Social Position of an Expert as a New Element of Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-131
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Maslanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Innovations ◽  
Scientific Ethos

The article focuses on analyzing the changes that have occurred in the procedures for assessing scientific knowledge during the period of their massive introduction into the economy, politics and everyday life, as well as the formation of a new social position of the expert. Up to this point, the assessment of scientific knowledge often took place within the scientific community. In that case, a special role was played by “authority” able to evaluate projects basing on criteria intrinsic to the scientific ethos. The active introduction of scientific knowledge into the social life encouraged the emergence of a new expert’s social position differing from an intrascientific “authority”. In their work, they have to evaluate projects that involve large financial resources and contribute to changes in social and economic life, and therefore, in addition to scientific criteria, such experts consider any possible economic, political and social consequences of the project implementation. Along with it, the formation of the new expert’s social position and its active use by scientists leads to several problems. First, the expertise and expert practices are beginning to be used by scientists to legitimize their own position in science and fight rival groups. Second, these processes can provoke a decrease in diversity both within science itself and in the number of cognitive practices; also they can limit the emergence of new approaches to the analysis of technological, economic, political and social innovations.

Misoprostol on trial: a descriptive study of the criminalization of an essential medicine in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Prandini Assis
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Essential Medicine ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
The Social

Misoprostol is a medicine with a “double” social life recorded in several places, including Brazil. Within formal and authorized health facilities, it is an essential medicine, used for life-saving obstetric procedures. On the streets, or in online informal markets, misoprostol is treated as a dangerous drug used to induce illegal abortions. In the Brazilian case, despite a rich anthropological and public health analysis of the social consequences of misoprostol’s double life, there are no studies on the legal implications. This article offers such descriptive analysis, presenting and examining a comprehensive dataset of how Brazilian courts have treated misoprostol in the past three decades. It consists of an encompassing mapping of the “when, where, how, and who” of misoprostol criminalization in Brazil, pointing to the unjust consequences of the use of criminal law for the purpose of protecting public health.

scholarly journals Codzienność w kryzysie

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Łukasz Rogowski ◽  
Radosław Skrobacki ◽  
Dorota Mroczkowska
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the relationship between everyday life and special conditions seen in the context of the concept of crisis. The authors define everyday life and special conditions as two opposing ways of experiencing social life, but their differentiation does not depend on their content but rather on form and manner of their perception/realisation in everyday life. This differentiation is described on the basis of the example of the concept of crisis, understood as the breakdown of everyday life and the consequent creation of special conditions. Based on contemporary examples, concerning to a large degree the social consequences of the breakdown of the economy, the authors represent crisis as a moment of renegotiating the principles of social life, the disruption of the routines and habits of everyday life and the transition into the unpredictability and reflexivity of social practices which characterize such special conditions. Attention is paid in particular to the concept of power, which takes on new meanings in the sociology of everyday life, differing from its institutional meaning, closer rather to “everyday power” which is realised in the framework of direct interactions in daily life.

scholarly journals Social consequences of the 2020 regional elections in Indonesia under the covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-542
Author(s):  
V. L. Muzykant ◽  
M. A. Muqsith
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Regional Elections

The article considers the relationship between the 2020 regional elections in Indonesia under the covid-19 pandemic, public space, and political activism in the social media. The covid-19 pandemic has changed the social, political and cultural fabric of the contemporary world. First, the covid-19 threatened the countrys healthcare system, then it affected other aspects of social life, including the political sphere. The pandemic has been exacerbated by the spread of misinformation about the covid-19, which is also known as the infodemic. Thus, the covid-19 pandemic influenced the choice of holding elections or delaying it until the situation is under control. The development of the social media encourages political activism in the political public sphere and makes it more diverse in the sphere of egalitarianism. The political public sphere becomes increasingly dynamic and critical to various policies. Indonesia did not postpone the 2020 regional elections under the covid-19 crisis. According to the health protocol, this decision had its pros and cons in the digital space. The authors show that political activists in the social media called for prioritizing health rather than the process of democratization through elections, while the government supporters insisted on having elections even in the covid-19 pandemic situation. Finally, the 2020 regional elections were held but were followed by various incidents. The question is whether the governments argument to hold elections under the covid-19 pandemic was reasonable or, on the contrary, contributed to the wider spread of the covid-19 in Indonesia. Deliberative democracy should consider civil participation as the main pillar of the political system, which is relevant for the new social reality as based on the new social media technologies.

