Role of vaccines in preventing influenza in healthy children

The lack of early biomarkers of renal damage in children with neurogenic bladder (NB) prompts us to investigate the role of promising proteins: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). This prospective analysis was conducted on 58 children with NB and 25 healthy children. We assessed urinary levels of NGAL and KIM-1 in both groups. Age, sex, anthropometric measurements, activity assessment, renal function, and urodynamics parameters were analyzed. The differences between the median uNGAL and uKIM-1 in the NB group compared to control were recorded. However, only uNGAL levels were statistically significantly higher. Statistically significant correlation was found between gender, recurrent urinary tract infections, bladder trabeculation, its compliance, activity assessment, and uNGAL. To conclude, elevated levels of uNGAL may be considered a biomarker of tubular injury in children with NB due to MMC in contrast to uKIM-1.

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Differential Diagnosis of the Short IGF-I-Deficient Child with Apparently Normal Growth Hormone Secretion

Hormone Research in Paediatrics ◽

10.1159/000516407 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

Jan M. Wit ◽

Sjoerd D. Joustra ◽

Monique Losekoot ◽

Hermine A. van Duyvenvoorde ◽

Christiaan de Bruin

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Growth Hormone Secretion ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Stimulation Test ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Genetic Causes ◽

Gh Secretion ◽

Igf I

The current differential diagnosis for a short child with low insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and a normal growth hormone (GH) peak in a GH stimulation test (GHST), after exclusion of acquired causes, includes the following disorders: (1) a decreased spontaneous GH secretion in contrast to a normal stimulated GH peak (“GH neurosecretory dysfunction,” GHND) and (2) genetic conditions with a normal GH sensitivity (e.g., pathogenic variants of GH1 or GHSR) and (3) GH insensitivity (GHI). We present a critical appraisal of the concept of GHND and the role of 12- or 24-h GH profiles in the selection of children for GH treatment. The mean 24-h GH concentration in healthy children overlaps with that in those with GH deficiency, indicating that the previously proposed cutoff limit (3.0–3.2 μg/L) is too high. The main advantage of performing a GH profile is that it prevents about 20% of false-positive test results of the GHST, while it also detects a low spontaneous GH secretion in children who would be considered GH sufficient based on a stimulation test. However, due to a considerable burden for patients and the health budget, GH profiles are only used in few centres. Regarding genetic causes, there is good evidence of the existence of Kowarski syndrome (due to GH1 variants) but less on the role of GHSR variants. Several genetic causes of (partial) GHI are known (GHR, STAT5B, STAT3, IGF1, IGFALS defects, and Noonan and 3M syndromes), some responding positively to GH therapy. In the final section, we speculate on hypothetical causes.

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The role of environmental sensitivity in the development of rumination and depressive symptoms in childhood: a longitudinal study

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry ◽

10.1007/s00787-021-01830-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francesca Lionetti ◽

Daniel N. Klein ◽

Massimiliano Pastore ◽

Elaine N. Aron ◽

Arthur Aron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Middle Childhood ◽

Internalizing Problems ◽

Depressive Symptomatology ◽

Community Sample ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Environmental Sensitivity ◽

Permissive Parenting

AbstractSome children are more affected than others by their upbringing due to their increased sensitivity to the environment. More sensitive children are at heightened risk for the development of internalizing problems, particularly when experiencing unsupportive parenting. However, little is known about how the interplay between children’s sensitivity and parenting leads to higher levels of depressive symptoms. In the current study, we investigated the interaction between early parenting and children’s sensitivity on levels of depressive symptomatology in middle childhood, exploring the role of rumination as a possible mediator in a community sample. Participants included 196 USA resident families, from a middle class and mostly European–American background, and their healthy children, followed up from age 3 until 9 and 12 years. Environmental sensitivity was assessed observationally when children were 3 years old. Parenting style was based on parent-report at the age of 3 years. When children were nine, they completed questionnaires on rumination and depressive symptoms (repeated at 12 years). Analyses were run applying a Bayesian approach. Children’s sensitivity interacted with permissive parenting in predicting rumination at age 9. Rumination, in turn, was associated with depressive symptoms at age 9 and, to a lesser extent, at age 12. No relevant interactions emerged for authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Sensitive children may be at heightened risk for internalizing problems when exposed to a permissive parenting style. Permissive parenting was associated with increased ruminative coping strategies in sensitive children which, in turn, predicted higher levels of depression. Hence, rumination emerged as an important cognitive risk factor for the development of depressive symptoms in sensitive children.

