Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Activity of Polyethylenimine: An Interesting Compound for Endodontic Treatment

ABSTRACT Aim Bacteria levels of necrotic teeth are greatly reduced after endodontic treatment procedures but the presence of persisting microorganisms leads to continuous efforts to develop materials with antimicrobial properties. The purpose of the study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of polyethylenimine (PEI) against common bacteria and yeasts, regarding planktonic cells and biofilm, and to clarify its antimicrobial mechanism of action through flow cytometry. Materials and methods The antibiofilm and antimicrobial effect of PEI was determined against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans strains using reference protocols. The effect of PEI was evaluated regarding adhesion, biofilm formation and biofilm disaggregation. In order to understand PEI cellular effects flow cytometric analysis was performed with different fluorescent markers. Results It was verified that minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values and minimal lethal concentrations (MLC) obtained for PEI were similar and ranged between 50 and 400 mg/l, proving the microbicidal and fungicidal activity of this compound. Antibiofilm activity was also proved for all the microorganisms. Severe lesion of the membrane and cell depolarization was demonstrated. Conclusion Polyethylenimine showed antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against microorganisms often associated with apical periodontitis. Clinical significance Theoretically, prolonging the antibacterial effects of materials used in endodontics may be interesting to help prevent reinfection and possibly to affect residual bacteria that survived the treatment procedures. How to cite this article Barros J, Dias A, Rodrigues MA, Pina-Vaz C, Lopes MA, Pina-Vaz I. Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Activity of Polyethylenimine: An Interesting Compound for Endodontic Treatment. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(6):427-432.

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FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS OF θ-DEFENSINS FROM BLOOD LEUKOCYTES OF BABOON PAPIO HAMADRYAS

Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology ◽

10.36233/0372-9311-2018-5-66-73 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 66-73

Author(s):

E. V. Tsvetkova ◽

G. M. Aleshina ◽

L. E. Leonovа ◽

O. V. Shamova ◽

E. V. Romanovskaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Ionic Strength ◽

Membrane Permeability ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

High Ionic Strength ◽

Papio Hamadryas ◽

Blood Leukocytes ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations

Aim. Study the functional properties of cationic antimicrobial peptides 0-defensins isolated from baboon Papio hamadryas blood leukocytes. Materials and methods. Baboon 0-defensins were extracted from leukocyte mass using ultrafiltration, preparative electrophoresis and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The test microorganisms used were Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi Candida albicans. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by testing serial dilutions of the test peptides by radial diffusion in agarose gel. Microbicidal action was evaluated by counting surviving colony forming units after incubation microorganisms with the peptides. The 0-defensins influence on E.coli membrane permeability was assessed using chromogenic markers o-nirofenil- β-D-galactopyranoside and nitrocefin. Results. The analysis of the 0-defensins antimicrobial properties showed that they produce antimicrobial activity against test microorganisms, exhibiting bactericidal and fungicidal effects at micromolar concentrations. We studied the influence of different environmental conditions (low and high ionic strength, blood serum in medium) for antimicrobial activity. It is shown that 0-defensins have the ability to increase the outer membran of E.coli permeability, however, in contrast to 0-defensins have no noticeable influence on the inner membrane permeability. Conclusion. Baboon 0-defensins isolated from blood leukocytes are effective antimicrobial agents with a broad spectrum of microbicidal action. 0-Defensins baboon unlike 0-defensins exhibit antimicrobial activity in environments with high ionic strength. 0-Defensins increase the outer membran of E.coli permeability but not the cytoplasmic membrane, suggesting that the mechanism of antimicrobial effect of these peptides other than 0-defensins.

