Biodiesel Production from a Mixture of Rubber Seed Oil and Waste Oil Through the Alcoholysis Process with Catalysts Based on Vegetable Waste

The increasing types of people needs along with the times have resulted in the need for energy increasing so that the supply of energy, especially energy that cannot be renewed (unrenewable energy) is decreasing. Currently, almost 80% of the world's energy needs are met by fossil fuels. In fact, the use of fossil fuels can cause global warming. To reduce dependence on fossil fuels as an energy source, it is necessary to search for energy sources that can be used as alternative fuels that are environmentally friendly. Indonesia is an agricultural country that is overgrown with plantation crops that produce various kinds of waste such as rubber seeds which contain oil. This plant produces a lot of wasted seeds that are not useful. Therefore, researchers want to research the oil from rubber seeds to be a biodiesel product and in order to get high quality results. This study regulates several independent variables, namely the alcoholysis temperatures: 650C, 700C and 750C and the alcohol volume: 200 ml, 250 ml and 300 ml. The process is carried out by extraction using the alkolysis method. The best yield yielded 60.5%, with the best yield of biodiesel from alcoholysis obtained at a volume of 250 ml of ethanol and a temperature of 75oC with a density of 09 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 3,285 mm2/s (cSt), fulfilling the requirements of SNI 7182:2015. Based on the results of GC analysis, the main fatty acid components in the sample were at peak 1, namely saturated fatty acids in the form of palmitic acid at 44,28% and peak 4, namely unsaturated fatty acids in the form of oleic acid at 31.99%.

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Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the production and quality of oil in Jatropha curcas L. under the dry and warm climate conditions of Colombia

Agronomía Colombiana ◽

10.15446/agron.colomb.v32n2.43265 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 255-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Omar Montenegro R. ◽

Stanislav Magnitskiy ◽

Martha C. Henao T.

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Oil Content ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Oil Composition

This study was conducted to assess fruit and seed yield, oil content and oil composition of Jatropha curcas fertilized with different doses of nitrogen and potassium in Espinal (Tolima, Colombia). The yields ranged from 4,570 to 8,800 kg ha-1 of fruits and from 2,430 to 4,746 kg ha-1 of seeds. These yields showed that the fertilizer dose of 150 kg ha-1 N + 120 kg ha-1K increased fruit production by 92% and seed production by 95%, which represents an increase of about 100% in oil production, which increased from 947 to 1,900 kg ha-1. The total oil content in the seeds ranged from 38.7 to 40.1% (w/w) with a high content of the unsaturated fatty acids oleic (> 47%) and linoleic acid (> 29%). The highest content of oleic acid in the seed oil was from the unfertilized control plants and plants with an application of 100 kg ha-1 of N and 60 kg ha-1 of K, with an average of 48%. The lowest content of oleic acid was registered when a low dose of nitrogen and a high level of potassium were applied at a ratio of 1:2.4 and doses of 50 kg ha-1 N + 120 kg ha-1 K, respectively. Low contents of the saturated fatty acids palmitic (13.4%) and stearic (7.26%) were obtained, making this oil suitable for biodiesel production. The nitrogen was a more important nutrient for the production and quality of oil in J. curcas than potassium under the studied conditions of soil and climate.

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Identification and Characterization of Oleaginous Yeast Isolated from Kefir and Its Ability to Accumulate Intracellular Fats in Deproteinated Potato Wastewater with Different Carbon Sources

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/6061042 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Iwona Gientka ◽

