scholarly journals Fasudil ameliorated liposaccharide-induced acute kidney injury in mice by inhibiting NLRP3

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2055-2062
Author(s):  
Xueqian Li ◽  
Chengzhi Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Mesangial Cells ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Blank Control Group ◽  
Tissue Homogenates

Purpose: To determine the influence of fasudil on LPS-mediated acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice.Methods: Healthy C57 mice (n = 140) of largely similar weight were used in this study. They were assigned to a treatment group (n = 40), a model group (n = 50), and a blank control group (n = 50). Mice in treatment and model groups were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the treatment group, each mouse was injected intravenously with fasudil daily before the establishment of the mouse model of AKI. All mice were sacrificed 6 h after establishing the AKI model. Portions of the kidney from mice were used for preparation of tissue homogenates, while the remaining portions were subjected to primary culture. Transformed C3H Mouse Kidney-1 (TCMK1) and mesangial cells from mouse glomeruli (SV40-MES-13) cells were used for assays of cell growth and apoptosis. Blood samples were alsocollected from the mice. Thereafter, the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) in kidney homogenates of the three groups were determined. Moreover, levels of NLRP3, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β in the homogenates and blood were assayed. Cell growth and apoptosis were also measured.Results: The treatment group and model group showed higher levels of BUN and Cr than the control group, with a higher level observed in model mice than in the treatment mice. There were significantly higher relative levels of NF-κB, NLRP3 and TLR4 in treatment and model groups than in controls, with a higher level observed in model mice than in treatment mice. There were significantly higher concentrations of inflammatory factors in treatment and model mice groups than in control mice, with higher levels observed in model mice than in treatment mice. The TCMK1 and SV40-MES-13 cells in the two groups showed slower cell growth and stronger apoptosis than those in control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Fasudil relieved LPS-mediated AKI in mice by suppressing TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway and lowering NLRP3. Thus, fasudil has potential as a new adjunctive agent for the treatment of AKI.

P0520EFFECT OF HUMAN UMBILICAL CORD MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS ON SECONDARY ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN RATS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Mi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Model Group

Abstract Background and Aims Acute kidney injury( AKI) is one of the most common complications of decompensated cirrhosis, and it primarily presents as a sharp decrease in glomerular filtration rate, rapid increase in serum creatinine( SCr) and urea nitrogen. And the search for specific and safe treatment has been a research hot spot in recent years. In this article, the effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis (HF) in rats with acute kidney injury and the possible mechanism are investigated. Method Human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells were sub-cultured by adherent method, and the cells were identified by morphological observation, cell phenotypic analysis and multi-directional differentiation potential analysis methods. WASTA rats were randomly divided into control group, cirrhosis model group and treatment group, with 10 rats in each group. Model group and treatment group were injected with CCl4-olive oil (1:1) solution 3 mL·kg -1, and the control group was given the same amount of olive oil for intervention, twice a week for 8 weeks. Rats in treatment group were administrated wth Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (2 × 109 /L) via the tail vein at the 5th week after injection of CCl4-olive oil solution, but the other rats were injected with 0.9% normal saline, once a week for 6 weeks. After the intervention, Serum, kidneys and 24 hours urine of rats in each group were collected, which were applied for a detection of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen, malondialdehyde (MDA), NO content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as renal pathological examination. Results 1.In vitro, umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells was passaged to the third generation, and the morphology was uniform and spiraled. Phenotypic analysis showed that the positive rates of stem cell markers CD29, CD44 and CD105 were all greater than 95%, the positive rate of HLA-DR (graft-versus-host disease-associated factor) less than 10%, and the positive rate of CD34 and CD45 lower than 20% (Figure 1). 2. Compared with the cirrhotic model group, MDA content of serum and kidney in model group significantly decreased under the effect of mesenchymal stem cell (p &lt;0.01) (Table 1). 3. The normal group had normal liver tissue structure, ordered liver cells, no hepatic edema, and no lesions. In the model group, large-area lesions, including edema of liver cells, rupture of cell membranes, and infiltration of inflammatory cells, had appeared. Compared with the model group, Hepatocellular necrosis, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration were significantly improved after transplanting Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (Figure 2). 4.In the model group, the rat renal tubules disappeared and the lumen was disordered. After injection of Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, renal tubular and renal interstitial damage is improved and the thickening of glomerular basement membrane is reduced (Figure 3). Conclusion In CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis model rats, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells can protect the kidney by reducing free radicals and cellular lipid peroxidation in vivo.

scholarly journals Study on the Protective Effect of Special Electromagnetic Field Treated Water and Far Infrared Rays on LPS-Induced ARDS Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ruiyin Huang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Changyong Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Far Infrared ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Blank Control Group ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Infrared Rays

