scholarly journals OPERATIONAL LEVERAGE AS A SOURCE OF PROFITABILITY OF BUSINESS IN CROATIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vedran Šupuković ◽  
Zvonko Merkaš ◽  
Zoran Gajić
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Total Revenue ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Revenue Growth ◽  
Organic Growth ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Level

Operational leverage measures the level of fixed costs in the company’s total expense and has a significant impact on the profitability of a company, especially in activities where large initial investment is necessary, and long acclimatization timeframes and high levels of revenue are needed to reach the profitability threshold. Fixed costs do not grow linearly with revenue growth and thus negatively affect profit with an insufficient level of total revenue. The paper explores the possibilities of using an operational leverage in combination with commercial policy in order to create a profit multiplier. Research has been conducted in companies in the Republic of Croatia that operate in continuity with low levels of profitability, up to 5% of net profit. In the research, the main hypothesis of work is set, by which the operational leverage is defined as a profit multiplier under the conditions of even the smallest organic growth of the enterprise in case it also operates with a high level of fixed costs. The paper begins with the fact that the effect of the operational leverage is of particular importance in certain segments of the economy that are constrained by the impossibility of entering into part of fixed costs and that their increase in profitability depends solely on the level of healthy organic growth. Accordingly, a model is considered in which an operational leverage has the ability to progressively leverage profitability, which in combination with the adequate application of commercial policy measures determines the dynamic character or processes that generate a multiplication effect even in the case of very small revenue growth. In this and such context, we are talking about the significant effect of operational leverage on company’s profitability even when neglected revenue growth affects the level of fixed cost reduction in relation to total revenue, thereby increasing profitability.

scholarly journals Financing and Success/Performance of Small Businesses in Serbia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Stoiljković ◽  
Slobodan Marić
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Total Revenue ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Revenue Growth ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
And Performance

Financing represents a general problem for small enterprises with numerous constraints. Defining the problem of research will eliminate the answer to the following research question: Does the financing of small enterprises, based on the volume and structure, determine business performance, i.e., success? As well as the overall problem orientation of this research, motivation is related to the analysis of business performance, i.e., success of small enterprises in relation to the nature of financing small businesses. It has to be defined 'The idea is to identify and define the role of financing as a factor of competitiveness and performance in small business operations, as the general objective of the paper. Lack of financial resources is one of the most common causes of failure of small enterprises. The main hypothesis is: There is a significant correlation between the volume and structure of sources of financing and the performance of small enterprises. Data: Secondary data from the reference databases (Serbian Business Registers Agency) for 2018, which include 150 cases, serve as the relevant basis for the realization of the research within the adequately set area of the research. Tools will be used to study the relationship, i.e., connectivity of selected research variables based on regression analysis in the frame of parametric quantitative procedures. Business performance variables, measured by indicators of profit and revenue growth, with variables of volume and structure of financing as is equity and % of equity as a structure; measures like time in business, total revenue, total number of employees, represent the size and age of business. Findings point to the conclusion that the volume of financing as well as the participation of own capital contribute to the business performance of small enterprises, which is measured by the most relevant variables in terms of profit and total revenue. Contribution: Based on the facts presented, we can say that all research assumptions have been confirmed, and the presented research results are significant and representative for future managerial practice of small businesses. The key contribution of this research is identification of an optimal financing structure for business performance of small enterprises.

scholarly journals Analisa Cost and Revenue Hubungannya dengan Profit Margin Hasil Pertanian Sayuran Kacang Panjang dan Mantimun pada Usaha Pertanian Sayuran Mandiri Kelurahan Jembatan Mas Kecamtan Pemayung Kabupaten Batang Hari

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
Akhmadi Akhmadi
Keyword(s):  
Price Level ◽  
Profit Margin ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Total Revenue ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Cumulative Production ◽  
Planting Season