Marek Kieliszek ◽

Karolina Jermacz ◽

Stanisław Błażejak

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Debaryomyces Hansenii ◽

Industry Waste ◽

Identification And Characterization

The search for efficient oleaginous microorganisms, which can be an alternative to fossil fuels and biofuels obtained from oilseed crops, has been going on for many years. The suitability of microorganisms in this regard is determined by their ability to biosynthesize lipids with preferred fatty acid profile along with the concurrent utilization of energy-rich industrial waste. In this study, we isolated, characterized, and identified kefir yeast strains using molecular biology techniques. The yeast isolates identified wereCandida inconspicua,Debaryomyces hansenii,Kluyveromyces marxianus,Kazachstania unispora, andZygotorulaspora florentina. We showed that deproteinated potato wastewater, a starch processing industry waste, supplemented with various carbon sources, including lactose and glycerol, is a suitable medium for the growth of yeast, which allows an accumulation of over 20% of lipid substances in its cells. Fatty acid composition primarily depended on the yeast strain and the carbon source used, and, based on our results, most of the strains met the criteria required for the production of biodiesel. In particular, this concerns a significant share of saturated fatty acids, such as C16:0 and C18:0, and unsaturated fatty acids, such as C18:1 and C18:2. The highest efficiency in lipid biosynthesis exceeded 6.3 g L−1.Kazachstania unisporawas able to accumulate the high amount of palmitoleic acid.

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Biodiesel I: Historical background, present and future production and standards - professional paper

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind0402073s ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 73-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dejan Skala ◽

Sandra Glisic

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Historical Background ◽

High Concentration ◽

Plant Oil ◽

Future Production

Biodiesel is defined as a fuel which may be used as pure biofuel or at high concentration in mineral oil derivatives, in accordance with specific quality standards for transport applications. The main raw material used for biodiesel production is rapeseed, which contains mono-unsaturated acids (about 60%) and also poly-unsaturated fatty acids (C 18:1 and C 18:3) in a lower quantity, as well as some undesired saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids). Other raw materials have also been used in research and the industrial production of biodiesel (palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, waste plant oil, animal fats, etc). The historical background of biodiesel production, installed industrial capacities, as well as the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (May 2003) regarding the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport are discussed in the first part of this article. The second part focuses on some new concepts for the future development of technology for biodiesel production, based on the application of non-catalytic transesterification under supercritical conditions or the use of lipases as an alternative catalyst for this reaction.

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PENGGESERAN REAKSI KESETIMBANGAN HIDROLISIS MINYAK DENGAN PENGAMBILAN GLISEROL UNTUK MEMPEROLEH ASAM LEMAK JENUH DARI MINYAK BIJI KARET

EKUILIBIUM ◽

10.20961/ekuilibrium.v12i2.2188 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Dwi Ardiana Setyawardani

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Batch Process ◽

Rubber Seed Oil ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Equilibrium Conversion ◽

Reaction Equilibrium

Abstract: Indonesia is one of the largest rubber producers in the world. Rubber seed is obtained as agricultural waste. This is a potential feedstock for biodiesel because of its high proportion of oil. The oil is hydrolyzed to produce saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids are good for health. Besides, saturated fatty acids are suitable for high-quality biodiesel by esterification. Batch process of rubber seed hydrolysis was conducted on this research to produce fatty acids and glycerine. In case of its reversible reaction, continuously separation of product or increasing reactant-concentration was needed to achieve equilibrium conversion. In this batch process, continuously separation of glycerine was done by settling it stage by stage (multi stages). The objection of this research was to find optimum condition on multi stages hydrolysis to produce fatty acids. It was processed on hydrochloric-acid catalyzed, fifty-fifty ratio of oil and water, and reacted in 70 C. In each stage of hydrolysis, glycerine and water was separated from reaction mixture by settling on 24 hours. The fatty acids were re-hydrolyzed with fresh water like the stage before. The process was stopped while it reached maximum conversion (almost completely). Based on this research, we concluded that for the shorter time of each stage on hydrolysis-process gives higher conversion of oil to fatty acids. o Keywords: fatty acids, multi stages hydrolysis, Rubber Seed Oil, reaction equilibrium.

