scholarly journals Phenotypic status of elbow dysplasia in Boerboel dogs in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
R.A. Ajadi ◽  
I.O. Oyenekan ◽  
M.M. Alabi ◽  
O.A. Makinde ◽  
M.O. Ilugbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Concern ◽  
Phenotypic Screening ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Elbow Dysplasia ◽  
Radiographic Screening ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Significant Health ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Severe Grade

Elbow dysplasia (ED) is a developmental, multifactorial, polygenic disease of rapidly growing, large breed of dogs. ED can be a significant health concern for affected dogs because treatments are largely ineffective, making selectively breeding of normal dogs the best option for disease control. Despite the relative availability of data on ED prevalence in other breeds, there is dearth of information on ED  prevalence in Boerboel dogs. This study evaluated ED prevalence and relative percentages of different ED grades in Boerboel dogs using radiographs of dogs presented for screening between April 2016 and September 2020. Extended latero-medial, flexed latero-medial and cranio-lateral-caudo-medial oblique radiographs from 64 dogs were reviewed. Radiographs were graded using international elbow working group (IEWG) criteria and grades 0-3 assigned to each joint. ED prevalence expressed as percentages were obtained by dividing the number of dogs with grades 1, 2 and 3 by total number of dogs. Age and sex difference in ED prevalence were compared using chi-square test. Differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. Mean age of the dogs was 2.3 ± 0.6 years. Thirty-six (56.3%) dogs were graded as non-dysplastic, while 28(43.7%) were graded as dysplastic, with grade 3 (46.4%) accounting for majority of ED cases. There were no significant (p > 0.05) difference in sex and age prevalence of ED in the breed. In conclusion, ED prevalence in Boerboel dog is high with majority of dogs having severe grade. Widespread phenotypic screening and strict breeding restrictions are recommended| to control the disease in the breed. Keywords: Boerboel, Dog, Elbow dysplasia, Prevalence, Radiographic screening

scholarly journals Para-Aortic Nodal Radiation in the Definitive Management of Node-Positive Cervical Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. Sanders ◽  
Donald A. Muller ◽  
Sunil W. Dutta ◽  
Taylor J. Corriher ◽  
Kari L. Ring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Node Positive ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Severe Grade

ObjectivesTo investigate the safety and outcomes of elective para-aortic (PA) nodal irradiation utilizing modern treatment techniques for patients with node positive cervical cancer.MethodsPatients with pelvic lymph node positive cervical cancer who received radiation were included. All patients received radiation therapy (RT) to either a traditional pelvic field or an extended field to electively cover the PA nodes. Factors associated with survival were identified using a Cox proportional hazards model, and toxicities between groups were compared with a chi-square test.Results96 patients were identified with a mean follow up of 40 months. The incidence of acute grade ≥ 2 toxicity was 31% in the elective PA nodal RT group and 15% in the pelvic field group (Chi-square p = 0.067. There was no significant difference in rates of grade ≥ 3 acute or late toxicities between the two groups (p>0.05). The KM estimated 5-year OS was not statistically different for those receiving elective PA nodal irradiation compared to a pelvic only field, 54% vs. 73% respectively (log-rank p = 0.11).ConclusionsElective PA nodal RT can safely be delivered utilizing modern planning techniques without a significant increase in severe (grade ≥ 3) acute or late toxicities, at the cost of a possible small increase in non-severe (grade 2) acute toxicities. In this series there was no survival benefit observed with the receipt of elective PA nodal RT, however, this benefit may have been obscured by the higher risk features of this population. While prospective randomized trials utilizing a risk adapted approach to elective PA nodal coverage are the only way to fully evaluate the benefit of elective PA nodal coverage, these trials are unlikely to be performed and instead we must rely on interpretation of results of risk adapted approaches like those used in ongoing clinical trials and retrospective data.

scholarly journals Investigating the Availability and Usage of Seatbelts in Malawi for Policy Review and Formulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
Gibson Mpokonyoka Ngwira ◽  
Benjamin Bolaane ◽  
Bhagabat P. Parida
Keyword(s):  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Road Fatality ◽  
Major Factors

