scholarly journals An 11-Year-Old Boy Infected with COVID-19 with Presentation of Acute Liver Failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Saeed ◽  
Eslam Shorafa ◽  
Iraj Shahramian ◽  
Mahdi Afshari ◽  
Mehrdad Salahifard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Elevated Liver Enzymes ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Then, it spread to the whole world so that THE World Health Organization (WHO) declared a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 is a novel and mysterious infectious disease that causes respiratory illness, multiorgan failure (MOF), and death. Although pediatric COVID-19 accounts for a small percentage of patients and is often milder than in adults, it can progress to severe disease in some cases. Liver involvement in COVID-19 and its severity have not been clearly investigated. In this paper, we present an 11-year-old boy admitted to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) with COVID-19 diagnosis in combination with elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin.

Global Pandemic of a Century: A Review on the Coronavirus (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Jitendra Mehta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, China. While the outbreak in China is almost over, this highly contagious disease is currently spreading across the world with a daily increase in the number of affected countries, confirmed cases, and infection-related deaths. In January, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the outbreak of COVID-19 constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Based on the high levels of global spread and the severity of COVID-19, on 11 March 2020, the Director-General of the WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. COVID-19 is an acute respiratory disease caused by a newly emerged zoonotic coronavirus. A positive-sense enveloped single-stranded RNA virus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been isolated from a patient with pneumonia and connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases from Wuhan. The virus is transmitted from human to human via droplets coughed or exhaled by infected persons and by touching droplet-contaminated surfaces or objects and then touching the eyes, nose, or mouth. Population groups that have been more frequently reported as having severe disease and a higher mortality rate include people aged over 60 years, males, people with underlying conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer. Current estimates suggest a median incubation period of five to six days for COVID-19, with a range of one to 14 days. Disease-specific pharmaceuticals and vaccines are still under research and development. The therapeutic use of convalescent plasma donated by patients recovered from COVID-19 might play a role in the efforts to find a possible treatment for COVID-19. Keywords: Coronavirus, COVID-19, WHO, SARS-Cov-2, Zoonotic.

scholarly journals An evaluation of emergency guidelines issued by the World Health Organization in response to four infectious disease outbreaks

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. e0198125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Norris ◽  
Veronica Ivey Sawin ◽  
Mauricio Ferri ◽  
Laura Raques Sastre ◽  
Teegwendé V. Porgo
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Use of the World Health Organization Access, Watch, and Reserve Classification to Follow Trends in Prescription of Antibiotic Use in Two Pediatric Intensive Care Units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
André Ricardo Araujo da Silva ◽  
Cristina Vieira de Souza Oliveira ◽  
Cristiane Henriques Teixeira ◽  
Izabel Alves Leal
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Objective The recommended percentage of antibiotic use in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) using the World Health Organization (WHO) Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRE) classification is not known. Methods We have conducted an interrupted time series analysis in two PICUs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, over a period of 18 months. The type of antibiotics used was evaluated using the WHO AWaRE classification, and the amount of antibiotic was measured using days of therapy/1,000 patient-days (DOT/1000PD) after implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP). The first and last semesters were compared using medians and the Mann–Whitney's test. The trends of antibiotic consumption were performed using time series analysis in three consecutive 6-month periods. Results A total of 2,205 patients were admitted, accounting for 12,490 patient-days. In PICU 1, overall antibiotic consumption (in DOT/1000PD) was 1,322 in the first 6 months of analysis and 1,264.5 in the last 6 months (p = 0.81). In PICU 2, the consumption for the same period was 1,638.5 and 1,344.5, respectively (p = 0.031). In PICU 1, the antibiotics classified in the AWaRE groups were used 33.2, 57.9, and 8.4% of the time, respectively. The remaining 0.5% of antibiotics used were not classified in any of these groups. In PICU 2, the AWaRE groups corresponded to 30.2, 60.5, and 9.3% of all antibiotics used, respectively. There was no use of unclassified antibiotics in this unit. The use of all three groups of WHO AWaRE antibiotics was similar in the first and the last semesters, with the exception of Reserve group in PICU 2 (183.5 × 92, p = 0.031). Conclusion A significant reduction of overall antibiotic use and also in the Reserve group was achieved in one of the PICU units studied. The antibiotics classified in the Watch group were the most used in both units, representing ∼60% of all the antibiotics consumed.

scholarly journals SARS: Political Pathology of the First Post-Westphalian Pathogen

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Fidler
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Health Organization

In March 2003, the world discovered, again, that I humanity's battle with infectious diseases continues. The twenty-first century began with infectious diseases, especially HIV/AIDS, being discussed as threats to human rights, economic development, and national security. Bioterrorism in the United States in October 2001 increased concerns about pathogenic microbes. The global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the spring of 2003 kept the global infectious disease challenge at the forefront of world news for weeks. At its May 2003 annual meeting, the World Health organization (WHO) asserted that SARS is “the first severe infectious disease to emerge in the twenty-first century” and “poses a serious threat to global health security, the livelihood of populations, the functioning of health systems, and the stability and growth of economies.”

scholarly journals Vietnamese Public Health Practices in the Advent of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-164
Author(s):  
Jeconiah Louis Dreisbach
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) presents a great challenge to developing countries with limited access to public health measures in grassroots communities. The World Health Organization lauded the Vietnamese government for its proactive and steady investment in health facilities that mitigate the risk of the infectious disease in Vietnam. This short communication presents cases that could benchmark public health policies in developing countries.