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Quantification of Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Jatropha cucas L. from Guizhou, China

International Journal of Biology ◽

10.5539/ijb.v8n2p92 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 92

Author(s):

Hamidou SENOU ◽

Cai X. ZHENG ◽

Gabriel SAMAKE ◽

Mamadou B. TRAORE ◽

Fousseni FOLEGA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Total Content ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Seed Oils ◽

Fatty Acids Composition

The methyl esters of fatty acids composition of the oil from jatropha curcas seeds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer GC-MS. Fourteen components were found to be representative with 99.52% of the total content of seed oils. The main constituents were unsaturated fatty acids (71.93%) and saturated fatty acids (27.59%). For the saturated fatty acids composition such as palmitic and stearic acid, the rate was 15.80% and 10.79%, respectively. Linoleic acid (39.58%) and oleic acid (30.41%) were obtained in highest concentration among the unsaturated fatty acids identified in the seeds oil of Jatropha curcas from Guizhou. This value also justifies the fluidity of the oil at room temperature. A high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (39.58%) and a slightly lower rate of monounsaturated fatty acids (32.35%) were also observed. The seed oils profile of Guizhou Jatropha curcas presents the desirable fatty acid C14 to C18 and interesting features for the biodiesel production.

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The effects of breed and feeding regime on the chemical composition of pig back fat as a potential raw material for biodiesel production

Journal of Agricultural Sciences Belgrade ◽

10.2298/jas1402141p ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 141-150

Author(s):

Mladen Popovac ◽

Dragan Radojkovic ◽

Milica Petrovic ◽

Marija Gogic ◽

Dragan Stanojevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Fat Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Fat Tissue ◽

The Impact

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the back fat tissue of mangalitsa pig and meaty pig breeds and their crosses, and the pigs that were fed with feed that was enriched or unenriched with oil, from the aspect of the production of biodiesel, where the starting material for the fuel would be the fat tissue of pigs. By examining the impact of breed and oil content in feed, it was found that chemical parameters (fat, water, protein, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) show statistically significant variation under the influence of these factors. The highest fat content (89.39%), which is essential for conversion of fat into biodiesel, was found in back adipose tissue of mangalitsa breed, while the lowest fat content (86.10%) was found in the back fat tissue of meaty breeds and their crosses. Favorable ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (37.92% : 62.07%), on which some physical properties of the fuel depend, was found in the back fat tissue of pigs that were fed with feed enriched with oil, and the largest proportion of saturated fatty acids, i.e. the most unfavorable fatty acid composition (40.90% : 59.09%) was found in the back fat tissues of pigs that were fed with feed unenriched with oil. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids and water (7.44%), as the key factors that determine the cetane number of the fuel and the fuel production process, indicates that the most suitable raw material for the production of biodiesel is the fat tissue of pigs that were fed with food that contained a certain amount of oil.

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Biodiesel II: A new concept of biodiesel production - transesterification with supercritical methanol

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind0404176s ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 176-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Dejan Skala ◽

Sandra Glisic ◽

Ivana Lukic ◽

Aleksandar Orlovic

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Historical Background ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Supercritical Methanol ◽

Plant Oil ◽

Traditional Concept ◽

Animal Fats

Biodiesel is defined as a fuel that might be used as a pure biofuel or at high concentration in mineral oil derivatives, in accordance with specific quality standards for transport applications. The main raw material used for biodiesel production is rapeseed, which contains mono-unsaturated (about 60%) and also, in a lower quantity, poly-unsaturated fatty acids (C 18:1 and C 18:3), as well as some amounts of undesired saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids). Other raw materials have also been used in the research and industrial production of biodiesel (palm-oil, sunflower-oil, soybean-oil, waste plant oil, animal fats, etc). The historical background of the biodiesel production, installed industrial capacities, as well as Directives of the European Parliament and of the Council (May 2003) regarding the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport are discussed in the first part of this article (Chem. Ind. 58 (2004)). The second part focused on some new concepts and the future development of technology for biodiesel production based on the use of non-catalytic transesterification under supercritical conditions. A literature review, as well as original results based on the transesterification of animal fats, plant oil and used plant oil were discussed. Obtained results were compared with the traditional concept of transesterification based on base or acid catalysis. Experimental investigations of transesterification with supercritical methanol were performed in a 2 dm3 autoclave at 140 bar pressure and at 300?C with molar ratio of methanol to triglycerides of about 41. The degree of esterification strongly depends on the density of supercritical methanol and on the possibility of reaction occurring in one phase.

