scholarly journals Socio-economic variables of children with undernutrition and their controls in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
S.M. Abdullahi ◽  
A.M. Yakubu ◽  
M.A. Bugaje ◽  
S.M. Akuyam
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Low socio-economic and educational levels of parents are important risk factors for under-nutrition in children. The distribution ofhealth and diseases in childhood had been shown to be strongly influenced by the social characteristics like occupation and educational attainment. The aim of this study was to determine the socioeconomic status among children with Protein Energy Malnutrition and the Controls in Zaria usingthe modification of the method earlier used by Oyedeji. Method: This study was a case control health- based descriptive study to determine the socioeconomic and demographic variables in  undernourished children in Zaria. Using systematic sampling method, a total of 132 children (cases and controls) between 6 and 59 months of age were selected for assessment of socioeconomic and demographic variables. Results: Nineteen (28.8%) of the study group belong to social class III as compared to 12 (18.2%) for the controls. As for the educational levels of the parents, among the cases, 28 (42.4%) had Islamic education, 25 (37.9%) had secondary education, 10 (15.1%), 2 (3.0%) and 1 (1.5%) had primary,  tertiary and no formal education respectively. For the controls, 7 (10.6%) had Islamic education, 34 (51.5%) had secondary education, 13 (19.7%) and 12 (18.1%) had primary and tertiary education respectively. There was none with no formal education, The statistical analysis showed significant  difference (P= 0.0009) between cases and controls for maternal educational levels only among the demographic data. Conclusion: This study has been able to establish low socio- economic factors among undernourished children studied. Keywords: Under-nutrition, socioeconomic factors, educational levels, children

scholarly journals Access to Anti-Diabetic Medicines among Patients Attending Tertiary Health Facilities in Oyo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi ◽  
Babatunde Ayeni ◽  
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi ◽  
Oluwatomi Owopetu
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
P Value ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Close Relatives

Objective: The management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is long-term and can be expensive. This study aimed to describe access to anti-diabetic medicines among patients in tertiary health care facilities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. The study sites were the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, and Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomosho. It was conducted among 366 diabetic patients who had been attending the endocrinology clinic of these two tertiary health institutions for at least one year. Data analysis was done with the Statistical Program for Social Sciences. Results: Female participants were 186 (50.8%) and 298 (85.6%) depended on close relatives to purchase their drugs. Those who had difficulties affording their anti-diabetic medications were 142 (38.8%) and 80 (56.3%) preferred buying a cheaper brand of anti-diabetic medication. Also, 136 (37.2%) respondents had missed their required drugs at some point due to insufficient funds. Males who were able to afford their anti-diabetic medication were 96 (53.3%) compared to 128 (68.8%) females (P-value= 0.002). Those with no formal education had the highest proportion of respondents who could not easily afford anti-diabetic drugs (60.9%), those with tertiary education had the highest proportion of respondents who could afford their medication (77.5%), (P-value=< 0.001). Among those in the 61-70 years age group, 78 (66.1%) achieved glycaemic control compared to 34 (42.5%) of those above 70 years (P-value=< 0.001). Conclusion: To improve affordability, subsidizing the cost of anti-diabetic medications and encouraging patients to enrol in the Health Insurance Scheme will be beneficial.

scholarly journals Environmental Variables Influencing Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers Attending Postnatal Clinics in A Tertiary Health Institution

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
Nwankwo I.P. ◽  
Ilo I.C.
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Place Of Delivery ◽  
Breastfeeding Practices ◽  
Significant Difference

The current WHO/UNICEF feeding recommends that breastfeeding with good nutrition is essential to achieving the UN sustainable development goals. This study was carried out to assess the environmental variables influencing exclusive breastfeeding of infants aged 0–6 months in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria. Three objectives guided the study. Cross sectional descriptive survey design was used for the study. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire which was validated by experts and was administered to four hundred (400) post natal women of child bearing age who were randomly selected. The data collected were analyzed using statistical methods, which included mean, chi square, and t-test which were presented in frequencies and percentages. The result revealed that 44.7% of babies were exclusively breastfed while more than half (55.3%) were not exclusively breastfed. The result of this study also showed that maternal education had a significant effect on their exclusive breastfeeding pattern (P < 0.05) as 65.9% of mothers who breastfed exclusively had up to tertiary education. An association was also found between the parity of mother and breastfeeding practices. This is because 46.3% of mothers who had three or more children breastfed their children exclusively. This study showed a positive association between place of delivery and breastfeeding practices. Place of delivery revealed a significant difference between the two groups as exclusive breastfeeding was observed in 95.5% babies delivered in government health facilities compared with 4.5% delivered at private health facilities. Health workers should educate the mothers about the benefit of exclusive breastfeeding. Some other factors found to prevent mothers from practicing exclusive breastfeeding were finance, 36 (16.3%); personal reasons, 51 (20.1%); lack of time as they have to go back to work, 72 (32.6%); dissatisfaction, 40 (18.0%); stress, 9 (4.0%); baby's refusal, 7 (3.2%); and pains, 6 (2.7%).

scholarly journals Cambridge Cognitive Examination: performance of healthy elderly Brazilians with low education levels