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Antimicrobial activities of laboratory produced essential oil solutions against five selected fungal strains

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke ◽

10.2298/zmspn1324171i ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 171-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emilija Ivanova ◽

Natalija Atanasova-Pancevska ◽

Dzoko Kungulovski

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Microtiter Plate ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Food Preservation ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽

Fungal Strains ◽

Treat Ment ◽

Penicillium Spp

It is well known that essential oils possess significant antimicrobial activity. This study was conducted to estimate the antimicrobial activity of various types of Biokill, a laboratory produced solution composed of several essential oils (Biokill dissolved in 96% ethanol; Biokill 96% further dissolved in DMSO; Biokill dissolved in 70% ethanol and Biokill 70% further dissolved in DMSO). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against five selected fungal strains, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763, Aspergillus niger I.N. 1110, Aspergillus sojae CCF and Penicillium spp. FNS FCC 266. A variation of the microtiter plate-based antimicrobial assay was used in order to assess the antimicrobial activity of the solutions. By applying this assay minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the Biokill solutions were determined for each strain of the selected test microorganisms. The results demonstrated that all variations of Biokill showed antimicrobial activity at concentrations lower than 2.5?g/mL. Biokill 70% further dissolved in DMSO showed the best antimicrobial properties against all the selected strains with MICs less than 1.25?g/mL. These results indicated that Biokill could find application in the pharmaceutical industry, in food preservation and conservation, in the prevention and treat?ment of plants infected by certain phytopathogens, etc.

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Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of three important medicinal plants of South India

Annals of Plant Sciences ◽

10.21746/aps.2018.8.1.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 3484

Author(s):

Gopalakrishnaiah B. ◽

Aniel Kumar O.

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Development Program ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽

Crude Extracts ◽

The World

India is found to be a country with rich biodiversity and enormous treasure of herbal plants and consequently called as medicinal garden of the world. Plants are the richest source of natural antimicrobial agents. In recent years drug resistance to human pathogenic bacteria has been commonly reported from all over the world. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases; one approach is to screen local medicinal plants for possible antimicrobial properties. The present study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of hexane, chloroform and methanol crude extracts of the leaves of three important medicinal plants viz., Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC, Bougainvillea spectabilis L. and Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming, collected from in and around Visakhapatnam District. The antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts was tested against three Gram Positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441, Enterococcus faecalis MTCC 439, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 737), Three Gram Negative bacteria (Escherichia coli MTCC 443, Proteus vulgaris MTCC 426 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 1688) and three Fungal strains (Candida albicans MTCC 227, Epidermophyton floccosum MTCC 613 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes MTCC 7687) using agar well diffusion assay. Our results demonstrated that methanol extracts of these plants leaves have concentration dependent antibacterial activity against some of the tested organisms. Further studies should be undertaken to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of antimicrobial effect to identify the active ingredients which can be used for drug development program.

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AVALIAÇÃO DA INFLUÊNCIA DOS VEÍCULOS UTILIZADOS NA PASTA DE HIDRÓXIDO DE CÁLCIO ASSOCIADA AO DICLOFENACO DE SÓDIO SOBRE ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS

Revista Funec Científica - Enfermagem para Unifunec Ciências da Saúde e Biológicas ◽

10.24980/ucsb.v3i6.3408 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Julia BUOSI ◽

Karen Caroline Madri de SOUZA ◽

Gabriely Cristinni REZENDE ◽

Rogério de Castilho JACINTO

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Diclofenac Sodium ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Endodontic Treatment ◽