Objective. To explore the protective effect of special electromagnetic field treated water (SEW) and far infrared rays (IFR) on endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) induced ARDS rats and the effect on inflammatory factors. Methods. 40 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 in each group. Preventive experiment: Adaptive feeding was carried out for 1 week according to animal feeding standards. Rats in SEW group drank SEW daily. Samely, rats in SEW and FIR group also drank SEW daily. Besides, rats in SEW and FIR group were also given far infrared rays for 20min/d. Rats in model group drank distilled water daily. After 7 days, rats in each group were injected with LPS (2 mg/kg) via the tail vein for making models. Rats in blank control group were given distilled water for 7 days, without modeling. All rats in the 4 groups were put to death under anesthesia 16 hours after modeling. Lung tissue and abdominal aortic blood were taken from these rats. Results. Pathological observation of lung and lung tissue indicated that rats in model group showed great pathological difference from rats in blank group. Rats in intervention group showed more symptomatic improvement in relation to alveolar and pulmonary interstitial congestion, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration than rats in model group. The level of inflammatory factors like IL-1β and IL-6 in serum of rats in model group increased compared to blank control group (p<0.05). Comparing SEW group and SEW and FIR group with model group, levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in serum of rats both decreased remarkably (IL-Iβ: P < 0.05; IL-6: P < 0.01) while there was no obvious difference between SEW group and SEW and FIR group (p>0.05). The lung coefficient (LI) in SEW and FIR group was significantly lower than that in model group (P<0.01), which was higher than that of blank control group (P < 0.05), while there was no obvious difference between model group and SEW group (P>0.05). Compared with blank control group, lung permeability index (LPI) in model group showed no obvious difference (P>0.05). Conclusion. Special electromagnetic field treated water and far infrared rays can alleviate lung tissue damage of endotoxin-induced ARDS rats, relieving symptoms of alveolar and pulmonary interstitial congestion, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The protective effect of special electromagnetic field treated water and far infrared rays on endotoxin-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome may result from their role in reducing the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in serum and the expression level of p65 protein in lung tissue, in addition to reliving inflammatory response, lung coefficient, and lungs edema.

scholarly journals Influence of hyperuricemia treatment on postoperative acute kidney injury among hyperuricemia patients: a single-center retrospective database analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichiro Watanabe ◽  
Takashi Kawano ◽  
Taro Horino ◽  
Tatsuki Matsumoto ◽  
Keitaro Nagata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Database Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Retrospective Database Analysis ◽  
Retrospective Database

Abstract Objective Hyperuricemia has been reported to be associated with the development of postoperative acute kidney injury (pAKI). However, it remains underdetermined whether hyperuricemia treatment could decrease the potential risk of pAKI. Here, we investigated this hypothesis among hyperuricemia patients with previously normal renal function by performing a retrospective database analysis. Results The study screened 18,169 patients, and were examined preoperative serum creatinine, uric acid, and postoperative serum creatinine. Eight hundred thirty-six patients were finally analyzed for the study, of whom 232 were in the treatment group and 604 were in the non-treatment control group. After adjustment for multi-covariates including baseline (pre-treatment) serum uric acid (SUA) levels, the incidence of pAKI in the treatment group (9.05%; 95% CI 6.04–12.1%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (14.2%; 95% CI 11.2–17.2%). On the other hand, further adjusting for preoperative SUA levels, there was no significant difference in the expected incidence of pAKI between the groups.

scholarly journals Effect of berberine on hyperandrogenemia, ovulation dysfunction and inflammation in a mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1963-1968
Author(s):  
Kena Lu ◽  
Hanmei Lin
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Blank Control Group ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Stage Of Development

Purpose: To study the effect of berberine (BBR) on hyperandrogenemia (HA), ovulation dysfunction and inflammation in a mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods: Forty-five female Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group (9 mice), and mice injected with dehydroepiandrosterone (n = 36) for establishment of PCOS model. The PCOS mice were randomly divided into model group, low-dose BBR (0.25 g/kg), medium-dose BBR (0.5 g/kg) and highdose (1.0 g/kg) groups, with 9 mice in each group. Changes in ovarian morphology were monitored, and sex hormone levels i.e. testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH)), and inflammatory factors were determined.Results: The model group levels of T and LH were significantly higher than those of the blank control group (p < 0.05), but T and LH levels were significantly lower in middle- and high-dose BBR groups than in the model mice. There were marked increases in IL-6 and TNF-α levels in model mice, when compared to blank control mice, but reduced in the mice treated at the 3 doses of BBR, relative to model mice (p < 0.05). In contrast, the number of follicles was higher at each stage of development in mice for each BBR dose than in the model mice, with increase in corpus luteum.Conclusion: Berberine lowers the weight of PCOS mice, mitigates hyperandrogenemia and inflammatory state, and enhances recovery of ovulation. However, there is need for further studies on its clinic applicability. Keywords: Berberine, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Hyperandrogenemia, Ovulation dysfunction, Inflammatory

scholarly journals Integrated Analysis of m6A Methylome in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Berberine Alleviation in Mouse