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1774-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene de Freitas Henriques Moreira ◽  
Roberto Alves Lourenço ◽  
Claudia Soares ◽  
Eliasz Engelhardt ◽  
Jerson Laks
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
The Mean

This study aimed to estimate the quartile distribution on the cognitive assessment of normal elderly with low education as measured by the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG). A sample of 292 elderly (> 65 years of age), screened for dementia and depression, were assessed using the CAMCOG. The CAMCOG scores of normal subjects (n = 206) were stratified according to age (65-69, 70-74, 75-79, > 80) and schooling (illiterate, 1-4, and > 5 years of formal education). Mean age was 72.8 (± 3.5) and mean schooling was 3.5 years (± 3). The mean score on the CAMCOG was 71 (± 12.7). The scores at the first quartile for illiterate/1-4 years of schooling were 58/62 (65-69 years), 52/63 (70-74 years), 48/67 (75-79 years) and 46/64 (> 80 years), respectively. There was a significant difference in the CAMCOG quartiles according to education and age. This study provides normative data on the CAMCOG of elderly people with low educational levels which may be clinically useful.

scholarly journals Food Hygiene Knowledge and Practices among Food Handlers in University of Nigeria, Nsukka Campus

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 137-144
Author(s):  
Amelia Ngozi Odo ◽  
Samuel C. Onoh
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Research Questions

Abstract The study determined food hygiene knowledge and practices among food handlers in University of Nigeria, Nsukka Campus. Two specific objectives, two corresponding research questions, and two null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design. The population for the study was 165 food handlers. There was no sampling done. A researchers’- designed food hygiene knowledge and practices questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Frequencies and percentages were used to answer the research questions while Chi-square (X2) statistic was used to test the hypotheses at .05 level of significance. Findings showed among others that all the respondents (100%) who have no formal education were knowledgeable about food hygiene; 90.8 per cent of those who have primary education, 92.3 per cent of those who have secondary education and 92.3 of those who have no tertiary education had good knowledge of food hygiene. There was no significant difference in the level of food hygiene knowledge possessed by food handlers based on level of education (P = >.05). There was no significant difference in the food hygiene practices of food handlers based on level of education (P = >.05). The study recommended among others, that managers of food business establishments should frequently supervise the hygienic condition under which food handlers working for them prepare food.

scholarly journals Community practice of using face masks for the prevention of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247313
Author(s):  
Yaser A. Al Naam ◽  
Salah H. Elsafi ◽  
Zeyad S. Alkharraz ◽  
Othman A. Alfahad ◽  
Khalid M. Al-Jubran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Community Practice ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Do So ◽  
Good Attitude

Community face masking is possibly of great value in reducing COVID-19 transmission, especially when universally adopted with high compliance. The aim of this study is to investigate the knowledge, common misconceptions, barriers, and the compliance of the community with the use of face masks for the prevention of COVID-19. A validated questionnaire was administered to the participants through a web link by using various social media. The collected data were statistically analyzed for significant differences according to demographic variables. The average knowledge of face masks and their role in preventing COVID-19 transmission was 95.64%, with no differences among most of the demographical factors. Older groups and females demonstrated a better attitude towards wearing face masks than other groups did (p<0.001). Another significant difference in the participant’s attitude was noticed between the various educational levels, employment, and nationality (p<0.001). Of the total respondents, 88.2% encouraged wearing face masks. Misconceptions about wearing face masks were very low. The frequency of wearing face masks at public places, workplaces, or social gatherings was 87.2%, 80.5%, and 47.5% respectively. There was a significant variation in the compliance with wearing face masks between the various groups based on age, gender, nationality, and employment status (p<0.001). The inconvenience in wearing face masks was reported by 36.3%. Face irritation and ear pain were reported by 70.2% and 43.5%, respectively. The inconvenience of wearing face masks with eyeglasses was reported by 44.3% of those wearing eyeglasses. In general, the study demonstrated a good attitude among participants towards wearing face masks. Although the respondents in the study were aware of the benefits of wearing face masks, the barriers may have decreased their desire to do so. These barriers include difficulty in breathing, discomfort, face irritation, and ear pain.

scholarly journals ICTs for non-formal education in rural Thailand

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudarat Intarat ◽  
Sumalee Chanchalor ◽  
Elizabeth Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Content Knowledge ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Desktop Computers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Informal Information ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Rural Thailand

Non-formal education (NFE) has a role to play in the education of marginalised groups such as out-of-school adults. NFE is based in the discourse of lifelong learning with its agenda of economic growth and active citizenship. This discourse requires moving beyond traditional conceptualisations of primary, secondary and tertiary education to conceptualise lifelong learning as formal, non-formal and informal. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) can potentially support NFE, but not enough is known about this potential. This study investigated ICT use in NFE in rural Thailand. The study compared collaboration, content knowledge and satisfaction in a Career Education course between students learning face-to-face (F2F) versus students learning F2F with desktop computers (F2F+DT). We compared the same variables in an English in Daily Life course between students learning F2F versus students learning F2F with mobile phones (F2F+M). Comparisons of the F2F and F2F+DT modes revealed no significant difference in content knowledge, in students’ perceptions of collaboration or in satisfaction. Comparison of the F2F and F2F+M modes revealed content knowledge and satisfaction were higher for the F2F+M mode but there was no significant difference for collaboration. Comparisons of F2F+DT with F2F+M revealed no significant difference for content knowledge or for satisfaction. The F2F+M mode was significantly higher for perceptions of collaboration.

scholarly journals Is there an Association Between Comorbidities and Income or Literacy in Incident Dialysis Patients Living in Contagem, Brazil?

