scholarly journals A Model of Growth Trajectory Bifurcation in Animals Ontogeny

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
V. L. Stass
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Coefficient ◽  
Growth Trajectory ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Growth Dynamic ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
Hybrid Dynamic System ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
New Variables

The aim of this study was to formulate and analyse a model of ontogenetic growth cessation in pigs. The cessation of growth when an animal reaches its species-specific size in ontogeny is still a problem. Systemic factors that contribute to this process are unknown. The focus of the research is an analysis of the growth dynamic that explains some aspects of the problem. The method applied to meet the purpose of the study was mathematical modelling. To enhance the understanding of the growth trajectories in ontogeny an analytical model of growth in pigs was built. The model was formulated as a hybrid dynamic system with discrete-time and continuum equations. The novelty of the study is a concept of ontogenetic growth in the pig. Both a new modelling technique, and new variables are introduced. A central theme of the study is an analysis of the growth trajectory bifurcation, and a description of the two emerged growth trajectories. A reading of a normal form of bifurcation applied to the growth trajectory bifurcation has been offered. The results suggest that ontogenetic growth in pigs is not continuous. The growth trajectory has bifurcation at the point the animals attain their individual maximum weight. At this point, two new growth trajectories emerge. On one trajectory, animals continue to grow till a species maximum weight is reached. On other trajectory, animals continue to live till obtainable life span is attained. The emerged trajectories are genetic channels that open the way to grow for the certain phenotypes. Ontogenetic growth stops when the feed conversion coefficient grows into infinity.

scholarly journals Growth Pattern of Animals Is a Model for the Growth of Humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
V. L. Stass
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Dynamic System ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Growth Trajectory ◽  
Growth Dynamic ◽  
Species Specific

The aim of this research was to translate a reading of a growth model of pigs to the modelling of growth of humans. The growth of individuals in the studied species is both a species-specific and phenotype-dependant process. The process is known as ontogenesis and has been considered as a dynamic system. The method used in the study was mathematical modelling. A hybrid model of animal's growth was applied to the experimental evidence to produce a reading of the growth dynamic. In the study, an earlier formulated analytical model of pig growth was developed to analyse a possible translation to the growth of humans. The study implies that in animals, the growth trajectory is phenotype-dependant, nonlinear and discontinuous. In some aspects such as saltatory growth and longevity as well as the discontinuous dynamic of the growth trajectory the translation of the results for the modelling the growth of humans were discussed.

scholarly journals Quantitative Phenomics of Growth and Size in Animals

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
V. L. Stass
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Conversion Coefficient ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
Functional Relations ◽  
Conversion Mode ◽  
Growth Phenotype ◽  
Insight Into

This study introduces a model of the growth phenotype dynamic in pigs by applying analytical methods. The model describes a transformation of the growth phenotype from 30kg live weight up to the species maximum weight. This paper focuses on a description of the determinants, which channel growth dynamic through animals' ontogeny. Theoretical notions about the growth are explicitly included in the concept. In the model, functional relations between relevant traits obtained in the experiments and field observations are analysed. Two focal variables, a feed conversion coefficient, and an invariant of growth are explicitly integrated in the model. The novelty of the research is a proposition that deterministic, analytical model is a conceivable approach to studying a phenotype of a quantitative trait. According to this proposition, processes that contribute to the growth and development continue in later life till a species maximum weight is attained. The concept is formulated as a deterministic, hybrid model. In the model, both standard continuum methods and discrete-time difference equations have been used. Applied to experimental data, the model has produced a new insight into the problem. In domestic pigs, the following three sets of ontogenetic growth phenotypes have been identified: one set with three species maximum weight phenotypes, one set with three rapid growth phenotypes, and one set with individual maximum weight phenotypes. In the study, not only the sets of growth phenotype are identified but also a possible interpretation of a conversion mode of the sets in ontogeny as well as a reading of growth trajectory dynamic are discussed.

