Kaolin in pharmaceutical preparations: a review

Background: Kaolin is a clay mineral with Al2Si2O5(OH)4 structure which can be found in sedimentary rocks also known as clay stones. Kaolin consists of clay materials such as quartz, illite, smectite, and hematite, with the largest constituent component being kaolinite. Kaolin is one of the most common minerals with an abundant presence in the earth's crust compared to other minerals, especially in Indonesia. In the pharmaceutical sector, this clay mineral is widely used in Indonesia. Kaolin is known to be a good adsorbent and has good physical, chemical, and surface physicochemical properties. Objective: This review article aims to provide information about the uses of kaolin in the pharmaceutical industry. Methods: This review article was written by conducting a literature search study method in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Results: In the pharmaceutical field, kaolin is used as an excipient in various types of medicinal preparations, one of which is as a suspension agent because of its ability to stabilize suspensions in a deflocculated state as an emulsifying agent, crushing agent, filling agent, and drug carrier. As an active substance, kaolin is widely used because it has a therapeutic activity. In the cosmetic industry, kaolin can be administered in a variety of topical dosage forms which act as skin protective agents or sunscreens. Conclusion: Based on the results of the review, it was found that kaolin, with its abundant presence on earth and its great potential in the pharmaceutical field, is used as an active medicinal substance, excipient ingredient, and in the cosmetic field as a sunscreen. Keywords: Kaolin, excipient, active pharmaceutical ingredient, cosmetics

High Stakes in the High North: Alternative Models for Greenland’s Ongoing Constitutional and Political Transformation

Given the widespread attention and curiosity that accompanied the critical response to former President Trump’s 2019 Greenland purchase initiative, even in the absence of forward movement on the plan, the White House’s renewed (and continuing under the new Biden administration) interest in the Arctic and its increasing commitment to engagement and forward presence in the High North Atlantic region, has nonetheless been positively reinforced in the many months since – and this surely has not escaped the attention of America’s principal rivals in Beijing and Moscow, nor of its friends in Greenland, Iceland and across the lightly-settled and strategically salient North Atlantic. As Greenland continues its transformation from colony to autonomy and beyond toward a more formally independent sovereign status, several models are examined in this thought essay that Greenland could potentially pursue as it evolves from its current constitutional and political form. Because of the dynamic uncertainties of the polar thaw, and the return of Westphalian state competition to the Arctic region in recent years, the potential independence of Greenland becomes instead a strategic wildcard needing to be closely studied and pro-actively engaged to ensure a future sovereign Greenland maintains the close, collaborative and friendly relationship with the United States and the West, optimally as part of NATO, that it currently pursues as a constituent component of Denmark.

Mechanical Properties of Silica Fume Modified High-Volume Fly Ash Rubberized Self-Compacting Concrete

The existing form of self-compacting concrete (SCC) comprises of a large amount of powdered and fine materials. In this study, a part of the cementitious material was replaced with constant high-volume fly ash, and a portion of fine aggregates was substituted by crumb rubber (CR). Besides that, silica fume (SF) was added, with the hope that by implementing a new type of nanomaterial, the loss in mechanical strength due to previous modifications such as rubberization and replacement will be prevented. Two variables were found to influence the constituent/component in the mix design: SF and CR. The proportion of SF varies from 0% to 10%, while that of CR from 0% to 30% by volume of the total river sand, where 55% of cement was replaced by the fly ash. A total of 13 rubberized SCC samples with CR and SF as controlling variables were made, and their design mix was produced by a Design of Experiment (DOE) under the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results reveal a slight increase in the mechanical properties with the addition of SF. The theoretical mathematical models and equation for each different mechanical strength were also developed after incorporating the experimental results into the software.