Road fatalities remain a major public health concern as over 1.3 million people across the world die in road accidents annually, and another 20-50 million sustain injuries. Malawi, with vehicle ownership about 437,416, has not been an exception to this, with reported fatality rates of 35 crash deaths per 100,000 population, possibly due to limited understanding of factors that contribute to such high road fatality rates. This may have resulted in implementing inappropriate and ineffective mitigation measures. Thus, the overall objective of this study was to investigate the availability, including their functionality and usage of seatbelts in motor vehicles, which could possibly be one of the major factors for increase in road fatalities. To establish the rates of availability, ncluding their functionality and usage of seatbelts in motor vehicles, primary data through survey for a sample of 1,200 vehicles were investigated. The independent ariables of data were cross tabulated with the dependent variables to establish these rates. Chi-square test was also performed to establish the significance of associations between the cross tabulated variables. The analysis found that Malawi’s drivers and assengers poorly comply with seatbelt laws. The overall seatbelt usage rate was 35.8%. In this regard, where over 90% of motor vehicles in Malawi have functional seatbelts, poor enforcement of existing seatbelt laws and awareness on the dangers of not using eatbelts could account for the low usage.

Predictors of immunotherapy (IO) response in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 555-555
Author(s):  
Samantha Ann Armstrong ◽  
Bhavana Pendurthi Singh ◽  
Monika Kulasekaran ◽  
Petra Prins ◽  
Aiwu Ruth He
Keyword(s):  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Steroid Use ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Multifocal Disease

555 Background: Despite advances in understanding the molecular pathways of HCC, therapeutic options are limited and patient survival is dismal. IO is a promising HCC treatment. There are currently no indicators to identify which patients (pts) will have a prolonged response. Methods: In this single-institutional retrospective analysis, pts received one of five IO containing regimens with nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, durvalumab or cemiplimab until disease progression (PD) or unacceptable toxicity. Relevant factors including: stage, viral etiology, vascular invasion (VI), tumor thrombus (TT), multifocal disease, toxicity grade, steroid use for IO mediated toxicities and derived Neutrophil-to Lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), were correlated to clinical outcome: progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), response rate (RR), using Pearson’s chi-square test or student's t-test . Responses were assessed using RECIST v 1.1 criteria for stable disease (SD), partial response (PR) and PD were correlated with best response and PFS. OS was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Cohort demographics (n = 76) were: 72% male; 38% African American, 30% Caucasian and 16% Asian; 29% of pts had HBV, 41% had HCV, 1% had both HBV/HCV and 13% had no viral etiology (n = 64). The majority of pts were stage III (43%) or IV (38%). At the start of IO, 32% had VI, 32% had TT and 80% had multifocal or metastatic disease. 65% of pts experienced IO toxicity, with 24.3% at grade 3 or higher, and 34% requiring steroids. Best response to IO was SD in 65.7% of pts, PR in 25.7% and PD in 8.6%. Median OS was 13m (95% CI 7.9-18.1) from the start of IO and median PFS (n = 65) was 14m (95% CI 6.8-21.2). Median OS and PFS were significantly improved in pts with PR compared to PD (45 vs 8m, p < 0.0005, PFS 15 vs 3m p = 0.007). Both OS and PFS showed benefits for SD of ≥2 months compared to those with PD (11 vs 8m, p < .0005, PFS 5 vs 3m p = .007). VI, TT, stage, viral etiology, toxicity grade or dNLR did not correlate with OS, PFS and RR, however need of steroid treatment trended toward worse outcome. Conclusions: PR and SD are independent predictors for prolonged PFS and OS in HCC pts receiving IO therapy. Absence of steroid use for toxicity trended toward improved IO response.

scholarly journals The Correlation between Second Stage (Childbearing) Family Development Task with Completeness of Polio Immunization in Working Area of Wara Utara KotaPublic Health Center in 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3S) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Ratnasari Iskandar ◽  
Nur Aspina R Djano ◽  
Rahmah Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Health Concern ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Family Development ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Development Task

Background: The second stage of family development refers to the stage when a baby was born in a family of new couples. The second phase of the family starts from the birth of the first child until the baby becomes months old. This stage has a health concern in the fulfillment of its development task; namely, a type of primary immunization that is Polio immunization given completely in infants aged 1 - 4 months old. Objective: to know the correlation of family development second stage task (childbearing family) with the of Polio immunization in infants in the Area of Wara Utara KotaPublic Health Centers in 2018. Method: This research used cross-sectional analytical correlation emphasizing on the time of measurement/observation of independent and dependent variable data assessed on a one time simultaneous basis. The population of this research was families with second stage . The sample was 74 people a purposive sampling method. Data analysis by Chi-Square test. Results: The result of statistical analysis resulted in = 0,002 <α = 0,05, so there was a correlation between family development task with the of Polio immunization. Conclusion: Second stage family development task is the transition stage of the individual role, become parents/a parent and form a permanent system. This stage has attention health in fulfilling tasks development, especially Immunization.