Significance Level ◽

Other Substances

O hidróxido de cálcio é uma medicação intracanal amplamente utilizada durante o tratamento endodôntico, pois possui atividade antimicrobiana e estimula a produção de tecido mineralizado. Entretanto, alguns microrganismos, como o Enterococcus faecalis, podem sobreviver ao tratamento, resistindo ao elevado pH da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio. Por essa razão, associações com outras substâncias que apresentem atividade antimicrobiana contra Enterococcus faecalis vem sendo sugerida. Recentemente, estudos têm demonstrado que a adição de anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINEs), como o diclofenaco de sódio, tem conferido melhor eficácia à pasta de hidróxido de cálcio contra microrganismos resistentes ao tratamento endodôntico. Porém, a propriedade antimicrobiana da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio está relacionada com a dissociação iônica, promovida pelo veículo utilizado durante sua manipulação. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi investigar se a atividade antimicrobiana da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio associada com o diclofenaco de sódio sofre influência quando manipulada com os diferentes veículos avaliados (clorexidina 2%, soro e propilenoglicol). Para isso, as pastas foram, inicialmente, manipuladas de acordo com o veículo avaliado em cada grupo e, em seguida, 1mL de água estéril foi adicionado para cada 25mg da pasta e deixada a 37ºC por 24h. Após esse período, 50µl de uma concentração conhecida de Enterococcus faecalis (108 UFC) foi adicionado em 1,4mL de cada solução e 1,4mL de solução salina 0,9% com a cepa foi usado como controle. Após 24 horas, as soluções foram então diluídas e inoculadas em placa petri contendo meio de M-Enterococcus em triplicada para a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de cada solução. Os resultados encontrados foram submetidos à análise estatística com nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Os resultados não evidenciaram diferenças estatísticas na atividade antimicrobiana para os diferentes veículos utilizados. Diante desses resultados, pode-se concluir que nenhum dos veículos avaliados influenciou na atividade antimicrobiana da medicação intracanal de hidróxido de cálcio. THE INFLUENCE OF THE VEHICLES USED IN CALCIUM HYDROXIDE PASTE ASSOCIATED WITH DICLOFENAC SODIUM OVER ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS ABSTRACT The calcium hydroxide is an intracanal medicament widely used during endodontic treatment, since it has antimicrobial activity, and stimulates the production of mineralized tissue. However, some microorganisms, such as Enterococcus faecalis, may survive treatment, resisting the high pH of the calcium hydroxide paste. For this reason, associations with other substances which perform antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis have been suggested. Recently, studies have shown that adding nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac sodium, has guaranteed the effectiveness of the calcium hydroxide paste against resistant microorganisms for endodontic treatment. Although, the antimicrobial properties of calcium hydroxide paste with ionic dissociation, promoted by the vehicle used during manipulation. Accordingly, this paper aims to review if the antimicrobial activity of the calcium hydroxide paste associated with diclofenac sodium is influenced when manipulated with different vehicles evaluated (chlorhexidine 2%, saline solution, and propylene glycol). For this purpose, the pastes were, firstly, manipulated accordingly the vehicle evaluated in each group and, then, 1mL of sterile water was added to each 25mg of paste resting at 37ºC for 24 hours. After this period, 50µl of a well-known concentrate of Enterococcus faecalis (108 UFC) was added to 1,4mL of each solution and, 1,4mL of saline solution 0,9% with a strain was used as control. After 24 hours, the solutions were then diluted and inoculated in a petri dish containing medium M-Enterococcus trebled to the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of each solution. The results obtained were statically analyzed with a significance level of 5% (p<0,05). The results did not reveal statistical differences in the antimicrobial activity for different vehicles used. Based on these results, we can conclude that none of the vehicles evaluated influenced the antimicrobial activity of the calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament. Descriptors: Calcium Hydroxide. Endodontics. Enterococcus faecalis.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Banana Cultivars Against Important Human Pathogens, Including Candida Biofilm

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9040435 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 435 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ramin Saleh Jouneghani ◽

Ana Hortência Fonsêca Castro ◽

Sujogya Kumar Panda ◽

Rony Swennen ◽

Walter Luyten

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Antibiofilm Activity ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Hexane Extracts ◽

