scholarly journals Reported health, lifestyle and clinical manifestations associated with HIV status in people from rural and urban communities in the Free State Province, South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michélle Pienaar ◽  
Francois C. Van Rooyen ◽  
Corinna M. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Health Lifestyle ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Involuntary Weight Loss

Background: HIV infection impacts heavily on the infected individual’s overall health status.Aim: To determine significant health, lifestyle (smoking and alcohol use) and independent clinical manifestations associated with HIV status in rural and urban communities.Methods: Adults aged between 25 and 64 years completed a questionnaire in a structured interview with each participant. Blood specimens were analysed in an accredited laboratory using standard techniques and controls. Anthropometric measurements were determined using standardised methods.Results: Of the 567 rural participants, 97 (17.1%) were HIV-infected, and 172 (40.6%) of the 424 urban participants. More than half of HIV-infected rural participants used alcohol and more than 40% smoked. Median body mass index (BMI) of HIV-infected participants was lower than that of uninfected participants. Significantly more HIV-infected participants reported experiencing cough (rural), skin rash (urban), diarrhoea (rural and urban), vomiting (rural), loss of appetite (urban) and involuntary weight loss (rural). Significantly more HIV-uninfected participants reported diabetes mellitus (urban) and high blood pressure (rural and urban). In rural areas, HIV infection was positively associated with losing weight involuntarily (odds ratio 1.86), ever being diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) (odds ratio 2.50) and being on TB treatment (odds ratio 3.29). In the urban sample, HIV infection was positively associated with having diarrhoea (odds ratio 2.04) and ever being diagnosed with TB (odds ratio 2.49).Conclusion: Involuntary weight loss and diarrhoea were most likely to predict the presence of HIV. In addition, present or past diagnosis of TB increased the odds of being HIV-infected. Information related to diarrhoea, weight loss and TB is easy to obtain from patients and should prompt healthcare workers to screen for HIV.

scholarly journals Effect of reporting a diagnosis on the behavior of HIV-infected people

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
D. A. Neshumaev ◽  
I. A. Olkhovskiy ◽  
V. P. Chubarov ◽  
L. V. Ruznyaeva ◽  
S. E. Skudarnov
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Sign Test ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The Moment

Relevance. According to US scientists, the percentage of people who do not know about their positive status is 20% of all people living with HIV. Moreover, this group provides 49% of new infections. Therefore, it can be assumed that information about HIV status has a significant epidemiological effect. Aim. To assess the change in risk behavior of HIV-infected persons after informing about the diagnosis and the frequency of occurrence of nonspecific symptoms of HIV infection. Materials and methods. For information on changing the behavior profile was developed, consisting of three sections. The first and third sections are aimed at elucidating the characteristics of sexual and drug behavior from the moment of probable infection to the moment of diagnosis, in comparison with the time period from the moment of reporting the diagnosis to the present. The second section of questions is aimed at determining the frequency of occurrence of nonspecific symptoms of early HIV infection. In the survey agreed to participate in 79 HIV-infected patients. The reliability of the results obtained was determined using the Wilcoxon Sign Test. Results. The message of the diagnosis of HIV infection contributed to the desire to abandon the systematic use of intravenous drugs. The proportion of people who denied drug use increased from 13 to 65% (p < 0.05). The number of people infected intensively (30 and more doses / month) using drugs has more than halved – from 38 to 17% (p < 0.05). The number of people denying drug use in groups increased from 10 to 45% (p < 0.05). From 55 to 12% (p < 0.05), the proportion of people who pass their syringe (needle) to another person to inject drugs has decreased. The number of persons who noted the presence of more than 5 partners per year after diagnosis decreased three times (p < 0.05). Only 23% of the respondents did not present any complaints in the period preceding the detection of HIV infection. Symptoms of acute respiratory disease marked 48%, 37% had fever, and other non-specific clinical manifestations of HIV infection. Conclusion. Communicating a positive HIV status to a patient reduces the likelihood of HIV transmission by drugs by 3–4 times and sexually by 2–3 times by changing risky behavior. Nonspecific symptoms of an acute viral disease before the detection of HIV infection were recorded in 48% of cases.

scholarly journals Hoarseness Due to Penicillium Marneffei Infection-An Unusual Presentation