scholarly journals Prevalence and indications for caesarean section in Enugu state, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4059
Author(s):  
Hope O. Nwoga ◽  
Miriam O. Ajuba ◽  
Chukwuma P. Igweagu
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Health Facility ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Level Of Significance

Background: Caesarean section (C/S) is one of the commonly performed surgical procedures in obstetrics. This procedure has been on the increase in the past decade, creating a public health concern. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of C/S delivery in a tertiary health facility in Nigeria.Methods: A prospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary health facility in Nigeria. Data was retrieved from the delivery cards of the mothers. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25 and variables were presented as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviation. Chi-square test was performed with the level of significance set at p≤0.05. Binary logistic regression was used to determine factors that predicted C/S delivery.Results: The prevalence of C/S was 48.3%. Commonest indication for C/S was 2 or more previous C/S. Mothers aged >30 years, employed, higher educational level, higher parity and delivered preterm predicted C/S delivery on logistic regression.Conclusions: The prevalence of C/S was high. Higher maternal age, employment, higher educational level, higher parity and preterm delivery were positively associated with C/S delivery.

ABCB1, CYP3A5*3, and CYP3A4*1B SNPs and risk of toxicity with sunitinib treatment for mRCC.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 485-485
Author(s):  
Maria Bassanelli ◽  
Alessandra Felici ◽  
Michele Milella ◽  
Diana Giannarelli ◽  
Silvana Giacinti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Hand Foot Syndrome ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
The Individual

485 Background: Currently there are no biomarkers to predict either toxicity or activity of targeted therapy in mRCC. The aim of this study was to correlate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes encoding for efflux transporters and metabolizing enzymes with sunitinib toxicity in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients (pts). Methods: We conducted an observational, retrospective analysis of 60 Caucasian pts who received sunitinib for mRCC from 2 Italian institutions. Correlation between adverse events (AE, according to CTCAE v.4.0) and 4 polymorphisms in 3 genes (ABCB1 [1236C>T, 3435C>T], CYP3A5*3 6986A>G, CYP3A4*1B-392A>G) was analyzed. SNPs were detected in blood samples using pyrosequencing technique. Association between SNPs and toxicities was evaluated using the Chi Square test. Results: 60pts (median age: 61 years; male: 63.3%) with mRCC (clear cell: 85%, other histologies: 15%) were treated with sunitinib (83.3% as first-line). The most common AE (any-grade) reported were: hypertension (85%), asthenia (83.3%), hypothyroidism (65%), anemia (61.6%), nausea/vomiting (60%), stomatitis (58.3%), diarrhoea (48.3%), neutropenia (48.3%), thrombocytopenia (46.7%), leukopenia (46.7%), hypertriglyceridemia (45%), hyperglycaemia (38.4%), hypercholesterolemia (35%), and hand-foot syndrome (35%). Treatment was discontinued and sunitinib dose was reduced due to AE in 28.3% and 61.7% of pts, respectively. The G/A-variant in CYP3A5*3 was associated with thrombocytopenia (any grade, p=0.03); homozygous C/C alleles in ABCB1 1236C>T significantly correlated with leukopenia (any grade, p=0.01), while the C/C genotype in ABCB1 3435C>T was associated with hypertension (grade≥3, p=0.05); hypertriglyceridemia showed a trend towards increased prevalence in the presence of the C allele (grade≥3, p=0.08). Conclusions: Polymorphisms in ABCB1 and CYP3A5*3 are predictive of toxicity, as hypertension, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia in pts with mRCC treated with sunitinib. This analysis could support the selection of the more appropriate drug to the individual patient.

scholarly journals The Influence of Gestational Age and Birth Weight on Neonatal Mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wedi Iskandar ◽  
Yeni Andayani ◽  
Lia Marlia ◽  
Burhan Burhan ◽  
Aris Primadi
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Percentage Contribution ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Significant Health