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxiao Shen ◽  
Wanpeng Wang ◽  
Xinghua Shao ◽  
Jingkui Wu ◽  
Shu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Injury Group ◽  
Differentially Methylated Genes ◽  
Rna Immunoprecipitation

BackgroundN6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification known in mRNAs. It participates in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, such as metabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis.AimsTo explore the mechanism of m6A in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and berberine alleviation in mouse.MethodsThis study investigated the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylome of kidneys from three mouse groups: C57 mice (controls), those with CI-AKI (injury group, IG), and those pretreated with berberine (treatment group, TG). Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Next Generation Sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and RNA-seq were performed to identify the differences between the injury group and the control group (IvC) and between the treatment group and the injury group (TvI). Western blotting was performed to identify the protein levels of candidate genes.ResultsIn IvC, differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were enriched in metabolic processes and cell death. In TvI, DMGs were enriched in tissue development. Several genes involved in important pathways related to CI-AKI showed opposite methylation and expression trends in the IvC and TvI comparisons.Conclusionm6A plays an important role in cisplatin induced AKI and berberine may alleviate this process.

scholarly journals N-Acetylcysteine Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting the C5a Receptor

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Huang ◽  
Jian You ◽  
Kun Wang ◽  
Yueqiang Li ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
C5a Receptor ◽  
C5ar Expression

N-acetylcysteine has been widely used as a nutritional supplement and drug in humans for its antioxidant properties. The complement activation fragment C5a is a strong proinflammatory molecule that mediates cell adhesion, chemotaxis, and the complex biological functions. However, the effect of NAC on the C5a, and the relationship of those two with cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury are unknown. In cisplatin induced AKI mouse model, mice with NAC administration had a marked improvement in renal function (BUN and Cr), decreased pathological damage, reduced inflammation, and alleviated renal oxidative stress. Furthermore, C5a and C5aR expression in the cisplatin-treated group was notably increased compared with the control group, and this increase could be significantly inhibited by NAC. In addition, neutrophils coexpressed distinctly with C5aR, and the number of infiltrating neutrophils (MPO+ly6G+) and inflammatory factors decreased with NAC treatment in the cisplatin-treated group. Overall, these data demonstrate that NAC could ameliorate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice and the protective effects may be conducted by inhibiting the activation of kidney inflammation and the complement system.

scholarly journals Comparative study on the antituberculous effect and mechanism of the traditional Chinese medicines NiuBeiXiaoHe extract and JieHeWan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yao Duan ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
Wen-Ping Gong ◽  
Yong Xue ◽  
Jie Mi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Lung Histopathology ◽  
Th17 Cytokines

Abstract Background The traditional Chinese medicine NiuBeiXiaoHe (NBXH) extract and Chinese medicine preparation JieHeWan (JHW) exhibit anti-tuberculosis effects. The anti- tuberculosis effect of NBXH was compared with that of JHW to elucidate the mechanism of action of NBXH. Methods BALB/c mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into a normal control group, Tuberculosis (TB) model group, JHW treatment group, and NBXH treatment group. After 3 and 13 weeks of treatment, the therapeutic effect in each group was evaluated by comparing lung histopathology, lung and liver colony counts, the number of spots representing effector T cells secreting IFN-γ in an ELISPOT, and the levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines, which were measured by a cytometric bead array (CBA). Mouse RNA samples were subjected to transcriptome sequencing. Results After 13 weeks of treatment, the mean histopathological lesion area of the NBXH group was significantly smaller than that of the TB model group (P < 0.05). Compared with those in the TB model group, the lung colony counts in the JHW and NBXH groups were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the IL-2 and IL-4 levels in the NBXH group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). NBXH partly restored significant changes in gene expression caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection. According to GO and KEGG analyses, the changes in biological process (BP), cell composition (CC) and molecular function (MF) terms and in signaling pathways caused by NBXH and JHW treatment were not completely consistent, but they were mainly related to the immune response and inflammatory response in the mouse TB model. Conclusions NBXH had therapeutic effects similar to those of JHW in improving lung histopathology, reducing lung colony counts, and regulating the levels of cytokines. NBXH restored significant changes in gene expression and repaired cell damage caused by M. tuberculosis infection by regulating immune-related pathways, which clarified the mechanism of action of NBXH.

scholarly journals NEAT1 aggravates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by sponging miR-22-3p