Keeping the flu at bay: Methods for detecting and containing infectious disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Atresha Karra, JD ◽  
Emily Cornette, JD
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization

This article focuses on the existing methods for tracking and restricting the spread of communicable diseases, both within United States borders and across nations. It will first describe the roles played by the United States’ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization and will then explore how communicable diseases across the world are identified and monitored. This will be followed by a discussion of US and world reporting requirements and methods. Finally, the article will discuss the tactics used by the United States to control the spread of disease.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 ve İnfluenza Virüs Birlikteliği

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-463
Author(s):  
Figen Kaptan
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Chinese City ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
The World ◽  
Influenza Transmission ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
Improve Clinical Outcome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 was initially identified in the Chinese city Wuhan on 29 December 2019. The infection has rapidly spread all over the world, and the World Health Organization declared the infection a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The disease, named coronavirus disease 19, has similar modes of transmission and clinical features with influenza, and coinfections have also been reported during the course of coronavirus disease 19. Studies have shown that the ratio of coinfections ranged widely among studies, and the clinical presentation in coinfections has varied from mild to severe disease leading to death. Detection of coinfection is important in order to plan the optimal treatment and improve clinical outcome. Studies reveal that nonpharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing and changes in population behavior implemented for coronavirus disease 19 have also reduced influenza transmission.

scholarly journals STUDI PENGARUH STATUS PERKAWINAN DAN PEKERJAAN PADA PASIEN TUBERKULOSIS DI RUMAH SAKIT DKT PURWOKERTO

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Peppy Octaviani
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious pulmonary infectious disease that is still a health problem in the world, especially developing countries. Tuberculosis has been proclaimed by WHO (World Health Organization) as Global Emergency since 1992. The purpose of this study is to find out what physical characteristics are at risk of tuberculosis in DKT Hospital Purwokerto. The research design used in this study was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach to determine the characteristics of pulmonary TB patients who were adherent to treatment and those who did not comply with treatment at the DKT Hospital in Purwokerto. This research was conducted at the DKT Purwokerto Hospital in May 2018. The samples studied in this study were pulmonary TB patients who were obedient to treatment and non-compliance with treatment at the DKT Purwokerto Hospital for the period of 1 January - 30 December 2017 that met the sample criteria. The results of the study have no relationship between age and the results of sputum examination at the Purwokerto DKT Hospital (p value = 0.286), there is no relationship between sex with the results of sputum examination at DKT Purwokerto Hospital (p value = 0.261).                                                                                                                           Keywords: Pulmonary TBC, Characteristics, Phlegm Examination  

scholarly journals Profil Penderita Morbus Hansen di Rawat Inap RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Periode 2016-2018

e-CliniC ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deivy A. Makalew ◽  
Grace M. Kapantow ◽  
Herry E. J. Pandaleke
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Mycobacterium Leprae ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract: Morbus Hansen (MH) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. World Health Organization data showed that in 2018, Indonesia was the third rank in the world with incidences of 17,017 cases. This study was aimed to determine the profile of MH patients at Irina F-Dermatovenereology of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital. This was a descriptive retrospective study by evaluating medical record files of MH patients hospitalized at Irina F-Dermatovenereology, Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital from 2016 to 2018. The results showed that the distribution of MH patients in 2016-2018 was 14 patients, 20 patients, and 18 patients respectively. Most patients were in the age group of 25-34 years (38.46%). Males were more common than females (4.8:1). Most patients were from Manado. All patients had multibacillary (MB) type MH and ENL was the most common reaction (86.54%). The comorbidities were gastrointestinal disorders, electrolyte imbalance, and anemia. In conclusion, the number of hospitalized MH patients was slightly increased from 2016 to 2017 and then was decreased insignificantly in 2018. Most patients were male, in the age group of 25-34 years, came from Manado, multibacillary type MH, had ENL reaction and comorbidity of gastrointestinal disorders.Keywords: Morbus Hansen, hospitalized patients Abstrak: Morbus Hansen (MH) merupakan penyakit infeksi kronik yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium leprae. Data World Health Organization (WHO) pada tahun 2018 menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia menempati peringkat ketiga di dunia dengan jumlah kasus baru mencapai 17.017 kasus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil penderita MH di Irina F Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian ialaht deskriptif retrospektif dengan cara mengevaluasi berkas rekam medis penderita MH yang dirawat inap di Irina F Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado pada periode 2016-2018. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan distribusi penderita MH pada tahun 2016 sebanyak 14 pasien, tahun 2017 sebanyak 20 pasien, dan tahun 2018 yaitu 18 pasien. Kelompok usia terbanyak ialah 25-34 tahun (38,46%). Penderita laki-laki lebih banyak dibandingkan perem-puan (4,8:1). Penderita terbanyak berasal dari Kota Manado. Semua penderita memiliki MH tipe Multibasiler (MB). Reaksi ENL merupakan tipe reaksi yang terbanyak (86,54%). Penyakit penyerta yang banyak didapati ialah gangguan gastrointestinal, gangguan elektrolit dan anemia. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah penderita MH yang dirawat inap mengalami peningkatan dari tahun 2016 sampai 2017, sedikit menurun pada tahun 2018 namun tidak bermakna. Penderita yang terbanyak ialah kelompok usia 25-34 tahun, jenis kelamin laki-laki, asal Kota Manado, MH tipe Multibasiler (MB), reaksi tipe ENL, penyakit penyerta gangguan gastrointestinal.Kata kunci: Morbus Hansen, pasien rawat inap

Simultaneous determination of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in fixed-dose combination antituberculosis pharmaceutical formulations: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1103-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. L. Oliveira ◽  
P. R. Chellini ◽  
T. L. Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
First Line ◽  
The World ◽  
Dose Combination ◽  
Health Organization

According to the World Health Organization, rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol hydrochloride are the first-line drugs used to treat tuberculosis – an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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