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1426
Author(s):  
S. Bhagyabati Devi ◽  
Keisham Jaya Chanu ◽  
Ksh Birendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Penicillium Marneffei ◽  
Unusual Presentation ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Dimorphic Fungus

Penicillium marneffei is a dimorphic fungus causing infection mainly in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with HIV infection. Penicillium marneffei is an important opportunistic pathogen of HIV infection in South East Asia including Manipur. Common clinical manifestations are fever, cough, weight loss, generalised lymphadenopathy, and papulonodular eruptions. We report an unusual case of HIV patient with Penicillium marneffei infection presenting as hoarseness.

scholarly journals A comparative study on health seeking behaviour of parents towards their child’s illness in rural and urban field practice area of a medical college

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 3413
Author(s):  
Kalyan Chakravarthy Burra ◽  
Chandrashekhar Varaprasadrao Dimmala
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Government Hospital ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Field Practice ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: The attitude of parents towards their children’s health and illness is an important factor with regards to child’s overall development. In most developing countries, the health of the children is strongly dependent on parental healthcare behavior. This current study mainly looks into these aspects.Methods: A community based cross sectional study involving urban and rural area field practice areas of a medical college in the study period of November 2016-January 2017 with a sample size of 100 families each having children in urban and rural areas have been fixed purposively. House to house survey done by simple random method using pretested semi structured interview schedules.Results: Around 55% of rural parents took treatment from RMP (quacks) with 55% of urban counterparts opting for wait and watch method. Only 8% of respondents from both areas too their children to a pediatrician. About 12% of urban area went to government hospital and none from rural utilized government hospital facilities.Conclusions: Large proportions of respondents did not seek appropriate medical care for childhood illnesses. 

scholarly journals Leisure times of their children from mother’s percpective: The effect of rural and urban lifeAnne perspektifinden çocuklarının serbest zamanları: Kırsal ve kentsel yaşamın etkisi

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 3130
Author(s):  
Ezgi Ertüzün ◽  
Hüseyin Gökçe ◽  
Erhan Alabay
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural And Urban Area ◽  
Structured Observation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the leisure time activities of the children from mothers’ perspective dwelling in rural and urban area. Totally 23 mothers from rural and urban life formed the sample of the study. It was a qualitative research in terms of the techniques used in the resolution of the obtained data. Semi-structured observation form developed by the researchers was used in the study. The matters of semi-structured interview consisted of some questions evaluating the perception of mothers’ leisure time concept and the leisure time activities of the children from mothers’ perspective. Sub-themes were formed from the each question and these themes were supported by mother’s opinion. In both areas children spend their leisure times with their mothers the most. After that, children mostly spend time with their friends in rural areas, and fathers in urban areas secondly. It is stated that none of the urban based children spend time with their friends. ÖzetYaşamın ilk dönemi olan çocukluk döneminde serbest zaman aktiviteleri çocuklara oyun kavramı ile yansır. Oyunun çocuk üzerindeki etkisi açıktır ve buna bağlı olarak kırsal ve kentsel alanlarda yaşayan annelerin bakış açılarının çocuklarının serbest zaman aktivitelerine nasıl yansıdığı merak uyandırmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmada kırsal ve kentsel yaşam süren annelerin, kendilerinin çocukluk dönemine ilişkin ve çocuklarının serbest zaman etkinliklerinin değerlendirilmesine ilişkin görüşleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini kırsal ve kentsel yaşam süren toplam 23 anne oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma elde edilen verilerin çözümlenmesi açısından nitel bir çalışmadır. Araştırmada araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilmiş yarı yapılandırılmış gözlem formu kullanılmıştır. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme maddeleri, annelerin serbest zaman kavramı algılarını ve anne perspektifinden çocuklarının serbest zaman etkinliklerini değerlendiren sorulardan oluşmuştur. Her bir sorudan alt temalar oluşturulmuş ve bu temalar anne görüşleri ile desteklenmiştir. Her iki bölgede yaşam süren çocukların serbest zamanlarını en çok anneleri ile geçirdikleri, daha sonrasında ise kırsal bölgelerde arkadaşlarla, kentsel bölgelerde babalarla vakit geçirildiği tespit edilmiştir. Kentsel bölgedeki çocukların hiç birinin serbest zamanlarını arkadaşlarıyla geçirmedikleri tespit edilmiştir.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study to Assess the Nutritional Status of Urban and Rural Pre-school Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 08-13
Author(s):  
M Justin Jaspher ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
School Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Chronic Malnutrition ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anthropometric Assessment

