Uso de Resíduo Madeireiro Amazônico na Fabricação de Tijolos de Solo-Cimento no Município de Alta Floresta – MT / Timber Residue Use in the Manufacture of Soil-Cement Bricks for Civil Construction in the City of Alta Floresta- MT

Resumo: A discussão sobre edificações sustentáveis vem sendo abordada há décadas por diferentes autores, em geral com foco no consumo energético e na vida útil dos materiais, contudo para atender esses objetivos são necessárias novas tecnologias que promovam mais sustentabilidade. Para tanto, a inclusão de fibras vegetais em compostos de solo-cimento se mostram uma alternativa interessante, e pelo fato do setor industrial madeireiro movimentar a economia local no município de Alta Floresta o resíduo serragem passa a ser um possível agregado nos tijolos ecológicos, uma vez que o armazenamento inadequado deste resíduo pode causar sérios impactos ambientais, portanto, este estudo se propôs a desenvolver um tijolo ecológico fabricado a partir da mistura de solo-cimento e serragem de três espécies florestais da Amazônia, Cambará - Vochysia sp., Cedrinho - Erisma uncinatum Warm., Garapeira. - Apuleia sp, e ainda avaliar a resistência a compressão com intervalos de cura de 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias, com o intuito de verificar a viabilidade do material construtivo. Para a realização do experimento, os tijolos foram fabricados com traço de 1:8:2,5, (cimento: solo: serragem) e a serragem utilizada com dois tratamentos, in natura e tratada por imersão e padronização granulométrica. O material misturado foi compactado em uma prensa hidráulica. Como resultado, os tijolos com serragem apresentaram valores de resistência mecânica de: Cedrinho 1,26Mpa, Cambará 1,70Mpa e Garapeira 1,95Mpa e teores de absorção de umidade de 15,7%, 17,6% e 13,8%, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: Sustentabilidade. Tijolo solo-cimento. Serragem. Abstract: The discussion about sustainable edifications has been addressed in decades by different authors, generally focusing energetic consume and the materials lifespan, however to reach these goals it is necessary new technologies that promote more sustainability. For that the inclusion of vegetal fibers in soil-cements composts present as an interesting alternative, and because the timber industry moves the local economy in the city of Alta Floresta the sawdust residue become a possible aggregate of ecologic bricks since inadequate storage of this material can cause serious environment impacts, therefore this study propose to develop an ecologic brick manufactured by the mix of soil-cement and sawdust of three Amazonian species: Cambará - Vochysia sp., Cedrinho - Erisma uncinatum Warm, Garapeira. - Apuleia sp., and also evaluate the compression resistance in 7, 14, 21, 28 days intervals, aiming to verify the feasibility of the constructive material. To carry out the experiment the bricks were manufacture with the ratio of 1:8:2,5 (cement: soil: sawdust), and the sawdust used was treated twice, in natura, treated by immersion and granulometric standardization. The mixed material was compacted in a hydraulic press. As a result, the sawdust bricks showed resistance values of: Cedrinho 1.26 MPa, Cambará 1.70 MPa and Garapeira 1.95 MPa and humidity absorption percentage of 15.7%, 17.6%, and 13.8% % respectively.Keywords: Sustainably, Ecologic Brick, Sawdust

Tensile and Liquid Absorption Properties of Polyester-based Composites as Alternative Marble Materials

Three polyester-based composite materials were prepared with different volume fractions of three types of fillers (i.e. cement, gypsum and limestone) with the aim of improving the tensile and liquid absorption properties of the former for the synthetic marble industry. The tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, toughness, ductility and liquid absorption percentage of the composites were characterized. Results revealed an increase in the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and toughness of all prepared composites, as well as a decrease in their ductility, with increasing filler amount. The liquid absorption values of all composites increased with increasing filler content. The composites were able to absorb water extensively but absorbed benzene, kerosene and gasoil minimally.