Spectrum Activity

Ten banana (Musa spp.) cultivars were studied for their antimicrobial properties. Three plant parts (corm, pseudostem and leaves) were collected separately and extracted with different solvents, viz., hexane, acetone, ethanol and water. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was evaluated using a broth microdilution assay. Eight human bacterial and one fungal pathogen were tested. Acetone and ethanol extract(s) often exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, while hexane extracts were less active. Aqueous extracts often showed microbial growth, possibly by endophytes. Leaf extracts were most active, followed by pseudostem, and corm was least active. All the tested banana cultivars were found to contain antimicrobials, as demonstrated by inhibition of selected human pathogens. However, cultivars such as Dole, Saba, Fougamou, Namwah Khom, Pelipita and Mbwazirume showed a broad-spectrum activity, inhibiting all tested pathogens. Other cultivars such as Petit Naine and Kluai Tiparot showed a narrow-spectrum activity, including antibiofilm activity against Candida albicans. Our results support the use of different parts of banana plants in traditional human medicine for infections, including diarrhea and dysentery, and some sexually transmitted diseases, as well as for packaging spoilable materials like food.

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Anthocyanins as Antimicrobial Agents of Natural Plant Origin

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1100600136 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1934578X1100600 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Agnieszka Cisowska ◽

Dorota Wojnicz ◽

Andrzej B. Hendrich

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

Fresh Fruit ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Food Ingredients

Anthocyanins are particularly abundant in different fruits, especially in berries. The beneficial effects of these compounds for human health have been known from at least the 16th century. Despite the great number of papers devoted to the different biological effects exerted by anthocyanins only a limited number of studies is focused on the antimicrobial activity of these compounds. Anthocyanin content of berry fruits varies from 7.5 mg/100 mg fresh fruit in redcurrant ( Ribes rubum) up to 460 mg/100 g fresh fruit in chokeberry ( Aronia melanocarpa). After consumption, anthocyanins are intensively metabolized, mainly in the intestines and liver. Glucorination, methylation and sulfation are the most typical metabolic reactions. Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of plant phenolic compounds against human pathogens has been intensively studied to characterize and develop new healthy food ingredients as well as medical and pharmaceutical products. However, there is very little information available about the antimicrobial activity of the pure anthocyanins. In the last part of this review we present the collection of papers describing the anthocyanin profiles of different fruits (mainly berries) and the antimicrobial properties of the identified compounds. Generally, anthocyanins are active against different microbes, however Gram-positive bacteria usually are more susceptible to the anthocyanin action than Gram-negative ones. Mechanisms underlying anthocyanin activity include both membrane and intracellular interactions of these compounds. Antimicrobial activity of berries and other anthocyanin-containing fruits is likely to be caused by multiple mechanisms and synergies because they contain various compounds including anthocyanins, weak organic acids, phenolic acids, and their mixtures of different chemical forms. Therefore, the antimicrobial effect of chemically complex compounds has to be critically analyzed.

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In Vitro Antimicrobial Properties of Propolis against Caries-Associated Microorganisms

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.387 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 752-753 ◽

pp. 387-390

Author(s):

Boonyanit Thaweboon ◽

Sroisiri Thaweboon ◽

Rattiporn Kaypetch ◽

Thaniya Muadcheingka

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Oral Care ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Agar Disc ◽

Zones Of Inhibition

Natural products have attracted much attention in recent years as a useful substance used in medicine and dental products. Propolis is a lipophilic resinous mixture collected from various plant sources by honeybees. It has been known for many biological activities including antimicrobial properties. Objective: To evaluate thein vitroantimicrobial activity of propolis against caries-associated microorganisms,Streptococcusmutans,LactobacilluscaseiandCandidaalbicans. Materials and methods: The antimicrobial activity was initially screened using agar disc diffusion and then the minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) were determined using broth dilution technique. Chlorhexidine (0.2%) and dimethyl sulfoxide (5%) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results: Propolis exhibits the zones of inhibition ranged from 15 to 18 mm forS.mutans, and from 10 to 12 mm forL.casei, but presented no activity againstC.albicans. The MLC againstS.mutanswas 2.86 mg/mL and those againstL.caseiwere 11.44 mg/mL and 12.87 mg/mL. Conclusion: Propolis shows a potent antimicrobial effect againstS.mutansandL.casei.This could provide a scientific basis to its application of usage in oral care products for the prevention of dental caries. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate other biological activities and molecular mechanisms of action as well as its cytotoxic effect.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Calcium Silicate-Based Dental Materials: A Literature Review

