scholarly journals La lingua nella riflessione di Vittore Pisani

2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (15 n.s.) ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Giovanni Gobber

The paper focusses on Vittore Pisani’s considerations about the nature of language and speech. A renowned scholar in historical linguistics, Pisani made nospecific contribution to theoretical topics. Nevertheless, in a series of passages from some of his papers the creative role of speakers and hearers is emphasized, and the observation is made that the products of their linguistic activity can be the models for new speech acts. For Pisani speech acts within a given social aggregate can be investigated to describe what they have in common at the various levels of analysis, and the results of this investigation can be organized into a “system of isoglosses”, which represent what is called a language. So, language is not an ideal entity with an autonomous existence and is organized regardless of the individual speech acts, but it is the result of a reconstruction that can vary according to the data on which it is based. Such a conception is in line with contemporary sociolinguistic and pragmatic research.

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Croft

AbstractThe relationship between typology and Cognitive Linguistics was first posed in the 1980s, in terms of the relationship between Greenbergian universals and the knowledge of the individual speaker. An answer to this question emerges from understanding the role of linguistic variation in language, from occasions of language use to typological diversity. This in turn requires the contribution of discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and evolutionary historical linguistics as well as typology and Cognitive Linguistics. While Cognitive Linguistics is part of this enterprise, a theory of language that integrates all of these approaches is necessary.


2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Оксана [Oksana] Юрьевна [IUrʹevna] Зелинская [Zelinskaia]

Warnings and Prohibitions as Means of Exerting Influence on the Addressee in Seventeenth– Eighteenth-Century Ukrainian Sermons In religious communication, psychological influence – as a result of which a person should change their subjective features (value orientations, ways of conduct, etc.) – is aimed at fostering compliance with religious norms. The tasks of a priest include religious education and correcting people’s behaviour, warning them against acts which contradict Christian values, in other words: preventing people from committing sins. This task is best achieved by means of verbal persuasion used in sermons.This paper offers a diachronic analysis of speech acts of warning and pro­hibition (preventives and prohibitives) on the basis of written monuments of the Ukrainian language: Ukrainian sermons from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the analysed sermons, they are used in order to achieve the aim of preventing sinful conduct. They refer both to everyday situations and to moral attitudes in general.In the texts under consideration, the semantics of warning and prohibition is conveyed using means of expression from different levels. At the lexical level, they are verbs with the general meaning ‘to warn’, ‘to be afraid’, and verbs of action creating a distance between the individual and sinful feelings, thoughts and actions: ‘to escape’, ‘to reject’. Words and phrases