Background of the Study: Stunting, wasting, and underweight are the important nutritional status indicators for children. “While stunting is caused by long-term insufficient nutrient intake and repeated infections, wasting is a result of acute food shortage and illness. Wasting, on the other hand, is a strong predictor of mortality and requires urgent response. Underweight combines information about linear growth obstruction and weight for length/height” [7]. Understanding differences in the determinants of childhood malnutrition between urban and rural areas is important to design appropriate, relevant program and policy implementation. Aims & Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess and compare the prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among pre-school children in rural and urban area. Methodology: Convenient random sampling technique was used to gather data in 100 samples, 50 each from rural and urban population. Data was collected by using structured interview and anthropometric assessment. The questionnaire consisted of two parts, i.e., demographic data and questions regarding anthropometric assessment, age, height, weight etc. The three nutritional status indicators, HAZ - z-score for height-for-age, (Stunting), WAZ - z-score for weight for age (Underweight), WHZ- z – score weight for height (Wasting) were calculated using WHO Anthro survey application. Results: This study revealed that Prevalence of acute malnutrition (stunting) among rural pre-school children is 28% which was higher than the prevalence of acute malnutrition in urban pre-school children which was only 18 %. Prevalence of Underweight among rural pre-school children is 36% which was higher than the prevalence of underweight in urban pre-school children which was only 34 %. Prevalence of chronic malnutrition (wasting) among rural pre-school children is 32% which was lower than the prevalence of chronic malnutrition in urban pre-school children in which it was 46%. There is no significant association between the nutritional status of the rural and urban pre-school children with the selected demographic variables. This indicates even though there was a significant difference between the rural and urban pre-school children, both group of children are at the risk of one or other malnutrition related problems. Conclusion: This study suggests that even though there was a significant difference between the rural and urban pre-school children, both group of children are at the risk of one or other malnutrition problem.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding counselling and support: is it adequate? a descriptive study from Rohtak, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2086
Author(s):  
Shweta Goswami ◽  
Pardeep Khanna ◽  
Ramesh Verma ◽  
Vinod Chayal ◽  
Varun Arora
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Breastfeeding Education ◽  
Field Practice ◽  
Source Of Information

Background: Antenatal breastfeeding education and motivation along with postnatal encouragement and lactation support are likely to improve rates of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding. This study was done to know whether antenatal and postnatal visits were utilized for promotion of optimum breastfeeding in addition to the routine obstetric services.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional type of community based epidemiological study was conducted in rural and urban field practice area attached to Department of Community Medicine, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. A total of 500 mothers were studied. A pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule was used for interviewing the study subjects and house to house visits were carried out to collect the information.Results: Health functionaries were the source of information in 49.6% mothers in urban area as compared to only 29.2% in rural areas. Breastfeeding related information was better in the mothers counseled by health functionaries than not counseled group.Conclusions: Health functionaries should be instructed to inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding during antenatal as well as postnatal visits. Existing breastfeeding education and postnatal support is not adequate in the population studied and needs to be strengthened.

scholarly journals Knowledge of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status and Seropositivity After a Recently Negative Test in Malawi

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishani Pathmanathan ◽  
Philip Lederer ◽  
Ray W. Shiraishi ◽  
Nellie Wadonda-Kabondo ◽  
Anand Date ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Recent Hiv Infection

Abstract Background Awareness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status among all people with HIV is critical for epidemic control. We aimed to assess accurate knowledge of HIV status, defined as concordance with serosurvey test results from the 2010 Malawi Demographic Health Survey (MDHS), and to identify risk factors for seropositivity among adults (aged 15–49) reporting a most recently negative test within 12 months. Methods Data were analyzed from the 2010 MDHS. A logistic regression model was constructed to determine factors independently associated with HIV seropositivity after a recently negative test. All analyses controlled for the survey’s complex design. Results A total of 11 649 adults tested for HIV during this MDHS reported ever being sexually active. Among these, HIV seroprevalence was 12.0%, but only 61.7% had accurate knowledge of their status. Forty percent (40.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 36.8–43.8) of seropositive respondents reported a most recently negative test. Of those reporting that this negative test was within 12 months (n = 3630), seroprevalence was 7.2% for women (95% CI, 5.7–9.2), 5.2% for men (95% CI, 3.9–6.9), higher in the South, and higher in rural areas for men. Women with higher education and men in the richest quintile were at higher risk. More than 1 lifetime union was significantly associated with recent HIV infection, whereas never being married was significantly protective. Conclusions Self-reported HIV status based on prior test results can underestimate seroprevalence. These results highlight the need for posttest risk assessment and support for people who test negative for HIV and repeat testing in people at high risk for HIV infection.