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10070865 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 865

Author(s):

Ana Cristina Padilha Janini ◽

Gabriela Fernanda Bombarda ◽

Lauter Eston Pelepenko ◽

Marina Angélica Marcano

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Calcium Silicate ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Dental Materials ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Biological Tissues ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Treatment Techniques ◽

Main Challenge

Endodontic biomaterials have significantly improved dental treatment techniques in several aspects now that they can be used for vital pulp treatments, as temporary intracanal medication, in definitive fillings, in apical surgeries, and for regenerative procedures. Calcium silicate-based cement is a class of dental material that is used in endodontics in direct contact with the dental structures, connective tissue, and bone. Because the material interacts with biological tissues and stimulates biomineralization processes, its properties are of major importance. The main challenge in endodontic treatments is the elimination of biofilms that are present in the root canal system anatomical complexities, as it remains even after chemical-mechanical preparation and disinfection procedures. Thus, an additional challenge for these biomaterials is to exert antimicrobial activity while maintaining their biological properties in parallel. This article reviews the literature for studies considering the antimicrobial properties of calcium silicate-based dental biomaterials used in endodontic practice. Considering the reviewed studies, it can be affirmed that the reduced antimicrobial effect exhibited by calcium silicate-based endodontic materials clearly emphasizes that all clinical procedures prior to their use must be carefully performed. Future studies for the evaluation of these materials, and especially newly proposed materials, under poly-microbial biofilms associated with endodontic diseases will be necessary.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Gemini Surfactants with Ether Group in the Spacer Part

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26195759 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (19) ◽

pp. 5759

Author(s):

Bogumil Eugene Brycki ◽

Adrianna Szulc ◽

Iwona Kowalczyk ◽

Anna Koziróg ◽

Ewelina Sobolewska

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Gemini Surfactants ◽

Alkyl Chain ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Structure Modification ◽

Ether Group ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽

Minimal Concentration ◽

The Relationship ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Due to their large possibility of the structure modification, alkylammonium gemini surfactants are a rapidly growing class of compounds. They exhibit significant surface, aggregation and antimicrobial properties. Due to the fact that, in order to achieve the desired utility effect, the minimal concentration of compounds are used, they are in line with the principle of greenolution (green evolution) in chemistry. In this study, we present innovative synthesis of the homologous series of gemini surfactants modified at the spacer by the ether group, i.e., 3-oxa-1,5-pentane-bis(N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromides). The critical micelle concentrations were determined. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the synthesized compounds were determined against bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538; yeast Candida albicans ATCC 10231; and molds Aspergillus niger ATCC 16401 and Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 60739. We also investigated the relationship between antimicrobial activity and alkyl chain length or the nature of the spacer. The obtained results indicate that the synthesized compounds are effective microbicides with a broad spectrum of biocidal activity.

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Antimicrobial properties of ZnO nanoparticles incorporated in polyurethane varnish

Processing and Application of Ceramics ◽

10.2298/pac1101041z ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 41-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Dusan Zvekic ◽

Vladimir Srdic ◽

Maja Karaman ◽

Milan Matavulj

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Zno Nanoparticles ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Plate Test ◽

Sacharomyces Cerevisiae

The antimicrobial effect of the ZnO nanoparticles dispersed in polyurethane varnishes was investigated. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against three bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one strain fungi (Sacharomyces cerevisiae) by the 'pour-plate' test. It was shown that the ZnO nanoparticles efficiently inhibit growth of the colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but their activity against Escherichia coli was found to be questionable suggesting more detailed research.

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