denoting cognitive processes play the role of discourse markers: ‘to know’, ‘to be aware of’, ‘to remind’.The speech acts of warning and prohibition are most frequently expressed with verbs in the form of negative imperative. One specific aspect of the use of preventives is that they are supplemented with recommendations which the addressee may accept of his/her own will.The preacher uses various rhetorical strategies to enhance the convincing function of warnings, such as references to widely known cases from the past (precedential phenomena), quotations from the Holy Scripture, and preventive exhortations. In order to better convince the congregation and urge them to follow the model of proper conduct, the preacher uses various means of expression: epithets conveying negative valuation, and stylistic figures: amplification, gradation, pairs of synonyms.The material under consideration makes it possible to conclude that the Ukrainian language of the seventeenth–eighteenth centuries had a considerable potential in terms of verbal persuasion, and opens prospects for the study of its dynamics.Ostrzeżenia i zakazy jako środki wywierania wpływu na adresata w XVII–XVIII-wiecznych kazaniach ukraińskich W komunikacji religijnej psychologiczne oddziaływanie na osobę nastawione na zmianę subiektywnych cech (wyznawanych wartości, zachowania itp.) ma na celu propagowanie życia w zgodzie z normami religijnymi. Do zadań kapłana należy wychowanie i poprawa ludzkich zachowań, ostrzeganie przed czynami i działaniami sprzecznymi z wartościami chrześcijańskimi, a więc zapobieganie grzechowi. Najskuteczniejszym środkiem realizacji tego celu w działalności homiletycznej jest zastosowanie perswazji słownej.Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia analizę diachroniczną dwóch typów aktów mowy o charakterze dyrektywnym: ostrzeżeń i zakazów (prewentywów i prohibitywów), przeprowadzoną na materiale zabytków piśmiennictwa ukraińskiego – XVII–XVIII-wiecznych kazaniach ukraińskich. W analizowanych kazaniach środki te odnoszą się zarówno do sytuacji życia codziennego, jak i ogólnych postaw moralnych, a ich zastosowanie ma na celu zapobieganie grzesznemu zachowaniu.W badanych tekstach semantyka zakazu i ostrzeżenia jest wyrażana na różnych poziomach. Na poziomie słownictwa są to czasowniki o ogólnym znaczeniu ‘ostrzegać’, ‘bać się’, a także czasowniki oznaczające działania wprowadzające dystans pomiędzy adresatem a grzesznymi uczuciami, myślami i działaniami: ‘uciekać’, ‘odrzucać’. Rolę znaczników dyskursu pełnią słowa i frazy oznaczające procesy kognitywne: ‘znać’, ‘wiedzieć’, ‘przypominać’. Ostrzeżenia i zakazy są najczęściej wyrażane czasownikami w formie przeczącej trybu rozkazującego. Jednym ze szczególnych aspektów ich zastosowania jest to, że są one uzupełniane zaleceniami, które adresat może zaakceptować z własnej woli.Kaznodzieja stosuje różne strategie retoryczne, żeby wzmocnić perswazyjną funkcję ostrzeżeń. Należą do nich odwołania do znanych zjawisk (zjawisk precedensowych), cytaty z Pisma Świętego czy zapobiegawcze zaklinania. Aby lepiej przekonać wiernych i nakłonić ich do przestrzegania modelu właściwego zachowania, stosuje różne środki wyrazu: epitety wyrażające negatywną ocenę, jak również figury stylistyczne: amplifikację, gradację czy pary synonimów.Badany materiał skłania do wniosku, że język ukraiński XVII–XVIII wieku miał znaczny potencjał w zakresie perswazji słownej i otwiera perspektywy badań nad dynamiką jej rozwoju.