Prematurity and low birth weight are some of the causes of neonatal death and significant health problem. This study aimed to determine the influence of gestational age and birth weight on neonatal mortality at the Al Islam Hospital Bandung in 2015–2019. It was a case-control retrospective observational analysis using medical records of the Al Islam Bandung Hospital from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019. The inclusion criteria for infants were born alive. Exclusion criteria had severe congenital abnormalities and gestational age <26 weeks. The chi-square test evaluated the univariate comparison test of risk factors between 2 groups. Multiple logistic regression to assess neonatal mortality's predictive factors and the percentage contribution of the influence was calculated (Nagelkerke’s R2 analysis). The number of infants enrolled in 2015–2019 was 6,791 neonates, and who died was 56 neonates (0.82%). In premature infants and low birth weight there was a very significant relationship with neonatal mortality, respectively p=0.000 (p<0.05) OR=30.397 (CI=16.506–55.976), and p=0.000 (p<0.05) OR=41.206 (CI=18.611–91.233). In the multiple logistic regression test, p=0.000 (p<0.05), with a Nagelkerke’s R2 value of 0.344 or 34.4%. This presence that gestational age and birth weight significantly affects neonatal mortality, either partially or simultaneously. The percentage contribution of the influence of gestational age and birth weight to neonatal mortality was 34.4%. PENGARUH USIA GESTASI DAN BERAT BADAN LAHIR TERHADAP KEMATIAN NEONATUSPrematuritas dan berat badan lahir rendah merupakan beberapa penyebab kematian neonatus dan masalah kesehatan yang signifikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh usia gestasi dan berat badan lahir terhadap kematian neonatus di RS Al Islam Bandung tahun 2015–2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional retrospektif kasus kontrol menggunakan data rekam medis RS Al Islam Bandung periode 1 Januari 2015 hingga 31 Desember 2019. Kriteria inklusi bayi lahir hidup. Kriteria eksklusi bayi dengan kelainan kongenital berat dan usia gestasi <26 minggu. Uji chi-square mengevaluasi perbandingan univariat faktor risiko antara 2 grup. Regresi logistik multipel untuk mengevaluasi faktor prediktif kematian neonatus dan persentase kontribusi pengaruh dihitung (Analisis R2 Nagelkerke). Jumlah bayi yang dirawat tahun 2015–2019 sebanyak 6.791 dan yang meninggal sebanyak 56 (0,82%). Pada bayi lahir prematur dan berat badan lahir rendah terdapat hubungan sangat bermakna terhadap kematian neonatus, berturut-turut p=0,000 (p<0,05) OR=30,397 (CI=16,506–55,976) dan p=0,000 (p<0,05) OR=41,206 (CI=18,611–91,233). Pada uji regresi logistik multipel, p=0,000 (p<0,05) dengan nilai R2 Nagelkerke sebesar 0,344 atau 34,4%. Usia gestasi dan berat badan lahir berpengaruh bermakna terhadap kematian neonatus, baik secara parsial maupun simultan. Persentase sumbangan pengaruh usia gestasi dan berat badan lahir terhadap kematian neonatus sebesar 34,4%.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Intensity of Nematode Infection on The Crossbreed Horse in Detasemen Kaveleri Berkuda Parongpong Bandung West Java

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Sesa Puput Febriyanti ◽  
Lucia Tri Suwanti ◽  
Eka Pramyrtha Hestinah ◽  
Setiawan Koesdarto ◽  
Boedi Setiawan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
West Java ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Age And Sex

This survey study was aimed to determine the prevalance of nematodosis and intensity on the Crossbreed Horse in Detasemen Kaveleri Berkuda Parongpong Bandung West Java. The benefits of this research are to contribute giving additional information about Prevalence, Intensity, and Relation among prevalance with age, sex, and stable. Fecal samples were tested by native, sedimentation, and floatation methods. The examination was found some kind of worm eggs, which are: Trychonema sp., Strongylus spp., Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (lung worm). The result showed that the prevalence of nematodosis was 12.03%. in the calculation of worm eggs per gram feces of Crossbreed Horse in Detasemen Kaveleri Berkuda that have relatively moderate infection were 1123EPG and result analyze with ANOVA showed no real different with function of horse. The result of statistical analysis using Chi-Square test showed no significant differences in prevalence with age and sex (p>0.05). the result of statistical using Chi-Square test showed significant differences in prevalence with stable in Detasemen Kaveleri Berkuda (p<0.05).