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Cesar Soares dos Santos Junior ◽  
Ana Carolina Aguiar Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Elevated Frequency ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

Socioeconomic disparities are suspected to play an important role in the development of non-communicable chronic diseases and increase the risk for mortality and morbidity among patients with end-stage renal disease. This study aimed to investigate a possible association between educational levels, monthly per capita income and prevalence of clinical comorbidities found in patients at the initiation of the hemodialysis therapy. A sample of 214 patients was analyzed. Patients were stratified according to their educational level in two groups: ≤ 4 and > 4 years of formal education. For the monthly per capita income the following groups were considered: < US$300.00, ≥ US$300.00 and < US$450.00 and ≥ US$450.00. There was no statistical significant difference regarding the prevalence of comorbidities when comparing different educational levels. Similar results were found when monthly per capita income was analysed. In spite of that, there was an elevated frequency of patients with ≤ 4 years of formal education (73.36%, p<0.05) and with a monthly per capita income below US$450.00 (80.84%, p<0.05) among those initiating hemodialysis therapy. In conclusion, despite the fact that there was no statistical association between the prevalence of comorbidities and socioeconomic factors our data indicated that disadvantage populations might be at elevated risk to initiate dialysis therapy in the city of Contagem, Brazil.

scholarly journals Ascorbate Deficiency among Childrens of African Descent with Protein Energy Malnutrition in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erhabor O
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
P Value ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
North Western

Protein energy malnutrition is the most widespread nutritional deficiency disorder of mankind and continues to be a major public health burden particularly in developing countries. The aim of this case-control study was to determine the changes in the ascorbic acid levels among children with PEM in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. The study included a total of 90 children (47 subjects with Protein Energy Malnutrition and 43 apparently healthy controls) aged 6 months-5 years, admitted to the Paediatric units of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital and Specialist Hospital, Sokoto. Ascorbic acid levels were assayed by a standard chemical method. Nutritional status was determined using the Welcome Trust Classification. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 statistical package. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant in all statistical comparisons. The mean value of ascorbic acid was significantly lower among subjects (0.82±0.04mg/dl) compared to controls (1.06±0.02 mg/dl) (p=0.0001). Underweight subjects had lower ascorbic acid levels when compared with other types of protein energy malnutrition (p=0.0001). Protein energy malnutrition was more prevalent among children from low socioeconomic class whose mothers have no formal education. Marasmus was the most common type of protein energy malnutrition. Finding from this study seems a justification to monitor the ascorbic acid levels in children with PEM and to possibly offer ascorbic acid supplementation for those that are deficient. There is need for infant feeding practice to be strengthened by promoting exclusive breast feeding. There is also the need for increased enrollment of women in schools, enlightenment on nutritional education and empowerment of women to improve their socioeconomic status

scholarly journals Changes in the Relationship Between Formal Education and Formal Employment Sector in Nepal Between 1995 and 2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-73
Author(s):  
Thomas Bolli ◽  
Mahesh Nath Parajuli ◽  
Ursula Renold
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This paper uses seven individual-level surveys between 1995 and 2014 to analyse the hypothesis that formal education increases wage-employment and formal sector employment in Nepal. The results show that formal education has increased substantially. However, formal sector employment has remained relatively stable. Individuals with tertiary education are about twice as often employed in the formal sector than individuals without completed primary education. This relationship is less strong for secondary education (22%) and primary education (7%). The results further show that about half of the relationship arises from working in government-related sectors. The overall picture regarding the relationship between formal education and formal sector employment has remained similar over time. However, the strength of the relationship between completed primary and secondary education and formal sector employment has decreased over time. The relationship between tertiary education and formal sector employment has remained stable unless the government related sectors are excluded.

scholarly journals Return on Education Using the Concept of Opportunity Cost

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
Peter Marinič
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Upper Secondary Education ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Time Form

Education is an important part of individual life. Everyone is learning whether realizing it or not. There is pressure for a longer period of formal education due to the growing volume of knowledge and the need to use it in working life nowadays. In connection with new technologies, there is a need for growing population with tertiary education, but there is also a need for a skilled workforce with appropriate vocational training achieved by upper-secondary education. Formal education takes place mainly in the full-time form, which makes it necessary to give up the possibility of earning income from classic employment relationship. Improving employability at labour market and possibility to get higher net income, forces individuals to stay at education for longer time and to sacrifice possible incomes during the time. Therefore, education is analysed as opportunity costs and the payback period of education is assessed with respect to the increase in the net mean income. The results of the analysis carried out according to data from the Member States of European Union show significant differences in the opportunity cost and in the return on education as investment, both, for tertiary education and for upper-secondary education.

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