Biological Activity of MelAnnurca Flesh Apple Biophenols

Background: The apple is among the most consumed fruits in the world and several studies suggest that apple polyphenols could play a role in preventing degenerative diseases. Recent studies have shown that polyphenols possess a high antioxidant and/or anti-proliferative power, therefore their food intake could play a decisive role in the prevention of various pathologies, in particular those associated with the production of free radicals. The Annurca apple (MelAnnurca), a variety from southern Italy, is called the "queen of apples" due to its remarkable organoleptic qualities: taste, flavor and aroma. The Annurca apple is a constituent component of the Mediterranean diet and its potential health benefit could be attributed to a large amount of bioactive components; in fact, this apple is characterized by an extremely high content of polyphenols. Objective: The aim of this paper was to review the most recent literature regarding the health benefits of Annurca apples and their phytochemicals. In particular, this review highlighted the effects of the flesh of this fruit on different types of human cells. Methods: A literature research was performed using the keywords “Annurca”, “apple”, “flesh”, “fruit”, “polyphenols”, “nutrition”, “nutraceuticals”, individually or all together, in Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed. Results: The MelAnnurca apple has a higher content of bioactive compounds (polyphenols) than other apples, making it an ideal source of nutraceuticals. Both the cytotoxic activity and the antioxidant effect of the extracts of polyphenols obtained from its flesh have been highlighted. Conclusion: These results give new insights for future implementation of the production chain of the Annurca apple in the area of Campania, Southern Italy. However, although evidence to support the health benefits of MelAnnurca apple polyphenols is rapidly accumulating, further human studies may be needed before the public is convinced and willing to incorporate the apple Annurca into their diet, accepting the idea that the integration of polyphenols has a beneficial effect on the health of the human body.

ANALISIS PROKSIMAT KEONG MAS DARI POKLAHSAR MAJU JAYA, TEGAL

Poklahsar Maju Jaya yang berlokasi di Tegal memproduksi banyak produk olahan perikanan. Salah satu produk olahan perikanan yang menjadi andalan pada Poklahsar ini adalah Keong Mas. Keong Mas termasuk ke dalam value added product yang diolah dengan menggunakan bahan baku daging ikan giling. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses pengolahan Keong Mas sebagai value added product, dan mengetahui nutrisi produk Keong Mas melalui analisis proksimat pangan. Terdapat dua jenis data dalam penelitian ini, antara lain: data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui pengamatan langsung, sementara data sekunder diperoleh melalui hasil analisis proksimat yang dilakukan oleh Poklahsar Maju Jaya. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif. Jenis ikan yang digunakan oleh Poklahsar Maju Jaya untuk membuat produk olahan berupa Keong Mas adalah Ikan Swangi (Priacanthus tayenus). Jenis ikan ini banyak tersedia di perairan Tegal sehingga memudahkan untuk pengolahan yang berkelanjutan. Proses pengolahan Keong Mas terdiri dari beberapa tahapan, antara lain: penerimaan bahan baku, pencucian, thawing, pencampuran dan pengadonan, pembentukan, pemasakan, pendinginan, sortasi, pengemasan dan pelabelan, penyimpanan, dan pemuatan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis proksimat, diketahui bahwa kadar air merupakan komponen penyusun yang paling tinggi di dalam produk Keong Mas, yaitu sebesar 55.28%, dan disusul dengan kadar karbohidrat total adalah 34.90%. Apabila dibandingkan dengan SNI 7656:2013, maka gizi dalam produk Keong Mas memenuhi standar yang telah ditentukan.Poklahsar Maju Jaya, located in Tegal, produces many processed fishery products. One of the featured processed fishery products in Poklahsar is Keong Mas. Keong Mas is included in the value added product which is processed by using raw material for ground fish meat. This study aims to determine the processing of Keong Mas as a value added product, knowing the nutrition of Keong Mas through proximate analysis. There are two types of data in this study, including primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through direct observation, while secondary data were obtained through proximate analysis results conducted by Poklahsar Maju Jaya. The analytical method used in this research is descriptive analysis. The type of fish used by Poklahsar Maju Jaya to make Keong Mas is Swangi (Priacanthus tayenus) fish. This type of fish is widely available in Tegal waters making it easier for sustainable processing. Processing of Keong Mas consists of several stages, including: receipt of raw materials, washing, thawing, mixing and mixing, forming, cooking, cooling, sorting, packaging and labeling, storage, and loading. Based on the results of proximate analysis, it was known that water content was the highest constituent component in Keong Mas, which was equal to 55.28%, and followed by carbohydrate level, which was equal to 34.90%. When being compared to SNI 7656:2013, the nutrition in Keong Mas met the specified standards.