scholarly journals CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
M.O. Andrushchak ◽  
V.D. Moskaliuk ◽  
I.V. Balaniuk ◽  
I.V. Rudan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

According to the latest data, in early 2018, 75% of HIV-positive people in the world knew about their HIV status (70% in early 2017); 79% of those who knew about their HIV status received treatment, 81% of those who received antiretroviral therapy have achieved an undetectable level of HIV viral load in the blood, i.e. less than 1000 RNA copies / ml. The purpose of the work is to find out the current clinical and epidemiological features of HIV infection, including in the Bukovina region. Materials and Methods: this prospective study for 2016 – 2018 included 292 HIV patients undergoing outpatient monitoring at the Chernivtsi Regional Center for AIDS Prevention and Control. All the subjects gave voluntary informed consent to participate in the study. Results and Discussion: Young people (25 – 44 years old) were predominantly included in the study; their total share among men was 88.3% and among women – 76.0%. There were slightly more female patients under 24 years of age (10.6% of female individuals versus 4.3% of male individuals) and within the 45-55 year old group (13.4% female participants versus 7.4% of male individuals). Clinical signs of stage III HIV infection found in 108 people included the manifestations of general intoxication syndrome forcing the participants to stay down in the bed up to a half a day. All the participants demonstrated the weight loss over 10% of that initially established; 34 (31.5%) patients had "unexplained" chronic diarrhoea over 3 times a day, which lasted more than a month. For 118 HIV-positive patients of the IV clinical stage, the fatigue syndrome (unexplained weight loss (more than 10% for 6 months) was the most indicative; this condition forced them to stay in bed for more than a half a day. Conclusions: Markers of hemocontact viral hepatitis were detected in 59.1% of patients with clinical stage I and II HIV infection, in 55.6% of the patients with III stage HIV and in 61.0% with stage IV of the disease.

scholarly journals Pathophysiology of Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manu ◽  
Thomson Soni ◽  
Victoria ◽  
Pranav Kumar Prabhakar
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy that affects 8% to 20% of the reproductive age females and adolescent girls every year worldwide and approximately 5 million cases reported in the USA annually. It is more prevalent in urban areas as compared to the rural areas because of the difference in the lifestyles of rural and urban ladies. Rarely PCOS is passed on by heredity in some cases. Objectives: We sought to understand the pathophysiology and role of various genes in PCOS. Methods: We have done rigorous literature reviews on different aspect of PCOS and compiled here in this review. Results: It mostly occurs due to a lack of awareness. Its symptoms become mild to severe like initially hirsutism, acne which further leads to irregular periods and infertility. The pathogenesis of PCOS is not known because it is a complex multi-genetic disorder i.e. it involves one or more than one abnormal alteration in its genome. Its main clinical manifestations are insulin resistance and increased level of androgen. So, the treatment regimen of this disorder is focused on reducing levels of androgen, which helps to diminish the long-term risk of diabetes and CVD (Cardiovascular disease). Metformin is used to sensitize the insulin because the risk of glucose intolerance also gets elevated with insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, and lipid abnormalities. Conclusions: Likely, the outcome of different, deeply interrelated genetic abnormalities that influence each other and perpetuate the syndrome may be represented by PCOS.

Assessment of nutritional status of HIV-infected patients at a tertiary centre in North India

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
Sunita Malhotra ◽  
Ajay Wanchu ◽  
Sudha Khurana
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
North India ◽  
Tertiary Centre ◽  
Involuntary Weight Loss

Infection with HIV has an adverse effect on nutritional status, and can result in progressive involuntary weight loss. We assessed the nutritional status of our patients with HIV infection and found that HIV-infected patients had significantly low nutrient intake and body mass index as compared with controls. Involuntary weight loss, altered body composition and reduced nutritional status were present throughout the stages of HIV infection.

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