Author(s):  
Haykaz Mangardich ◽  
Stanka A. Fitneva

Language is deeply involved in the management of human reputations. In this chapter, we review some of the linguistic features that relate to reputation, drawing extensively on ethnographic and experimental research. At the individual level, what the speaker says, and the physical form of speech contribute to establishing the public face of the speaker. At the interaction level, linguistic devices such as hedges and silences regulate the relations among speakers, expressing politeness, deference, acceptance, or rejection. Finally, linguistic speech acts such as apologies explicitly manipulate the speaker’s and others’ reputations. We also highlight some of the structural features of gossip, which is a genre of conversation that paradigmatically illustrates the role of language in reputation management.


2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
NATHALIE LAZARIC

Abstract:This article introduces this special issue on routines. It offers some suggestions as to why the concept of routines is considered central in methodological considerations of capabilities and organizational evolution. The contributors to this special issue propose various analytical tools, and provide some missing pieces from the puzzle related to the prominent role of routines. Issues discussed in the papers include methodological individualism. Routines lie between the individual and the firm levels of analysis because they are enacted by individuals in a social context. It is also suggested that a multilevel research agenda provides a finer-grained analysis because organizational routines are not isolated units but are entangled among the various organizational layers.


2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1079-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Vagn Freytag ◽  
Kristian Philipsen

Purpose Although individual and business actors are often mentioned as an important part of clarifying the stages that firms and their networks go through from starting up to becoming established, most studies have emphasised activities and resources rather than actors. Therefore, more needs to be known about how actors shape and are shaped through and within firms’ networks. Design/methodology/approach To clarify the process of reshaping business in networks, the focus of this study is on the role of actors in firms’ networks during the main stages of development. The major events for each stage are described in terms of how these events affect the interaction, alignment and interfaces between individual actors and business actors with a focus on individual and collective interests. Findings The individual actor plays a key role in the start-up stage, whereas the business actor has a key role in the final stage when the firm has become an important player in the industry. In later stages, the individual actor plays a gradually decreasing role and the business actor an increasing role. However, it appears that an analysis of the interplay between the two levels of analysis provides deeper insight into the shaping. Originality/value This study provides new insights into the role of the actor and how the actor shapes and is shaped by a firm and its network in different stages. Further, the study contributes by clarifying actors’ roles on two levels of analysis and shows the roles of interests, conflicts, interfaces and alignment in shaping firms and their networks.


2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frosso Motti-Stefanidi ◽  
Ann S. Masten

Academic achievement in immigrant children and adolescents is an indicator of current and future adaptive success. Since the future of immigrant youths is inextricably linked to that of the receiving society, the success of their trajectory through school becomes a high stakes issue both for the individual and society. The present article focuses on school success in immigrant children and adolescents, and the role of school engagement in accounting for individual and group differences in academic achievement from the perspective of a multilevel integrative model of immigrant youths’ adaptation ( Motti-Stefanidi, Berry, Chryssochoou, Sam, & Phinney, 2012 ). Drawing on this conceptual framework, school success is examined in developmental and acculturative context, taking into account multiple levels of analysis. Findings suggest that for both immigrant and nonimmigrant youths the relationship between school engagement and school success is bidirectional, each influencing over time the other. Evidence regarding potential moderating and mediating roles of school engagement for the academic success of immigrant youths also is evaluated.


Acta Naturae ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Elizar’ev ◽  
D. V. Lomaev ◽  
D. A. Chetverina ◽  
P. G. Georgiev ◽  
M. M. Erokhin

Maintenance of the individual patterns of gene expression in different cell types is required for the differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Expression of many genes is controlled by Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins that act through association with chromatin. PcG/TrxG are assembled on the DNA sequences termed PREs (Polycomb Response Elements), the activity of which can be modulated and switched from repression to activation. In this study, we analyzed the influence of transcriptional read-through on PRE activity switch mediated by the yeast activator GAL4. We show that a transcription terminator inserted between the promoter and PRE doesnt prevent switching of PRE activity from repression to activation. We demonstrate that, independently of PRE orientation, high levels of transcription fail to dislodge PcG/TrxG proteins from PRE in the absence of a terminator. Thus, transcription is not the main factor required for PRE activity switch.