Adolescent Tri-ponderal Mass Index Growth Trajectories and Incident Diabetes Mellitus in Early Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Fan Wu ◽  
Hsien-Yu Fan ◽  
Yang-Ching Chen ◽  
Kuan-Liang Kuo ◽  
Kuo-Liong Chien
Keyword(s):  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Growth Mixture Modeling ◽  
The Body ◽  
Growth Trajectory ◽  
Incident Diabetes ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
City Hospital ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Adult Diabetes

Abstract Purpose Studies have reported the influence of adolescent obesity on development of adult diabetes, but the effect of the growth pattern during this period has rarely been explored. Also, the tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) was thought to be a better estimation of adolescent body fat levels than the body mass index (BMI), so we sought to investigate whether growth trajectories derived by these two indices could predict incident diabetes. Methods We conducted a study by using the Taipei City Hospital Radiation Building Database, a longitudinal cohort established from 1996 until now. Physical exam results including blood test results were collected annually and the BMI z-score/TMI growth trajectory groups during 13–18 years of age were identified using growth mixture modeling. A Cox proportional hazard model for incident diabetes was used to examine the risk of baseline obese status and different BMI/TMI growth trajectories. Results Five growth trajectory groups were identified for the BMI z-score and the TMI. During approximately 20,400 person-years follow-up, 33 of 1,387 participants developed diabetes. Baseline obesity defined by the BMI z-score and the TMI were both related to adult diabetes. The persistent increase TMI growth trajectory exhibited a significantly increased risk of diabetes after adjusting for baseline obese status and other correlated covariates (hazard ratio: 2.85, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–8.09). There was no association between BMI growth trajectory groups and incident diabetes. Conclusions A specific TMI growth trajectory pattern during adolescence might be critical for diabetes prevention efforts.

scholarly journals Effects of species-specific probiotic addition to milk replacer on calf health and performance during the first month of life

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Agazzi ◽  
Erica Tirloni ◽  
Simone Stella ◽  
Serena Maroccolo ◽  
Barbara Ripamonti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Bacillus Coagulans ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Blood Eosinophil ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of a species-specific probiotic (Lactobacillus animalis SB310, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei SB137 and Bacillus coagulans SB117 in a 30:35:35 ratio, respectively; 1.8 × 1010 CFU/g of powder) on gut microbial balance, immune response and growth performance of Holstein female calves during the first month of life. Twenty-two calves were divided into two experimental groups from 2 to 28 days of life: control (C), fed with milk replacer and concentrate as a basal diet, and treatment (T), fed C diet plus 1 g/calf/day of probiotic powder for the first month of age. Faecal and blood samples were individually collected and analysed weekly. Individual faecal score was recorded daily and general health score was calculated at the end of the trial. Cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by skin test at 7 and 28 days of life. Milk replacer and concentrate intake were recorded daily, while body weight and biometrical parameters were recorded at 2, 8, 14, 21 and 28 days of life, thus average daily gain and feed conversion rate were calculated. During the first week of treatment, lower blood eosinophil percentage (0.05% vs. 0.22%; P≤0.01) was found in T group, while basophils were higher in T than C group at the end of the trial (0.21% vs. 0.16%; P≤0.05). Higher faecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB)/E. coli ratio on day 28 of life (3.73 log CFU/g vs. 2.02 log CFU/g; P≤0.05) and lower incidence of diarrhoea were found in the treated group (63.30% vs. 70.71%; P=0.05). Body weight (48.92 kg vs. 46.92 kg; P≤0.05), total concentrate intake (14.77 kg vs. 12.56 kg on dry matter basis; P≤0.05), and heart girth (81.16 cm vs. 78.49 cm; P≤0.05) were significantly higher in T group. The administration of the probiotic during the first month of life improved gut microbiota and increased the growth performance and some biometric parameters of calves.