Open Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-342
Author(s):  
Yawei Feng ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Ranliang Wu ◽  
Peng Yang ◽  
Zhiqiang Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Western Blot Assay

AbstractBackground and aimAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of sepsis. Long noncoding RNA nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) plays a vital role in various diseases, including AKI. This study aimed to investigate the function and mechanism of NEAT1 in sepsis-induced AKI.Materials and methodsA septic AKI model was established by treating HK-2 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The levels of NEAT1 and miR-22-3p were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The levels of apoptosis-related protein and autophagy-related factors were examined by the western blot assay. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to calculate the contents of inflammatory factors. The interaction between NEAT1 and miR-22-3p was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay, and RNA pull-down assay. The levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway-related proteins were evaluated by the western blot assay.ResultsNEAT1 was upregulated, while miR-22-3p was downregulated in patients with sepsis and in LPS-stimulated HK-2 cells. LPS treatment triggered cell apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammatory response in HK-2 cells. NEAT1 knockdown attenuated LPS-induced cell injury. NEAT1 modulated LPS-triggered cell injury by targeting miR-22-3p. Furthermore, NEAT1 regulated the NF-κB pathway by modulating miR-22-3p.ConclusionDepletion of NEAT1 alleviated sepsis-induced AKI via regulating the miR-22-3p/NF-κB pathway.

scholarly journals Impact of goal-directed hemodynamic management on the incidence of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy: a pilot randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong-Fang Wu ◽  
Hao Kong ◽  
Zhen-Zhen Xu ◽  
Huai-Jin Li ◽  
Dong-Liang Mu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Partial Nephrectomy ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hemodynamic Management ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Renal Hilum ◽  
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Background The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) remains high after partial nephrectomy. Ischemia-reperfusion injury produced by renal hilum clamping during surgery might have contributed to the development of AKI. In this study we tested the hypothesis that goal-directed fluid and blood pressure management may reduce AKI in patients following partial nephrectomy. Methods This was a pilot randomized controlled trial. Adult patients who were scheduled to undergo partial nephrectomy were randomized into two groups. In the intervention group, goal-directed hemodynamic management was performed from renal hilum clamping until end of surgery; the target was to maintain stroke volume variation < 6%, cardiac index 3.0–4.0 L/min/m2 and mean arterial pressure > 95 mmHg with crystalloid fluids and infusion of dobutamine and/or norepinephrine. In the control group, hemodynamic management was performed according to routine practice. The primary outcome was the incidence of AKI within the first 3 postoperative days. Results From June 2016 to January 2017, 144 patients were enrolled and randomized (intervention group, n = 72; control group, n = 72). AKI developed in 12.5% of patients in the intervention group and in 20.8% of patients in the control group; the relative reduction of AKI was 39.9% in the intervention group but the difference was not statistically significant (relative risk 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28–1.28; P = 0.180). No significant differences were found regarding AKI classification, change of estimated glomerular filtration rate over time, incidence of postoperative 30-day complications, postoperative length of hospital stay, as well as 30-day and 6-month mortality between the two groups. Conclusion For patients undergoing partial nephrectomy, goal-directed circulatory management during surgery reduced postoperative AKI by about 40%, although not significantly so. The trial was underpowered. Large sample size randomized trials are needed to confirm our results. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02803372. Date of registration: June 6, 2016.

scholarly journals Comparison of Effects of Different Statins on Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Rats: Histopathological and Biochemical Findings

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-lei Wang ◽  
Tuo Zhang ◽  
Liu-hua Hu ◽  
Shi-qun Sun ◽  
Wei-feng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Atorvastatin Group ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Markers Of Oxidative Stress

Statins are a promising new strategy to prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). In this study we compared the ameliorative effect of different statins in a rat model of CI-AKI. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control group; CI-AKI group; CI-AKI + rosuvastatin group (10 mg/kg/day); CI-AKI + simvastatin group (80 mg/kg/day); and CI-AKI + atorvastatin group (20 mg/kg/day). CI-AKI was induced by dehydration for 72 hours, followed by furosemide intramuscular injection 20 minutes before low-osmolar contrast media (CM) intravenous injection. Statins were administered by oral gavage once daily for 3 consecutive days before CM injection and once 4 hours after CM injection. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after CM injection, and renal function, kidney histopathology, nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were evaluated. The results showed that atorvastatin and rosuvastatin but not simvastatin ameliorated CM-induced serum creatinine elevation and histopathological alterations. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin showed similar effectiveness against CM-induced oxidative stress, but simvastatin was less effective. Atorvastatin was most effective against NO system dysfunction and cell apoptosis, whereas rosuvastatin was most effective against inflammation. Our findings indicate that statins exhibit differential effects in preventing CI-AKI when given at equivalent lipid-lowering doses.

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