Cost and Revenue analysis in this study is intended to examine the details of costs (costs) that must be incurred by farmers, starting from preparation for one planting season to the marketed vegetable production for two types of vegetable crops, namely Long Beans and Cucumber The details of the costs referred to will be grouped into Fixed Costs (FC) and Variable Costs (VC), then the amount of costs incurred for one park season will be obtained with the Formulation TC = FC + VC. Furthermore, from the production results of the two types of vegetable crops, Total Revenue (TR) will be calculated through the formulation TR = QXP where TR is the Total Revenue obtained from the cumulative production results for each Harvest season (Q) multiplied by the price level at each sale of each product. harvest season (P). From the Total Revenue obtained each planting season, if all costs and other obligations are deducted, it can be seen that the Net Profit for the two types of vegetable crops in question. If the calculation results between Total Cost and Total Revenue have been obtained, then the Profit Margin of each type of vegetable crop will be analyzed between Long Beans and Cucumbers by dividing the net profit (Net Profit) by the sales proceeds (TR). From this calculation, it will be obtained the results of the comparative analysis of the profit margin of the Kancang Panjang farming business with cucumber as a consideration for farmers in opening a business.

scholarly journals Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Untuk Kondisi Uncertainty

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Wiwiek Dianawati
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Profit Analysis ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
High Level

AbstrackHotels tend to have a high level of fixed cost owing to the levels of investment required. This should result in above normal profits in good times, as variable costs remaining will form a smaller proportion of additional revenue. However, while high profits can be achieved above the break-even point, high losses will result if revenue is significantly reduced. Thus much attention is given to the traditional CVP model (which ignores uncertainty), as failure to cover fixed costs in the long term can result bankruptcy for organization. This article examines the basic CVP model and describes how to include uncertainty during the decision making process.Key words: CVP model, Break-Even Point, uncertainty

National Customs and Traditions in the Educational Process for Primary School Students

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
Malik Gabdullin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
School Students ◽  
The People ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Level

The main direction of the educational process is to develop the education system in accordance with the strategic directions of social and economic development of the republic, integrating it into the world educational space, preserving its national essence through the use of national customs and traditions, as well as cultural values, creating conditions for the formation of a personality in the national spirit, development of a high level of outlook and creative potential of the personality, cognitive competences. The implementation of these tasks requires a review of the content of the educational process in the country's schools from a new methodological standpoint, based on the use of elements of national customs and traditions. Such a new methodological system shows the need for radical changes in the traditional educational process, the development of a creative approach to teaching, and the updating of the content of education on a national basis.In the modern period of the development of society in the educational process of educational institutions the principle of education is implemented, taking into account the comprehensive development of students, such a system of education and upbringing provides an opportunity for the formation of cultural and ethnic identity, it is aimed at an in-depth study of the spiritual culture of the people and the ability to connect it with modern values. This system of education and training is based on the link between national customs and traditions (customs and traditions related to children's upbringing, household customs and traditions, social customs and traditions) and the educational process.

The effect of salinity on the growth, water status, and ion content on Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris. L. var. El-Djadida)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-156
Author(s):  
Laredj-Zazou Rahma ◽  
Toumi Benali Fawzia ◽  
Bouazza Sofiane
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Organic Growth ◽  
Growth Attributes ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Post Stress

Stress salinity has an important effect on crops physiology. The scope of our study was to evaluate the effect of salt stress tolerance as determined through growth attributes, water status and ion content in (Phaseolus vul-garis. L), the variety of El-Djadida in 6 weeks post stress application. The ex-periment was performed under glasshouse, in controlled conditions, in pots and irrigated with nutrient solution of Hoagland. Plants were irrigated with water containing sodium chloride alone (100 and 200 meq.l-1) combined with sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) (100 and 150 meq.l-1). The results obtained showed that the salt application had a depressive effect on the organic growth however, this trend was dependant on the intensity of the stress. The hydric state of the plant varied with the concentration of sub-strate, thus exhibiting the ability to moderate the sensitive plant to adjust gradually to their osmotic pressure even by maintaining high concentrations of K+. The distribution of Na+, K+ and Ca++ in plant organs leaves and roots highlighted that the high level of salinity increased with levels of Na+ which inhibited the absorption of Ca++ and K+ ions.