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Herbal Industry Wastes as Potential Materials for Biofuel Production

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2020051006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Aneta Sienkiewicz ◽

Alicja Piotrowska-Niczyporuk ◽

Andrzej Bajguz

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Research Work ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction

Due to the increasing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental issues, biodiesel as alternative fuel has become more and more attractive in the recent years. In this research, the characterization of herbal industry wastes as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production was carried out. There results of analytical identification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained in the transesterification reaction are presented. The reaction conditions were optimized, considering hexane ratio and catalyst concentration (methanol and KOH) for both steps. The FAME were extracted from the herbal samples by ultrasound-assisted extraction and subsequently were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using single ion monitoring (SIM) method. Additionally, the selected properties of some bioesters were analyzed. This study determined the compounds which are ideal for fuel production. The unsaturated fatty acids were found in higher amounts than saturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) was the major unsaturated fatty acid in herbal wastes, while palmitic acid (16:0) was the major saturated fatty acid. The application of the optimized method also revealed differences in the physical and chemical properties of isolated FAME mixtures compared to conventional diesel fuel. In this research work, for the first time, the possibilities of using the herbal industry wastes as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production are assessed.

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AVITAMINOSIS F

Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s ◽

10.15673/gpmf.v20i2.1764 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 38-40

Author(s):

A. Levitsky ◽

A. Lapinska ◽

I. Selivanskaya

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Experimental Model ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

The Body ◽

Regulatory Function ◽

Omega 3 ◽

White Rats ◽

Arachidonic Acids

The article analyzes the role of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially omega-3 series in humans and animals. The biosynthesis of essential PUFA in humans and animals is very limited, so they must be consumed with food (feed). Тhe ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA is very important. Biomembranes of animal cells contain about 30% PUFA with a ratio of ω-6/ ω-3 1-2. As this ratio increases, the physicochemical properties of biomembranes and the functional activity of their receptors change. The regulatory function of essential PUFA is that in the body under the action of oxygenase enzymes (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase) are formed extremely active hormone-like substances (eicosanoids and docosanoids), which affect a number of physiological processes: inflammation, immunity, metabolism. Moreover, ω-6 PUFA form eicosanoids, which have pro-inflammatory, immunosuppressive properties, and ω-3 PUFAs form eicosanoids and docosanoids, which have anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties. Deficiency of essential PUFA, and especially ω-3 PUFA, leads to impaired development of the body and its state of health, which are manifestations of avitaminosis F. Prevention and treatment of avitaminosis F is carried out with drugs that contain PUFA. To create new, more effective vitamin F preparations, it is necessary to reproduce the model of vitamin F deficiency. An experimental model of vitamin F deficiency in white rats kept on a fat –free diet with the addition of coconut oil, which is almost completely free of unsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids make up almost 99 % of all fatty acids was developed. The total content of ω-6 PUFA (sum of linoleic and arachidonic acids), the content of ω-3 PUFA (α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) in neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol esters) defined. Тhe content of ω-6 PUFA under the influence of coconut oil decreased by 3.3 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 7.5 times. Тhe influence of coconut oil, the content of ω-6 PUFA decreased by 2.1 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 2.8 times. The most strongly reduces the content of ω-3 PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic, coconut oil, starting from 5 %. Consumption of FFD with a content of 15 % coconut oil reduces the content of eicosapentaenoic acid to zero, ie we have an absolute deficiency of one of the most important essential PUFAs, which determined the presence of vitamin F deficiency.

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EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

Jurnal Agroindustri ◽

10.31186/j.agroind.4.1.31-39 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 31-39

Author(s):

Siwitri Kadarsih

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords :

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