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ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH PERIODONTITIS

"Medical & pharmaceutical journal "Pulse" ◽

10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2021-23-5-154-161 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 154-161

Author(s):

Agapitov L.I. ◽

Cherepnina I.V.

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Flow Mediated Dilatation ◽

Vascular Dilatation ◽

Oral Inflammation

The presence of oral inflammation has recently been linked with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial dysfunction is considered one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of a whole range of cardiovascular diseases. In the study describes links between periodontitis and endothelial dysfunction. 32 patients (16 boys and 16 girls) with periodontitis and 60 healthy children were examined. Flow-mediated vascular dilatation data were measured in all patients. Flow-mediated dilatation was 9,78±3,16% in children with periodontitis, and 12,85±3,48% in healthy children (p<0,05). Area under the dilation curve was larger in healthy children, then in children with periodontitis, 710±121%·с in comparison with 519±175%·с (p<0,05). An inverse correlation was found between flow-mediated dilatation, area under the dilation curve and periodontitis duration (r = -0,71, -0,77). A negative correlation was found between flow-mediated dilatation, area under the dilation curve and worsening of periodontitis (r = -0,70, -0,71). This study did not demonstrate association between periodontal disease in children and arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure. However, the identified endothelial dysfunction requires protective therapeutic and preventive measures. Given the insignificant symptoms of chronic periodontitis in the examined children, it is important to activate efforts aimed at early detection and treatment of this disease. Further research is needed to clarify the prognostic role of endothelial dysfunction in chronic periodontitis.

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A role of oropharyngeal microbiota in developing acute and chronic diseases of the upper respiratory tract

Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity ◽

10.15789/2220-7619-aro-809 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 359-367

Author(s):

I. I. Ababii ◽

L. A. Danilov ◽

M. K. Maniuc ◽

P. I. Ababii ◽

S. S. Ghinda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Chronic Tonsillitis ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

Currently, a rise in incidence of polyethological inflammation of the upper respiratory tract mucosa paralleled by altered resident and transient microbiota displaying in many cases increased antibiotic resistance has been noted. Opportunistic microbes play a major role in developing inflammatory process in Pirogov–Waldeyer’s ring. An inflammatory process occurring in the tonsillar lymphatic tissue results in host systemic complications. Fighting against acute and chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract holds the main task in pediatric otorhinolaryngology, as they can consequently elicit the cardiovascular, genitourinary and musculoskeletal complications. The results of studies examining this issue remain very contradictory, which accounted for a need to conduct our study on the territory of Moldova featured with mixed climatic conditions. Here, we wanted to study a role of microbial factor in etiopathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis in children. Bacteriological microbiota data for superficial palatine tonsils were obtained form 608 children subdivided into 5 groups: group I — 333 children with compensated chronic tonsillitis; group II — 87 children with decompensated chronic tonsillitis; group III — 91 children with acute upper respiratory tract infections (comparison group); group IV — 48 children with acute upper respiratory tract infections treated with antibiotic therapy; group V — 49 apparently healthy children (control group). It was found that β-hemolytic streptococcus exerting high sensitivity to virtually all antibiotics groups was detected in 17.4% of children with acute tonsilar inflammatory processes and decompensated defense in the lymphatic pharyngeal ring compared to 3.5% in control group. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in all study groups ranging within 4.8–21.7%, including 14% in apparently healthy children characterized by reduced antibiotics sensitivity. The data obtained suggest that sickly children with acute and chronic upper respiratory tract infections constitute a risk group for developing somatic diseases. The high incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae indicates a need for performing immunoprophylaxis, use of therapeutic vaccination as a up-to-date, combined approach in treatment of such pediatric cohort.