THE EFFECT OF GIVING CONCENTRATES CONTAINING KELOR LEAF FLOURS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS ON NITROGEN UTILISATION OF LOCAL GOAT

The study aimed to determine the effect of the use of feed concentrates containing Moringa leaf flour on protein consumption, protein digestibility and rumen ammonia concentration. Data were analyzed using a randomized block design (RBD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications, and continued with the Duncan test. The treatments in this study include: K1: Concentrate without the use of Moringa leaf flour; Concentrate with the addition of 10% Moringa leaf flour; K3: Concentrate with the use of Moringa leaf flour 20%; and K4: Concentrate with the use of 30% Moringa leaf flour. The variables determined were Rough Protein Consumption and Digestion and rumen NH3 Concentration. The results showed that protein (g / tail / day) consumption and crude protein digestibility (%) were highest in the treatment of K4: 36.37 and 72.01, then followed by K3: 35.81 da. 71.93; K2: 35.06 and 69.85 and K1: 31.99 and 59.91. The highest rumen NH3 (mM) concentration is also occupied by K4: 19.77 followed; K3: 18.24; K2: 16.48 and K1: 11.16. The results of statistical analysis showed that the treatment had no significant effect (p> 0.05) on consumption and had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the digestibility coefficient of crude protein and rumen NH3. It was concluded that the use of Moringa leaf flour as a constituent component to the level of 30% can be used for animal feed to increase consumption and nutrient digestibility of livestock as well as the provision of rumen NH3.

Relevance of power saving at mining farms

Introduction: mining has recently aroused substantial interest inRussia due to the rise in crypto-currency rates. Therefore, new coins are harder to obtain, and mining equipment turns more expensive. Computation capacities are provided by mining farms, and the number of their computation modules reaches 20 units, if operated by natural persons, and 300 – 5,000 units, if operated by major computation centres. One of the factors restraining the development of industrialscale mining, consists in high power consumption rates demonstrated by major computation centres. Therefore, the problem of high-quality power supply to mining farms gains relevance both in terms of the efficient use of electric power sources and in terms of the protection of expensive machines.Methods: the co-authors have analyzed power saving problems that accompany the incorporation of industrial mining farms, substantiated the need to design and develop the unique equipment, connectable to mining farms because the circulation of the reactive component of electric power between the source of alternate current and the accumulator causes losses of energy in the wires of the electric circuit. The overloading of the circuit by the reactive current causes the need to improve the capacity of the energy source, reduces the circuit voltage and makes it fluctuate. The co-authors have performed an overview of air and liquid-based cooling systems applied to mining farms. They also describe the principle of the cooling system involving submersion, which has a strong potential as a constituent component of major mining farms.Findings and discussion: the co-authors have formulated their idea aimed at the improvement of the performance of mining farms. They present a power saving system centered around the reactive capacity compensation, filtration of upper harmonics and compensation of voltage tilts.Conclusion: the co-authors have formulated the objectives of research in the area of power efficiency and capacity improvement at mining farms.