2019 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Н. В. Фрадкіна

The purpose and tasks of the work are to analyze the contemporary Ukrainian mass culture in terms of its value and humanistic components, as well as the importance of cultural studies and Ukrainian studies in educational disciplines for the formation of a holistic worldview of modern youth.Analysis of research and publications. Scientists repeatedly turned to the problems of the role of spirituality in the formation of society and its culture. This problem is highlighted in the publications by O. Losev, V. Lytvyn, D. Likhachev, S. Avierintsev, M. Zakovych, I. Stepanenko and E. Kostyshyn.Experts see the main negative impact of mass culture on the quality approach, which determines mass culture through the market, because mass culture, from our point of view, is everything that is sold and used in mass demand.One of the most interesting studies on this issue was the work by the representatives of Frankfurt School M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno «Dialectics of Enlightenment» (1947), devoted to a detailed analysis of mass culture. Propaganda at all socio-cultural levels in the form is similar in both totalitarian and democratic countries. It is connected, according to the authors, with the direction of European enlightenment. The tendency to unify people is a manifestation of the influence of mass culture, from cinema to pop. Mass culture is a phenomenon whose existence is associated with commerce (accumulation in any form – this is the main feature of education), in general, the fact that it exists in this form is related to the direction of the history of civilization.Modern mass culture, with its externally attractive and easily assimilated ideas and symbols, appealing to the trends of modern fashion, becomes a standard of prestigious consumption, does not require intense reflection, allows you to relax, distract, not teach, but entertains, preaches hedonism as the main spiritual value. And as a consequence, there are socio-cultural risks: an active rejection of other people, which leads to the formation of indifference; cruelty as a character trait; increase of violent and mercenary crime; increase in the number of alcohol and drug addicts; anti-patriotism; indifference to the values of the family and as a result of social orphanhood and prostitution.Conclusions, perspectives of research. Thus, we can conclude that modern Ukrainian education is predominantly formed by the values of mass culture. Namely, according to the «Dialectic» by Horkheimer and Adorno, «semi-enlightenment becomes an objective spirit» of our modern society.It is concluded that only high-quality education can create the opposite of the onset of mass culture and the destruction of spirituality in our society. It is proved that only by realizing the importance of cultivating disciplines in the educational process and the spiritual upbringing of the nation, through educational reforms, humanitarian knowledge will gradually return to student audiences.Formation of youth occurs under the influence of social environment, culture, education and self-education. The optimal combination of these factors determines both the process of socialization itself and how successful it will be. In this context, one can see the leading role of education and upbringing. It turns out that the main task of modern education is to spread its influence on the development of spiritual culture of the individual, which eventually becomes a solid foundation for the formation of the individual. Such a subject requires both philosophical and humanitarian approaches in further integrated interdisciplinary research, since the availability of such research will provide the theoretical foundation for truly modern educational and personal development.


2021 ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
Chernysh O.O.

The urgency of the researched problem is connected with the growing role of mass media in modern conditions leads to change of values and transformation of identity of the person. The active growth of the role of the media, their influence on the formation and development of personality leads to the concept of “media socialization” and immutation in the media. The aim of the study is to outline the possibilities of the process of media socialization in the context of immutation in the media. The methods of our research are: analysis of pedagogical, psychological, literature, synthesis, comparison, generalization. The article analyzes the views of domestic and foreign scientists on the problem of immutation in the media and the transformation of the information space. In the context of the mass nature of the immutation of society, the concept of “media socialization” becomes relevant, which is the basis for reducing the negative impact of the media on the individual.The author identifies the lack of a thorough study of the concept of “media socialization” in modern scientific thought. Thus, media socialization is associated with the transformation of traditional means of socialization, and is to assimilate and reproduce the social experience of mankind with the help of new media.The article analyzes the essence of the concepts “media space”, “mass media” and “immutation”. The influence of mass media on the formation and development of the modern personality is described in detail.The study concluded that it is necessary to form a media culture of the individual, to establish safe and effective interaction of young people with the modern media system, the formation of media awareness, media literacy and media competence in accordance with age and individual characteristics for successful media socialization. The role of state bodies in solving the problem of media socialization of the individual was also determined. It is determined that the process of formation of media culture in youth should take place at the level of traditional institutions of socialization of the individual.The author sees the prospect of further research in a detailed analysis and study of the potential of educational institutions as an institution and a means of counteracting the mass nature of the immutation of society.Key words: immutation, media socialization, mass media, media space, information.


2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kopasker

Existing research has consistently shown that perceptions of the potential economic consequences of Scottish independence are vital to levels of support for constitutional change. This paper attempts to investigate the mechanism by which expectations of the economic consequences of independence are formed. A hypothesised causal micro-level mechanism is tested that relates constitutional preferences to the existing skill investments of the individual. Evidence is presented that larger skill investments are associated with a greater likelihood of perceiving economic threats from independence. Additionally, greater perceived threat results in lower support for independence. The impact of uncertainty on both positive and negative economic expectations is also examined. While uncertainty has little effect on negative expectations, it significantly reduces the likelihood of those with positive expectations supporting independence. Overall, it appears that a general economy-wide threat is most significant, and it is conjectured that this stems a lack of information on macroeconomic governance credentials.


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