Double blind, placebo-controlled randomized study of chlorhexidine prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis with nonblinded randomized comparison to oral cooling (cryotherapy)

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 8508-8508
Author(s):  
J. Sorensen ◽  
T. Skovsgaard ◽  
E. Bork ◽  
L. Damstrup ◽  
S. Ingeberg
Keyword(s):  
Oral Mucositis ◽  
Performance Status ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Artificial Nutrition ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Oral Nutrition ◽  
Type 1 Error ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Grade 3

8508 Background: Oral mucositis is a frequent complication to many chemotherapy agents in conventional doses. Chlorhexidine prophylaxis has been beneficial in some studies and suggested detrimental in others, but never compared to cryotherapy. Methods: Previously untreatedpatients (pts) with colon or gastic cancer receiving the first course of bolus 5-FU 425 mg/m2 with leucovorine 20 mg/m2 daily in five days were randomized, pending informed consent, to either chlorhexidine 0.1% 15 ml mouthrinse one minut TID for 3 wks. (regimen A), or to doubble blind placebo (normal saline with same taste additive as in A) with same dose and frequency (reg. B), or to cryotherapy with crushed ice tips from 10 min. before to 35 min. after start of chemotherapy (reg. C). Pts self-reported on severity (CTC-grading, main end-point) and duration of oral mucositis and side effects on a questionnaire. 75 pts were planned in each arm to detect a 15% difference in grade 3–4 mucositis with a 5% type 1 error and a 20% power. Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test were used. Results: Among 225 pts randomized, 206 answered the questionnaire (70, 64, and 63 pts in reg.A, reg.B, and reg.C) There were no differences between the regimens with respect to diagnoses, stage, age, gender, smoking habits, or performance status. Mucositis grade 3–4 (impaired oral nutrition/need of artificial nutrition) occurred in 13%, 33%, and 11% in regimens A, B, and C, respectively. Reg. B was significantly worse than A (p<0.01) and C (p<0.005). Median mucositis durations were A: 3 days (0–17), B: 5 (0–20), and C: 1 (0–20). Duration was significantly longer in B than in both A (p=0.035) and C (p=0.003). Pts <40 years had grade 3–4 mucositis in 36% compared to 18% among older pts (p=0.14). Conclusions: Oral mucositis is common with bolus 5-FU,but frequency and duration may be significantly improved by either prophylactic chlorhexidine or by cryotherapy, giving similar results. The latter is an easy and inexpensive treatment which however is drug- and schedule-dependent as it can not be used with infusional 5-FU or with chemotherapy with substantially longer half-lifes than 5-FU. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Efficacy of Entecavir and Tenofovir among the Affectees from War against Terror in the Tribal Areas of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim Jan ◽  
Hayat Khan ◽  
Majeed Ur Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Salman ◽  
Ijaz Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Tribal Region

Abstract BackgroundHepatitis B infection is a worldwide health concern infecting more than 400 million people worldwide. Besides the active immunization program of WHO, the role of antivirals for treating the chronic infection is inevitable. The tribal belt of Pakistan is the most affected part in war against terror. In addition to lack of basic facilities and resources, this part of country has also been neglected for various health related studies. In this study we report the efficacy of the commonly used antivirals; Entecavir (ETV) and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF).MethodsA total of 2875 HBV infected patients (Male = 1500 and Female = 1375) of different age groups who were receiving either ETV as monotherapy or ETV plus TDF were followed up for 6 and 12 months. Viral DNA was extracted from serum followed by amplification and detection with MyGo Real-Time thermocycler and Gene Proof PCR kit. Response towards antivirals was analyzed statistically with Pearson’s Chi Square test. ResultsComparable response (p=0.171) was observed among the HBV patients towards both six (27%) and twelve month antiviral therapy (36%). Duration of antiviral therapy improved the rate of response in male and patients of old age (p=0.001 & <0.001 respectively). However, female were found relatively more responsive than males towards both six and twelve antiviral therapy (p=0.001 & 0.003 respectively). Furthermore, ETV plus TDF combination proved little more effective for twelve months (p=0.035). Patients of Khyber (p=0.198) and Kurrum (p=0.440) regions are equally responsive towards 6 and 12 month treatment. Compared to ETV monotherapy, ETV plus TDF improved response among the male, patients above 40 years and patients from different tribal region (Bajaur, Kurrum, Malakand and Mohmand). ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that the ETV monotherapy and ETV plus TDF combination therapy are not effective for the HBV infection because both do not achieve SVR rate even in 50% of patients following six and twelve-month follow-up. Therefore, there is a need of much more effective antiviral drugs to treat HBV infection in the study area.

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