Tryptophane requirements of pigs between 28 and 56 days of age

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum

Sixty-four male pigs between 28 and 56 days of age were fed ad libitum on diets based on maize and meat meal, supplemented with 0 - 0.8 g of L-tryptophanelkg of diet. It was found that the tryptophane requirement of pigs for maximum weight gain and feed conversion ratio was met by 1.64 - 1.67 g/kg of diet between 28 and 56 days of age. There was a linear increase in the retention of nitrogen by the pigs up to the highest level of dietary tryptophane fed in these experiments, viz. 1.67 g/kg of diet. The concentration of urea and tryptophane in the blood plasma suggest that the tryptophane requirement was met by 1.64 g/kg of diet.

scholarly journals Dynamic Cost-Optimal Assessment of Complementary Diurnal Electricity Storage Capacity in High PV Penetration Grid

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4496
Author(s):  
Samuel Matthew G. Dumlao ◽  
Keiichi N. Ishihara
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Optimal Trajectory ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Growth Trajectory ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Financial Assessment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pv Penetration ◽  
The Impact

Solar Photovoltaics (PV) is seen as one of the renewable energy technologies that could help reduce the world’s dependence on fossil fuels. However, since it is dependent on the sun, it can only generate electricity in the daytime, and this restriction is exacerbated in electricity grids with high PV penetration, where solar energy must be curtailed due to the mismatch between supply and demand. This study conducts a techno-economic analysis to present the cost-optimal storage growth trajectory that could support the dynamic integration of solar PV within a planning horizon. A methodology for cost-optimal assessment that incorporates hourly simulation, Monte Carlo random sampling, and a proposed financial assessment is presented. This approach was tested in Japan’s southernmost region since it is continuously increasing its solar capacity and is at the precipice of high PV curtailment scenario. The results show the existence of a cost-optimal storage capacity growth trajectory that balances the cost penalty from curtailment and the additional investment cost from storage. This optimal trajectory reduces the impact of curtailment on the energy generation cost to manageable levels and utilizes more solar energy potential that further reduces CO2 emissions. The results also show that the solar capacity growth rate and storage cost significantly impact the optimal trajectory. The incorporation of the Monte Carlo method significantly reduced the computational requirement of the analysis enabling the exploration of several growth trajectories, and the proposed financial assessment enabled the time-bound optimization of these trajectories. The approach could be used to calculate the optimal growth trajectories in other nations or regions, provided that historical hourly temperature, irradiance, and demand data are available.

scholarly journals Effects Of Blood Meal, Chicken Offal Meal And Fish Meal As Sources Of Methionine And Lysine In Starter Cockerels Diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
S.O. Nwokoro
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Protein Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
Plant Protein Sources ◽  
Daily Gain

The effects were studied of using combinations of plant protein sources, GNC, Palm Kernel cake, and cotton and seed cake diets, supplemented with 4 sources of methionine (M) and Lysine (L), synthetic M+L, blood meal + M, fish meal, or chicken offal meal (COM) in 8-Week 3 x 4 factorial experiment with starter cockerels. Sources of M and L did not affect mean daily gain of the birds but significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in feed intake, feed per gain ratio, protein efficiency ratio (PER), nitrogen retention (NR) as well as economy of feed conversion. Maximum weight, best feed conversion ratio, PER and economy of feed conversion were observed in the M+L dietary group followed by those on blood meal + M supplementary group where maximum NR was observed. The least response values (except NR) were obtained in the COM group. This study indicated that starter cockerels (0-8 weeks) fed diets supplemented with synthetic methionine and lysine gave the most optional performance.

scholarly journals Analysis of the inheritance, selection and evolution of growth trajectories.