Alat Pengering Model Rak Bersusun Sistem Kolektor Plat Datar Sumber Energi Panas Matahari Untuk Meningkatkan Mutu Dan Higienis Produk Industri Kecil Kerupuk Dan Jagung Marning Usaha Sima Indah Kupang

- Crackers and corn marning flat plate collector systems use solar energy to improve the quality and hygiene of small industrial products crackers and corn marning the Sima Indah brand is a tool that utilizes solar radiation energy after passing through the collecting plate, the heat received is used to dry crackers and corn material marning. The main constituent component of a flat plate collector is the plate as a collector cover, a zinc plate painted black to enhance absorbency to function as an absorber plate, insulating material from cork or wood powder, and blocks and dryers from teak boards. Construction of crackers and corn marning models is very simple because the raw materials and materials for making, workmanship is easy to obtain, the design is short and does not require a long time. The method of community service is the provision of materials, design and manufacture of tools, demonstration of tools and the provision of cracker dryers and marning corn with solar energy flat plate collector systems have been made by a team for small industries Sima Indah corn processed products, simulation tools, special counseling at partner locations and contribute advice as a follow-up in production resilience. The output of the program can increase production value added by 20 kg - 30 kg of raw material to 40 kg - 50 kg, in terms of drying time 4-7 days to 2-3 days and speed in mass production, hygiene and guarantee of cleanliness.

Kitosan dari Kulit Udang sebagai Pendeteksi Borak pada Mie Basah, Formalin pada Tahu dan Merkuri pada Ikan Segar

Abstrak: Kitosan adalah turunan dari kitin yang merupakan komponen penyusun dari kulit udang. Kitosan berfungai untuk mendeteksi bahan kimia berbahaya seperti boraks, formalin dan merkuri, didasari oleh kemampuan kitosan sebagai absorben. Ekstraksi kitosan dari kulit udang dilakukan secara kimiawi dengan melibatkan beberapa proses yaitu deproteinisasi, demineralisasi, depigmentasi dan deasetilasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahuan pengaruh perbedaan jumlah kitosan (0,2 g, 0,4 g dan 0,6 g) dan perbedaan bahan kimia (boraks, formalin dan merkuri) terhadap perubahan fisik dari mie basah, tahu dan ikan segar. Hasil analisis kitosan menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan nilai penyerapan tertinggi oleh merkuri, kedua boraks dan ketiga formalin. Analisis Lab color pada kitosan memiliki hasil yang berkesinambungan dengan nilai absorbansi kitosan. Hasil analisis pada bahan makanan mie basah, tahu dan ikan segar, perubahan terbaik diperoleh pada interaksi konsentrasi kitosan 15 g dan waktu 20 menit. Chitosan of Shirimp Shells to Detect Hazardous Chemicals in Food such as Borax of Wet Noodle, Formalin of Tofu and Mercury of Fresh Fish Abstract: Chitosan is derivative of kitin which is the constituent component of shrimp shells. Chitosan serves to detect hazardous chemicals in food such as borax, formalin and mercury, which is based on the ability of chitosan as absorbent. Chitosan extraction from shrimp shells is done chemically though several processes that are deproteinization, demineralization, depigmentation, deasetilation. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of difference of chitosan (0.2 g, 0.4 g dan 0.6 g) and difference of chemical (borax, formalin and mercury) toward physical changes of wet noodle, tofu and fresh fish. The result of chitosan using UV-Vis Spechtrofotometer showed the highest value of absorbance is mercury, the second is borax an the third is formalin. The analyze of chitosan Lab color has the same result with chitosan absorbance. Analysis results on wet noodle, tofu and fresh fish, the best changes was obtained with inteaction treatment 15 g consentration of chitosan and 20 minutes.

Penggunaan Bahan Inkonvensional Sebagai Sumber Bahan Pakan

The availability of commonly used feed ingredients currently decreases production. This is due to the limited land that has begun to be degraded so that agricultural yields also decline. For this reason, it is necessary to look for other alternatives from the source of raw materials for feed in addition to common ingredients. The use of alternative (unconventional) feed ingredients is constrained by the limited data from the analysis of its chemical composition. In this study a table of feed ingredients composition has not been listed in the table of pre-existing feed composition. The aim is to provide information to the public about the content of unconventional materials that do not yet exist in the composition table. Thus it can be a reference to be used as a constituent component of rations. The test method used is the proximate analysis of the Weendee method. The test parameters included water content, ash content, crude fat content, crude fiber content and crude protein content. From the results of this study, several conventional materials have not been included in the composition table