scholarly journals STRATEGI BATNA (BEST ALTERNATIVE TO A NEGOTIATED AGREEMENT) DALAM MENGATASI KONFLIK MANAJEMEN LINGKUNGAN DI PERTAMBANGAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Edwin Umboh
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Family Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Descriptive Method

The purpose of this research is to know the strategy of BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) in overcoming the conflict of environmental management that occurred in mining area of ​​PT. SumberEnergi Jaya, East Motoling District.This study uses descriptive method, which aims to find information from a phenomenon.Strategy management of conflict resolution of mining resources, conducted by PT. SumberEnergi Jaya showed good results, although there are still some residents who have not received the results of negotiations. With the efforts of family approach and deliberation to show effective results, a negotiator's strategy is a critical determinant of the success of an agreement. While Implementation of Law no. 7 of 2012 in this case has not been fully implemented as expected, where from the analysis conducted there is still an omission element by the government. The impact of government policies through the enactment of mining business licenses granted to PT. SumberEnergi Jaya, is very impact on social life and the environment, rather than the economic value generated. Due to the decline in environmental quality will affect the social and economic life of residents around the mine's circle.

Knowledge, Values, and Technological Decisions: A Decision Theoretic Approach

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald N. Giere
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Statistical Knowledge ◽  
Decision Theoretic Approach ◽  
The Social

Before World War II, most decisions involving the introduction of new technologies were made primarily by individuals or corporations, with only minimal interference from government, usually in the form of regulations. Since the war, however, the increased complexity of modern technologies and their impact on society as a whole have tended to force the focus of decision making toward the federal government, although this power is still usually exercised in the form of regulation rather than outright control. Given the huge social consequences of many such decisions, it seems proper that the decision-making process be moved further into the public arena. Yet one may wonder whether the society has the resources and mechanisms for dealing with these issues. Thus, the nature of such controversies, and the possible means for their resolution, has itself become an object of intense interest. One may approach this subject from at least as many directions as there are academic specialties. Many approaches are primarily empirical in that they attempt to determine the social and political mechanisms that are currently operative in the generation and resolution of controversies over new technologies (Nelkin 1979). Such studies usually do not attempt to determine whether the social mechanisms actually operating are effective mechanisms in the sense that they tend to produce decisions that in fact result in the originally desired out comes. The approach of this chapter is much more theoretical. It begins with a standard model of decision making and then analyzes the nature of technological decisions in terms of the postulated model. The advantage of such an approach is that it provides a clear and simple framework for both analyzing a controversy and judging its outcome. The disadvantage is that it tells us little about the actual social and political processes in the decision. Eventually we would like an account that incorporates both theoretical and empirical viewpoints. Regarding the proposed model, there are several ingredients in any decision. This chapter concentrates on one of these ingredients: scientific knowledge, particularly statistical knowledge of the type associated with studies of low-level environmental hazards. There is no presumption, however, that statistical knowledge, or scientific knowledge generally, is the most important ingredient in any decision.

scholarly journals The Covid-19 Pandemics: why Intersectionality Matters

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Maestripieri
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Multiple Structures ◽  
Community Exposure ◽  
The Impact

Covid-19 has been a disrupting event in contemporary social life but is far from being a great equaliser. Preliminary studies have put in evidence how different social groups faced a differentiated risk of contagion and coped differently with the various consequences of the emergency. Evidence shows how minorities and migrants face disproportionally higher risks of contagion than the white upper and middle class, and how vulnerable communities are more exposed to deaths and the rapid spread of the virus. At the same time, societies are coping with social distancing measures and their disruptive social and economic consequences, which have a more significant impact on the most vulnerable segments of societies: women, children, low-income classes and ethnic minorities. This article argues that an intersectional framework allows an understanding of what is occurring in the current pandemic, both in terms of its social determinants and social consequences. To open the black box of inequality, intersectional scholars analyze the intersections of multiple structures of inequalities (such as gender, age, class, ethnicity), which have a multiplying effect when disadvantaged positions intersect in the same individual. Covid-19 is a clear example of an intersectional phenomenon: the impact of individual and community exposure to Covid-19 is the results of multiple and interrelating structures of inequality. Up to now, research in social sciences has underestimated the role of intersectionality in analyzing the social and economic consequences of this pandemic.