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The Role of Monocytes/Macrophages In The Pathogenesis of Immune Associated Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage

10.21203/rs.3.rs-521383/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qing Wei ◽

Xun Chen ◽

Jing Liu ◽

Yan Li ◽

Guangmin Nong

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Critical Role ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Peripheral Blood Monocyte ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Stimulation Of

Abstract Backgroud The studies in the immnue associated diffuse alveolar hemorrahge (DAH) animal models showed that monocytes/macrophages played an critical role in the pathogenesis.Whether monocytes/macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of immune associated DAH in human is still unknow. The aim of this study was to explore the role of monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of immune associated DAH in human.Methods This study was conducted in two parts. In the first part, 37 children with immune associated DAH were included (DAH group), and 18 healthy children were recruited as the controls (HC group). Peripheral blood monocyte subtype was analyzed using flow cytometry. In the second part, 24 children with immune associated DAH were included (DAH group), and 13 children with acute airway foreingn body or mild benign airway stenosis were included as the controls (HC group). Bronochoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected using bronchoscope. Cytokines in the BALF supernatant were detected using cytometric bread array. BALF supertanant was used to stimulated the macrophages in vitro. The mRNA relative expressions of IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, TGM2, CD163 and MRC1 were detected using quantitative real-time PCR, and the expressions of CD14, CD80, CD86, CD163 and CD206 were detected using flow cytometry. Results 1. The percentage of classical monocyte was significantly increased, whereas the percentages of intermediate and non-classical monocyte were significantly decreased in the DAH group, when compared to those in the HC group. 2. The levels of MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-8 were all significantly higher in the BALF supernatant from the DAH group, when compared to those form the HC group. 3. The mRNA relative expressions of IL-1β and IL-6 as well as the expression of CD86 were significantly higher, whereas the mRNA relative expression of MRC1 as well as the expressions of CD163 and CD206 were significantly lower under the stimulation of BALF supernatant from the DAH group, when compared to that from the HC group. Conclusions Monocytes/macrophages might participate in the pathogenesis of immune associated DAH in human by enhanced M1 polarization.

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Special features of designing a correction program for adolescents who have signs of psychosomatic disorders

EUROPEAN HUMANITIES STUDIES: State and Society ◽

10.38014/ehs-ss.2020.3-2.02 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 19-38

Author(s):

Iryna ROZINA

Keyword(s):

Drug Addiction ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Psychosomatic Disorders ◽

Effective Response ◽

Neurotic Disorders ◽

Correction Program ◽

The Subject ◽

The Impact

The relevance of the research is related to the need for studying the character of psychosomatic disorders in adolescence, which is insufficiently investigated and requires more in-depth research, in particular designing a comprehensive program that includes a system of training exercises to overcome psychosomatic disorders. The problem of studying psychosomatic relationships is one of the most difficult problems of modern psychology and medicine, despite the fact that the close connection between mental and somatic has been studied for several centuries. Mental trauma is a leading cause of neuroses formation and progress, its pathogenic significance is determined by the complex interaction with many other factors being a result of an individual’s life, formation of his body and personality, especially in adolescence. The subject of the research is to study special features of psychosomatic disorders, as well as to design a program for adolescents with signs of neurotic disorders. The subject matter of the research is the peculiarities of psychosomatic disorders manifestation and neurotic signs in adolescence. The article presents a theoretical analysis of modern approaches in psychology to the study of psychosomatic disorders peculiarities, their classification, considering the signs of neurotic disorders in adolescence. The work analyzes age characteristics of psychosomatic disorders in adolescence. Modern adolescents are exposed to various stressors, to the impact of audiovisual information, school overload, extra classes, exams, and a special problem that is a change in quality of life and prevalence of alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction, especially drug addiction among adolescents. The complex of these factors has negative consequences both on a psychological and physical level. Most authors who study the causes of psychosomatic illnesses recognize the important role of parents in the development of mentally and physically healthy children. Many studies highlight the role of early mother-child relationships in the formation of psychosomatic pathology. Various violations of this relationship usually lead to abnormalities in a child’s development. (M. Mahler, E. T. Eidemiller, Yustitskis, D. Winnicott, M. Klein). The results of an empirical study aimed at identifying signs of psychosomatic disorders are considered. The following methods were used: observation, questionnaires, and such methods as diagnosis of neurotic disorders in adolescence (DND), diagnosis of the level of school anxiety by Phillips, “Non-existent animal” by M.Z. Drukarevich. The peculiarities of designing and testing the correction program, which is aimed at reducing the signs of neurotic manifestations in adolescence, are revealed. Objectives of the correction program are: searching for interaction of adolescents with society, finding and testing skills of effective response to external stimuli; increasing the level of self-esteem; removal of emotional tension; reducing anxiety. The results confirm the possibility of reducing the signs of neurotic manifestations of adolescents and help to delay or completely stop a possible personality disorder.