The role of betel (Piper betle) leaf extract and glycerol on physical properties of bioplastic based on sago starch

Starch-based bioplastic from sago is one of the potential sources in Indonesia. Since it is made from natural ingredients, it is easier to absorb water and susceptible to the activity of microorganisms. Betel leaf extract is one of natural antimicrobial agent that rich of tannin and flavonoid. This study aims to investigate physical properties and antimicrobial activity of sago (Metroxylon sp.) starch-based bioplastic. The betel leaf was extracted by using the ultrasonication method with ethanol as a solvent. Betel leaf concentrated extract is diluted using aquadest with a concentration of 2 g/100 mL (2%) to be applied as an antimicrobial agent in bioplastics. The compositions of glycerol were varied from 10-30% whereas betel leaf extract from 3-9%(v) in the manufacture of bioplastics. The results show that the highest density of 1.5 g/cm3 was achieved at the composition of glycerol and betel leaf extract, respectively, 30%(v) and 9%(v). The highest water absorption percentage was shown by sample with 30%(v) glycerol without addition of betel leaf extract, that was 83.31%. The antibacterial activity showed that the addition of betel leaf extract to bioplastics was able to inhibit the activity of bacteria (Bacillus cereus). The best inhibition were shown in bioplastics with a variation of 20%(v) glycerol and 9%(v) betel leaf extract addition. However, all variation did not show their inhibition with fungal activity (Aspergillus niger).

EROSION WEAR AND HARDNESS SHORE D OF EPOXY RESIN FILLED WITH PISTACHIO POWDER

In this research, erosion wear rate and hardness shore D for polymer biocomposite materials were investigated. The present bio-composites made up of differing weight percentage of pistachio shell powder (0%, 5%, 7%, and 9%) with epoxy resin was prepared by hand layout method. The erosion wear rates for bio composites obtained with under constant factors (10 hours, 60º impingement angles, sand silica particles 850μm, standoff distance 23 cm, flow rate 45 L/min, room temperature, nozzle diameter 4mm and pump diameter 50 mm). Results show that the specimen (epoxy + 9% pistachio shell powder) has the best erosion wear rate resistance and hardness shore D compared with other specimens, also the specimen reinforced by 9% pistachio shell have the lower density and highest water absorption percentage and it is found that the improving percentage for the this specimen in hardness is (11.5%) and in erosion wear rate is (775%). The study reveals that the addition of pistachio shell powder to the epoxy reduces its erosion wear rate and semi ductile behavior.

Effect of Filler Concentration and Time Sonication of ZnO Composite for Radar Absorbing Material Applications

Effects of filler concentration and sonication time on the structure, morphology, reflection loss and absorption percentage of ZnO composite was investigated. The structure, morphology, reflection loss and absorption percentage of the composite was investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The ZnO composite was made by solution mixing method with the epoxy resin as a filler varied of 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt%. The hardener was mixed to the ZnO composite by the composition of 2: 1. The sonication time was varied of 30, 45 and 60 minutes. The XRD showed that the crystal structure of ZnO composite was confirmed as a hexagonal structure and the structure was not change for all composite. The VNA results showed that the optimum reflection loss value was-9.37042 dB at the frequency of 12.3 GHz for the filler composition of 20 wt% and sonification time of 45 minutes. On the other hand, the minimum reflection loss value was-6.86845 dB at the frequency of 12.3 GHz for the filler composition of 10 wt% and sonification time of 45 minutes. In addition, the optimum absorption percentage was 18 % at a filler composition of 10 wt% with 60 minutes sonication time. This study demonstrates a promising method to improve a microwave absorption of ZnO composites.

The Effects of Henna Fillers on the Properties of Polyurethane Foam Composites

Polyurethane (PU) foam were produced from polyol (PolyGreen R3110) and 4,4- diphenylmethane diisocyanate (Maskiminate 80) with distilled water as a blowing agent. Natural fibers have received more attention from researchers due to their ability to increase the properties of the polymer composites. In this work, PU/Henna foam composites were prepared by used Henna fibers at different loading of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt. %. The effect of different Henna loading on PU foam were investigated by density, compression test, morphology and water absorption. Core density of PU/Henna foam composites increased with addition Henna compared to control PU and showed highest core density of 85.10 kgm-3. Compressive strength decreased to 0.53 MPa after Henna addition at 5 % PU/Henna foam composites. Henna addition to 20 % PU/Henna foam composites were reduced the compressive strength to 0.97 MPa due to stiffness effect of Henna that contributed to embrittlement of the cell wall. The distorted cell wall and less uniform of cell structure were proved by SEM due to Henna addition as compared to control PU. Water absorption percentage of PU/Henna foam composites were increased with Henna addition as compared to control PU. It is because hydrophilic properties of Henna tendency to absorb moisture.