scholarly journals FROM THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN AFTER THE CIVIL WAR (1920-1924)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Zhumagulov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic

The article analyzes a new view of the history of economic development of Kazakhstan after the civil war. The purpose of the work is to identify problems, analyze the implementation of the social and economic policy of Soviet power. In this article, there are new transformations in the political, economic and social life of Kazakhstan and the difficulties in its implementation. The ongoing work on restoration of peaceful life, destroyed economy and economy in Kazakhstan is indicated. The reasons for the decline in economic life, destruction, poverty and hunger in Kazakhstan are indicated. As a result of hunger, cold and the accompanying diseases, the demographic situation in the nomadic and semi-nomadic regions of the republic deteriorated – the population of the rural population in many provinces decreased to 1/3, more than 700 000 people left Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals Exploiting cultural values of water for developing Agritourism in the Mekong Delta

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 908-918
Author(s):  
Thieu Quang Thinh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The Social ◽  
Traditional Arts ◽  
Agricultural Tourism

Agritourism is a popular type of tourism in countries that have an advantage in agriculture. The development of agricultural tourism brings many opportunities for economic development and contributes to improving the social life of residents. The Mekong Delta is located in the lowland with thousands of densely crick-crossing canals formed by alluvium of the Mekong River. Its fertile soil is very favourable to aquatic rice and fruit-tree planting. The delta is the richest granary of Viet Nam. The Mekong Delta is also imbued with cultural identities. In this article, we will focus on analyzing cultural values of river in the Mekong Delta including cuisine, river landscape, agricultural production culture, craft village culture, floating market, festivals, traditional arts, folk games, etc. The research uses data collection, aggregating, analysis, and information evaluation. Data sources are collected from books, research papers in journals and combined with field surveys. The results show that the Mekong Delta, with its own unique and unique strengths, is one of the ideal locations for agricultural tourism development in the country. Preserving and developing the cultural values of water play a special role in the trend of tourism integration and development nowadays.

scholarly journals Fractal-Synergetic Approach to the Research of Entrepreneurship in the Non-Profit Organizations

wisdom ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmila Alexandrovna Vasilenko
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Order Parameters ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Innovations ◽  
Non Profit Organizations ◽  
The Impact

We have applied the term “entrepreneurship” to the development of non-profit organizations working in the field of social and innovation activity. We consider entrepreneurship as a process of personal, self-organizing or systemic renewal and self-organization, as a movement through the development of ideas towards creating new and existing enterprises. We reviewed the promotion of social innovations on a methodological basis of sociosynergetics using cross-disciplinary and fractal-evolutionary approaches. The introduction of innovations is accompanied by the irreversibility expressed by the violation of symmetry between the past and the future (according to I. Prigogine), and the research of innovations requires the introduction of the concept of an “event”. Some events should have the ability to change the course of evolution. The criterion for evaluating the advancement of social innovation is the degree of its influence on the social system: the local nature of the impact (change in one or several order parameters) – Auto-Poesies models; the emergence of a new parameter of order in connection with the acquisition of a new quality of the social system – Synergy-integrating models; the allocation of a new sub-system in the framework of the modernized old social system – Openness entrepreneurship models; the birth of a fundamentally new social system, accompanied by the destruction of the old order parameters. In managing innovation processes, it is important to choose such innovations that are in line with the trends in the development of the social system, given the scale of social consequences.

scholarly journals SYAIR MAMBANG JAUHARI: TELAAH STRUKRURAL-SEMIOTIK

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-94
Author(s):  
Maizar Karim
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Dominant Meaning ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Social

Syair Mambang Jauhari (Mambang Jauhari verse) is one of the traditional Malay Literacy works. The components built in  SMJ indicate closed and functional relationship. The components of rhythm, rhyme, line, and couplet function to struggle narrative structure and total meaning of the text for the society. The components of plot, background, point of view, form, theme, message, and integration have capacity to organize, form and maintain the relationships among the components inducing integration, strong structure, and meaning in the SMJ. The most dominant meaning of SMJ is that in creating the harmony in life, it is better to start from creating the micro-cosmos harmony among individuals and continue to macro-cosmos involving harmony in the social life, cultural life, political life, harmony in economic life, and in defense.

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