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Insulin’s Contribution to Growth in Children and the Potential for Exercise to Mediate Insulin’s Action

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.9.1.18 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 18-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Craig A. Horswill ◽

William B. Zipf ◽

C. Lawrence Kien ◽

E. Bowie Kahle

Keyword(s):

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Linear Growth ◽

Amino Acid Uptake ◽

Acid Uptake ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Anabolic Hormone

Insulin is an anabolic hormone with stimulatory effects on glucose and amino acid uptake, possibly protein synthesis, and bone growth, and inhibitory effects on protein breakdown. The precise role of insulin in the growth of healthy children is unclear, but two clinical models can be examined to illustrate insulin’s potential role in the growth of children. The cystic fibrosis (CF) patient, who exhibits poor linear growth and low lean body mass, may exhibit inadequate insulin secretion or impaired insulin action. The obese child typically has an excess of peripheral insulin, an associated acceleration of linear growth, and an accretion of lean body mass and adipose tissue. Speculation is offered on the putative role of exercise in affecting insulin action and secretion, which in turn could impact growth in children with CF or obesity.

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Role of Milk-Derived Opioid Peptides and Proline Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11010087 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 87 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Beata Jarmołowska ◽

Marta Bukało ◽

Ewa Fiedorowicz ◽

Anna Cieślińska ◽

Natalia Karolina Kordulewska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Opioid Peptides ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ◽

Significant Difference

Opioid peptides released during digestion of dietary proteins such as casein, were suggested to contribute to autism development, leading to the announcement of opioid excess hypothesis of autism. This paper examines role of enzyme proline dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV; EC 3.4.14.5) and it is exogenous substrate, β-casomorphin-7 (BCM7) in autism etiology. Our study included measurements of DPPIV and BCM7 concentrations in serum and urine, which were analyzed with ELISA assays and activity of DPPIV was measured by colorimetric test. The effect of opioid peptides from hydrolysed bovine milk on DPPIV gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in autistic and healthy children was determined using the Real-Time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method. Our research included 51 healthy children and 86 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, ICDF84). We determined that the concentration of BCM7 in serum was significantly, 1.6-fold, higher in the ASD group than in controls (p < 0.0001). Concentration of DPPIV was found to also be significantly higher in serum from ASD children compared to the control group (p < 0.01), while we did not notice significant difference in enzymatic activity of serum DPPIV between the two study groups. We confirmed correlation according to the gender between analyzed parameters. The inspiration for this study emanated from clinical experience of the daily diet role in relieving the symptoms of autism. Despite this, we have concluded that milk-derived opioid peptides and DPPIV are potentially factors in determining the pathogenesis of autism; conducted studies are still limited and require further research.

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Role of Antilipopolysaccharide Antibodies in Serum Bactericidal Activity against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Healthy Adults and Children in the United States

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00289-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (10) ◽

pp. 1491-1498 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Estela Trebicka ◽

Susan Jacob ◽

Waheed Pirzai ◽

Bryan P. Hurley ◽

Bobby J. Cherayil

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Bactericidal Activity ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

The United States ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Content Type ◽

Serovar Typhimurium

ABSTRACTRecent observations from Africa have rekindled interest in the role of serum bactericidal antibodies in protecting against systemic infection withSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. To determine whether the findings are applicable to other populations, we analyzed serum samples collected from healthy individuals in the United States. We found that all but 1 of the 49 adult samples tested had robust bactericidal activity againstS. Typhimurium in a standardin vitroassay. The activity was dependent on complement and could be reproduced by immunoglobulin G (IgG) purified from the sera. The bactericidal activity was inhibited by competition with soluble lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fromS. Typhimurium but not fromEscherichia coli, consistent with recognition of a determinant in the O-antigen polysaccharide. Sera from healthy children aged 10 to 48 months also had bactericidal activity, although it was significantly less than in the adults, correlating with lower levels of LPS-specific IgM and IgG. The lone sample in our collection that lacked bactericidal activity was able to inhibit killing ofS. Typhimurium by the other sera. The inhibition correlated with the presence of an LPS-specific IgM and was associated with decreased complement deposition on the bacterial surface. Our results indicate that healthy individuals can have circulating antibodies to LPS that either mediate or inhibit killing ofS. Typhimurium. The findings contrast with the observations from Africa, which linked bactericidal activity to antibodies against anS. Typhimurium outer membrane protein and correlated the presence of inhibitory anti-LPS antibodies with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

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