Fabrication, Characterization and Drilling Operation of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composite With Filler (Fly-Ash/Graphene)

The aim of the work is to investigate mechanical properties and machining (drilling) behaviour glass-sisal-epoxy hybrid composite (GSEHC) with filler as fly-ash and graphene. Hybrid composites are fabricated by hand lay-up technique using Eglass and sisal as reinforcement fiber and epoxy as binder. Mechanical and physical properties like tensile, bending, impact strength, hardness, density and water absorption percentage are examined. The interfacial properties, internal cracks and internal structure of fractured are observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Further drilling operation on the fabricated Hybrid composite was carried by varying the spindle speed as 600 rpm, 900 rpm, 1200 rpm to observe suitable drilling speed to carry the circularity test and delamination factors.

Effects of Polypropylene Fiber Content on Strength and Workability Properties of Concrete

Low tensile strength of plain concrete is due to the inherent presence of microcracks due to drying shrinkage occurrences or other causes of volume changes in concrete. The addition of a proper amount of fibers to concrete would act as crack arrester thus improves its static or dynamic properties. In this paper, the concrete with different amount of polypropylene fiber was investigating to find out the fibers effect on its fresh and mature properties. A plain concrete mix (reference mix) prepared for comparison purposes. Nine concrete mixes were prepared with different fiber volume fraction (FVF) ranging from 0.06% to 2.16%. It has been found out that the fiber content of the concrete mix will increase compressive, splitting, and flexural strengths of the concrete at the age of 28 days. The strengths increased and reached their maximum value at a corresponding (FVF) of about 0.36%. In comparison with the reference mix, the increase in the maximum compressive strength was about 18%, while the increase in maximum splitting tensile strength was about 16% and the increase in flexural strength was about 14%. When the fiber content increased beyond the mentioned 0.36% volume fraction: The concrete strengths started to decrease due to high volume fiber interface with the cohesiveness of the concrete matrix causing difficulty in concrete compaction with lowering its workability. At fiber (FVF) of 0.96%, the concrete slump value became zero. Thus, forced vibration needed for the compaction. For each mature concrete mix density and water absorption percentage were measured. It has been noticed that with an increase of fiber dosage in the concrete mix its density will decrease leading to contrarily an increase in the water absorption percentage. This was due to an increase in air void in the concrete due to the reduction in the workability of the concrete.

The effect of using synthetic fibers on some properties of modified juss

This paper examines the mechanical properties of a composite material made of modified Iraqi gypsum (juss) reinforced with polypropylene fibers. The modified juss was prepared by adding two percentages of cement (5, 10) %. Two percentages of polypropylene fibers were used, to reinforce the modified juss (1, 2) %. The water/dry compound ratio used was equal to 0.53%. The composite was evaluated based on compressive strength, flexural strengths, absorption percentage, density, acoustic impedance, ultra - pulse velocity, longitudinal shrinkage and setting time tests. The results indicated that the inclusion of cement on to juss increases the compressive strength, absorption percentage, density, acoustic impedance, ultra - pulse velocity, longitudinal shrinkage and a reduction in flexural strength and setting time were observed by adding the cement. In addition, the inclusion of polypropylene fiber was significant in improving mechanical performance of the composite material, it shows a great improvement in longitudinal shrinkage, modulus of rupture and absorption percentages.

Pembuatan Filter Penangkap Emas (Au) Menggunakan Kitin dan Kitosan dari Cangkang Kepiting

[Title: Manufacture of Gold (Au) Capture Filters Using Chitin and Chitosan from Crab Shells]. This study aims to analyze the ratio of absorption capacity between chitin, chitosan and chitin-chitosan mixture from crab shells as a Gold catcher filter (Au). The preparation of chitin and chitosan from crab shells begins with demineralization using 1.5 M HCl, deproteination using 3.5% NaOH and deacetylation using 60% HCl. Chitosan that formed characterized and analyz ed its ability to absorb gold using AAS (Atomic Absorbsion Spectroscopy). The result of analysis using AAS showed that chitin was able to absorb 67.76%, chitin-chitosan mixture 83.57% and chitosan 87.82%. The result showed that chitosan had better absorption percentage to Gold (Au).