancing their ventures.

LONG LIFE CYCLES IN INSECTS

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.V. Danks
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Quality Food ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Long Life ◽  
Prolonged Dormancy

AbstractSeveral insect species have life cycles that last more than 1 year, because of very slow growth, repeated or prolonged dormancies, or very long lived adults. These long life cycles are correlated with environmental adversities, such as cold or unpredictable temperatures, patchy, unreliable or low quality food supplies, and natural enemies, as well as with some other properties such as large size. Long life cycles are most prevalent when several of these factors are present simultaneously. Adversities tend to prolong the life cycle of all individuals in the population, whereas unpredictability tends to extend the life cycle of only some individuals. Extreme extensions, such as diapause for more than 10 years, usually affect only a very small fraction of the population. Modest extensions, such as development over 2 years, prolonged dormancy for one additional adverse season, cohort-splitting between 1- and 2-year life cycles, and oviposition over two seasons, are relatively common. Insects with long life cycles provide insights into the nature of adaptations to adverse and unpredictable conditions, and also provide useful material for the analysis of questions related to population and community structure.

scholarly journals Lean management as the innovative technology of an enterprise

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 00008
Author(s):  
Sergey Komarov ◽  
Mariya Kudina ◽  
Gulnaz Suzdaleva ◽  
Dmitriy Shishkin
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Lean Management ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The paper is devoted to the problem of management of innovative activity of an enterprise on the basis of Lean technology. The study shows that there are no generally accepted theoretical models for understanding this relationship and its unambiguous assessment. The paper discusses a pilot study of the relationship of Lean management factors and innovative activity for large Russian enterprises taking into account their life cycle and type of innovation. The results of the study demonstrate the correlation between lean production and innovative activity of the enterprise. The conclusions on the impact of the type of enterprise (business), the stage of its life cycle and the type of innovation on this relationship are innovative and important. The study is aimed at testing the methodology of future research, the purpose of which is to build a mathematical model of such a relationship.

MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH THE LIFE CYCLES OF MEMBER COMPANIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE RUSSIAN MARKET 2017–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
E. A. SHUBINA ◽  
◽  
Yu. A. KOMAROVSKY ◽  
A. V. MERKUSHEV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Russian Market

The article is devoted to the study of the largest mergers and acquisitions (M&A, “Mergers & Acquisitions”) in Russia for 2017–2019. (the acquired block of shares is not less than 99%). The concept of life cycles of organizations and theoretical aspects of mergers and acquisitions are described. The stages of the life cycle of the merged and reorganized companies, the goals of mergers and acquisitions, depending on the stages of the life cycle are analyzed.

Life cycle of self-propelled machinery with waste generation at its disposal

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Valeriy S. Gerasimov ◽  
Vladimir I. Ignatov ◽  
Konstantin G. Sovin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Secondary Resources ◽  
Branch System ◽  
Additional Funding

According to forecasts for 2022, the number of self-propelled agricultural machinery that will fail will be about 100 thousand units. This will have a significant impact on the overall productivity in the field of agricultural production and will require additional financial costs for effective resource-saving environmental-oriented utilization of agricultural machinery with the maximum recovery of secondary resources in the processing of its components. (Research purpose) The research purpose is considering the main life cycles of machinery, including agricultural, and determining the possibility of obtaining secondary resources in the recycling of components of machinery and equipment. (Materials and methods) The authors found that the establishment of an industry-wide recycling system would allow the reuse of usable and recovered parts obtained from decommissioned equipment, as well as receive additional funding from the sale of secondary resources. The authors have found that for the functioning of the whole system, it is necessary to work with a large amount of data related to the ongoing recycling processes, as well as constantly monitor changes in the state and properties of materials. They also found that the maximum use of digital technology is the only way to combine all these requirements and make the system work. (Results and discussion) The article reviews the key points of the use of life cycle method for equipment, including agricultural, reviews the state of machine and tractor park of agro-industrial complex, shows the possibility of using resource-saving ecologically oriented branch system of recycling of agricultural machinery, as well as the movement of waste and material flows in the processing components of utilized machines. (Conclusion) The article presents recommendations on the possibility of efficient disposal of equipment, including agricultural, with the maximum recovery of secondary resources from recycled waste.

Life cycles of the rhizocephalan Boschmaella japonica Deichmann & Høeg, 1990 (Cirripedia: Chthamalophilidae) and its host barnacle Chthamalus challengeri Hoek, 1883 (Cirripedia: Chthamalidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miku Yabuta ◽  
Jens T Høeg ◽  
Shigeyuki Yamato ◽  
Yoichi Yusa
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Egg Volume ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Rhizocephalan Barnacles ◽  
Western Japan ◽  
Upper Intertidal ◽  
Chthamalus Challengeri

Abstract Although parasitic castration is widespread among rhizocephalan barnacles, Boschmaella japonica Deichmann & Høeg, 1990 does not completely sterilise the host barnacle Chthamalus challengeri Hoek, 1883. As little information is available on the relationships with the host in “barnacle-infesting parasitic barnacles” (family Chthamalophilidae), we studied the life cycles of both B. japonica and C. challengeri and the effects of the parasite on the host reproduction. Specimens of C. challengeri were collected from an upper intertidal shore at Shirahama, Wakayama, western Japan from April 2017 to September 2018 at 1–3 mo intervals. We recorded the body size, number of eggs, egg volume, and the presence of the parasite for each host. Moreover, settlement and growth of C. challengeri were followed in two fixed quadrats. Chthamalus challengeri brooded from February to June. The prevalence of B. japonica was high (often exceeded 10%) from April to July, and was rarely observed from September to next spring. The life cycle of the parasite matched well with that of the host. The parasite reduced the host’s brooding rate and brood size, to the extent that no hosts brooded in 2018.

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