Genetics ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 979-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kirkpatrick ◽  
D Lofsvold ◽  
M Bulmer
Keyword(s):  
Covariance Function ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Growth Trajectory ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Genetic Covariance ◽  
Selection Gradient ◽  
Infinite Dimensional ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Gradient Function

Abstract We present methods for estimating the parameters of inheritance and selection that appear in a quantitative genetic model for the evolution growth trajectories and other "infinite-dimensional" traits that we recently introduced. Two methods for estimating the additive genetic covariance function are developed, a "full" model that fully fits the data and a "reduced" model that generates a smoothed estimate consistent with the sampling errors in the data. By decomposing the covariance function into its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, it is possible to identify potential evolutionary changes in the population's mean growth trajectory for which there is (and those for which there is not) genetic variation. Algorithms for estimating these quantities, their confidence intervals, and for testing hypotheses about them are developed. These techniques are illustrated by an analysis of early growth in mice. Compatible methods for estimating the selection gradient function acting on growth trajectories in natural or domesticated populations are presented. We show how the estimates for the additive genetic covariance function and the selection gradient function can be used to predict the evolutionary change in a population's mean growth trajectory.

scholarly journals Effect of the Ration Form on Productive Performance of Three Japanese Quail Breeds: تأثير شكل العليقة في الأداء الإنتاجي لثلاث سلالات من السمان الياباني

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghad Naseer waleed
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Conversion Coefficient ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Egg Weight

The study was carried out on (720) chicks of three strains of Japanese quail (desert, black and white) to investigate of effects the strain and shape of rations (crushed, granulated and crumbly) and by three treatments with four replicates for each strain during the growth period (1- 35 days), and 324 females of the same breeds. Three treatments with four replicates per breed during egg production (42- 101 days). The results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) of strain effects on body weight, weight gain, feed conversion coefficient-, carcass weight during the growth stage, and egg weight during the egg production stage. As for the effect of the diet, it was found that there were significant differences (P≤0.05) for Vivo weight characteristics, weight gain, feed conversion coefficient, carcass weight during the growth stage, egg weight and its mass, total eggs during the stage of egg production. While for the effect of the interaction between the strain and form of fodder showed the results significant differences (P≤0.05) in vivo weight and weight gain and feed conversion factor and carcass weight and net growth stage, crust ratio, egg weight, total egg number, total egg mass and albumin concentration during egg production. As for the economic calculations, the results showed that the desert quail breed got the best profit (Iraqi dinar/ kg live weight) during the growth phase, while the white quail breed got the best profit (Iraqi dinar/kg eggs) during the production phase of eggs. The best profit due to the effect of the form of the diet was the share of fodder grain during the growth and egg production. The best profit for the interaction of the strain and the form of the bush was the interaction of the desert quail strain with grain feed during the growth stage, and the interaction of the white quail strain with grain feed during the egg production.

The evolution of perfectionistic concerns and strivings in the proximity of exams: Evidence from a short-term longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-197
Author(s):  
Sylvia Burcaș ◽  
◽  
Romeo Zeno Crețu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Growth Trajectory ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Latent Growth Curve Model ◽  
Curve Model ◽  
The Individual

To date, little is known about the short-term dynamics of perfectionism in undergraduate students, especially in certain potentially activating contexts, such as the proximity of the exam session. The aim of the present study was to address this methodological limitation and literature gap by conducting a latent growth curve model analysis of students’ perfectionistic concerns and strivings in the proximity of exams, to detect and explain the potential heterogeneity in their growth trajectories. The study sample consisted of 242 undergraduate students who participated at four-time points (228 at T0, 171 at T1, 225 at T2, and 146 at T3), spaced four weeks apart, between the beginning of the first academic semester and the beginning of the exam session. The results showed that while perfectionistic concerns displayed a significant overall growth trajectory during this period of time, perfectionistic strivings were rather stable personality traits, less dependent on contextual factors. Regarding the individual differences in perfectionism dimensions, the findings showed that there was a significant inter-individual variability around both the initial level and the overall growth trajectory of perfectionistic concerns. However, only the perceived teachers' expectations explained significantly part of the variations around the initial level of perfectionistic concerns.

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