B. ANALISA KELAYAKAN BISNIS PADA UMKM (Study Kasus Pada Usaha Tempe Murni Ita)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Agus Jonikar Ndraha ◽  
Avan Joko Prasetyawan ◽  
Ida Kurnia Wati ◽  
Ilmia Cahyasari ◽  
Nafa Alya Shintya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Business Analysis ◽  
Gross Income

Abstrak Tahun demi tahun, persaingan bisnis tempe di wilayah Surabaya kian ketat. Oleh karena itu diperlukan sebuah studi untuk mengkaji kelayakan bisnis tersebut. Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah Sebagai acuan untuk mengetahui semua biaya produksi, pendapatan kotor dan pendapatan bersih usaha tempe serta kelayakan usaha tempe di Surabaya. Penelitian dilaksanakan di daerah Sukomanunggal dengan menggunakan metode surve. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Rata-rata biaya total sebesar Rp 2.144.590 yang dihasilkan dari penjumlahan biaya tetap rata-rata sebesar Rp 160.590 dengan biaya variabel rata-rata sebesar Rp 1.984.000. Laba bersih rata-rata sekitar Rp 955.410 dari pendapatan rata-rata sebesar Rp 3.100.000 dikurangi dengan semua pengeluaran Rp 2.144.590. Analisis kewajaran usaha adalah dengan menyusun pendapatan dan pengeluaran secara keseluruhan. Rata-rata semua pendapatan Rp 3.100.000 dan semua pengeluaran rata-rata sebesar Rp 2.144.590. Dengan rasio 1,45 usaha tempe murni ITA layak untuk dijalankan.  Kata Kunci : Biaya produksi, Pendapatan kotor, Pendapatan bersih, Kelayakan usaha   Abstract From year to year, Tempe business competition in the Surabaya area is getting tougher. Therefore a study is needed to study the feasibility of the business. The purpose of this paper is as a reference to find out all the production costs, gross income, and net income of tempe businesses and the feasibility of tempe businesses in Surabaya. The study was carried out in the Sukomanunggal area using a survey method. The results showed that: The average total cost of Rp 2,144,590 resulted from the sum of the average fixed costs of Rp 160,590 with an average variable cost of Rp 1,984,000. Net profit averaged around Rp. 955,410 from an average income of Rp. 3,100,000 minus all expenses of Rp. 2,144,590. The reasonableness of business analysis is to compile overall income and expenditure. The average income of all Rp 3,100,000 and all expenses averaged Rp 2,144,590. With a ratio of 1.45, pure ITA tempe business is feasible to run.  Keywords : Production costs, Gross income, Net income, Business feasibility

Innovation in Slovenian tourism organisations

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Maja Uran Maravić ◽  
Dejan Križaj ◽  
Miha Lesjak
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Innovation Climate ◽  
High Level ◽  
Innovation Practices ◽  
First Time

The purpose – Slovenian tourism organisations must constantly focus on developing variety innovations for organisations. In this paper, we present a study conducted on innovation practices in Slovenian tourism organisations. Design/methodology – In a survey conducted on Slovenia tourism organisations, we obtained data and identified their innovation performance and the innovation climate in their area of business. There are three main hypothesis tested. Findings – The research sample of 41 organisations found that most innovation in tourism organisations came through the introduction of new services (90%), followed by innovation through new organisational methods (73%), and found a high-level climate for innovation. Worse was its assessment of research activity within organisations and cooperation with external institutions (eg. universities and research institutes) and investment in innovation activities within their research and development. Results obtained from the research showed a mean value for the innovation climate-instrument of 3.83 indicating a high innovation climate for the Slovenian tourism companies included in the sample survey. Mostly, (publicly known as) more innovative active organisations responded to our survey. From such results, we find that tourism organisations included in the survey are aware of the importance of innovation, teaching organisations to communicate well and network with other organisations, are adaptable to change and engaged with their own ideas in support of the organisation's management. Originality of the research – The contribution of the research is that it has applied the generic instrument for measuring innovation climate on tourism and the first time climate is measured in Slovenia.

Culture Management through Prism Achievements of Kazakhstan Art

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 104-121
Author(s):  
Assel Imayo ◽  
Aizhan Kalibayeva
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Cultural Management ◽  
World Community ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Thirtieth Anniversary ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Level

2021 year has become time for drawing the bottom line under the achievements in the field of culture and science for 30 years of independence of Kazakhstan. The high level of modern cultural potential, rich cultural heritage have become one of the leading factors in the formation of a positive image of Kazakhstan as a country with a distinctive culture and spiritual traditions that go deep into history. Creative personalities, public policy and private organizations contribute to the development and promotion of Kazakhstan’s art in the world, which invariably arouses interest of the world community. However, a problem of the popularization of Kazakh music, art, film and theater art is still relevant. In addition to examples of achievements and successful cases of Kazakhstan’s culture, in this article the authors try to consider the problem from the point of view of management in culture and show importance of the position of an art manager in the modern world of arts. To implement this issue, the authors studied publications on the achievements of various types of arts in recent years and also took into account reaction of domestic and foreign audiences to cultural products and projects from this area. This article lists specific achievements in the field of academic art. As the analysis of publications on this topic has shown, most of them were implemented by cultural figures in the last decade of independence of the republic. At the forefront is the question of the consistency and well-coordinated interaction of cultural management with the creative component of the academic sphere of art in Kazakhstan. And the most striking examples of successful cases of such interaction are given as well. This study has analytical value and can be presented at seminars and conferences as a demonstration of examples of achievements for reporting presentations in the year of the celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of Kazakhstan's independence.

scholarly journals Financial sustainability of home care in the health system of the Republic of Serbia

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Konstantinovic ◽  
Vesna Lazarevic ◽  
Valentina Milovanovic ◽  
Mirjana Lapcevic ◽  
Vladan Konstantinovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Home Healthcare ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Home Therapy ◽  
Healthcare Centre ◽  
Therapy Services ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Therapy Team

Introduction. Over the last several years, during the economic crisis, the Ministry of Health and the Republican Health Insurance Fund (RHIF) have been faced with new challenges in the sphere of healthcare services financing both in the primary as well as other types of health insurance in the Republic of Serbia (RS). Objective. Analysis of cost?effectiveness of two models of organization of home treatment and healthcare in the primary insurance, with evaluation of the cost sustainability of a single visit by the in?home therapy team. Methods. Economic evaluation of the cost of home treatment and healthcare provision in 2011 was performed. In statistical analysis, the methods of descriptive statistics were employed. The structure of fixed costs of home healthcare was developed according to the RS official norms, as well as fixed costs of providing services of home therapy by the Healthcare Centre "New Belgrade". The statement of account for provided home therapy services was made utilizing the RHIF price list. Results. The results showed that the cost of home healthcare and therapy of the heterogeneous population of patients in the Healthcare Centre "New Belgrade" was more cost?effective in relation to the cost of providing home therapy services according to the RS official norms. Conclusion. Approved costs utilized when making a contract for services of home therapy and healthcare with the RHIF are not financially sustainable. It was shown that the price of 10 EUR for each home visit by the in?home therapy team enables sustainability of this form of providing healthcare services in RS.

scholarly journals Features of formation and development of human capital in the agricultural sector

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Tat'ianа Tsetsiarynets
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Vocational Qualifications ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Agroindustrial Complex ◽  
High Level ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The relevance of the research topic is to study the features and factors of human capital formation in the agricultural sector. Purpose: the analysis and assessment of the key macroeconomic indicators, socio-economic factors and institutional conditions of investment ensuring formation of the human capital in the Republic of Belarus. Methods – analysis, synthesis, comparisons, tabular, etc. Results of work: the development of human capital allows us to solve numerous socio-economic problems and accelerate the innovative development of the agricultural sector. Human capital is becoming the main source of change in society, as well as a factor in its improvement and transition to a new quality. There is an important problem of the lack of smart and resourceful people in the agricultural sector. It requires people with a high level of professionalism, good knowledge and skills. Nowadays, the possibilities of using and developing innovative labor potential and the effective involvement of resourceful people in labor activity are unfortunately limited. Conclusions: the characteristics of the formation of human capital in the agrarian sphere have been studied, as well as the evolution of their development. The factors determining the accumulation of human capital in agroindustrial complex have been systematized. The main problems of the shortage of agricultural specialists have been identified. These problems are the decline in the vocational qualifications of workers, the outflow of personnel from rural areas, the decline in the prestige of agrarian professions and as a result reluctance of graduates to go to work after their education.

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