Microbiome-Metabolites Analysis Reveals Unhealthy Alterations in the Gut Microbiota but Improved Meat Quality with a High-Rice Diet Challenge in a Small Ruminant Model

Effects of a high-rice dietary proportion on the meat quality, acute phase reaction proteins (APRPs) and colonic microbiota and metabolites in goats are rarely reported. This study was designed to investigate the meat quality and metabolism in goats. Sixteen goats were equally divided into two groups and fed a control diet (Con, 55% concentrate) or a high-rice diet (HR, 90% concentrate) for five weeks. We found that the HR diet improved the slaughtering characteristic and meat quality but induced an acute phase reaction and decreased bacterial richness and diversity when compared to the control group. Furthermore, the levels of acetate, propionate and total VFA concentrations were higher in the colonic contents of the HR-fed goats than in those of the control group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the HR diet decreased the pH value, lactic acid concentration and increased the activity of amylase and lipopolysaccharide concentration in the colonic contents of goats (p < 0.05). The proportion of Oscillibacter increased while Phocaeicola and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group significantly decreased with the HR diet (p < 0.05). Collectively, the HR diet induced an acute phase reaction and altered the colonic bacterial community, which increases the health risk to growing goats.

The effect of a brown-rice diets on glycemic control and metabolic parameters in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials

Background Brown rice is a whole-grain food that is often assumed to have a lower glycemic index compared to white rice. A few studies have objectively confirmed the effect of a brown-rice diet on glycemic control and metabolic parameters compared to a white-rice diet. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of brown rice on improving glycemic control and metabolic parameters in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. The researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials. Methods PRISMA guidelines were used as the basis of this systematic review. Relevant studies were identified by searching the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (PubMed), as well as Epistemonikos for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials published not later than January 2021 involving adults with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus who were consuming brown rice compared to those consuming white rice. The primary outcomes measured were glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels. The secondary outcomes were body weight, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, LDL and HDL-cholesterol levels. The mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between brown and white-rice-diet groups were calculated using a random-effects model. Results Seven trials involving 417 adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes were included in this study. Brown-rice diet did not improve the glycemic control because it had no effect on the HbA1c level (p = 0.15) and the FBG level (p = 0.95) compared to white-rice diet. Brown-rice diet reduced body weight (p < 0.00001; MD −2.2 kg; 95% CI [−3.13 to −1.26]; I2 = 0%). However, it had no effect on the waist circumference (p = 0.09), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.60) and diastolic blood pressure level (p = 0.40). HDL-cholesterol level is increased in brown-rice diet (p = 0.01; MD 0.10, 95% CI [0.02 to 0.17]; I2 = 44%) but it had no effect on the LDL-cholesterol level (p = 0.81). Conclusions The available evidence indicated that consuming brown rice in substitute for white rice does not affect glycemic control (HbA1c and FBG levels) in pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients. Brown rice, however, may be used as an alternative for white rice in such patients because it was found to reduce body weight and increase the HDL-cholesterol level. The benefits of a brown-rice diet on glycemic control may not be detected in short-term studies. The obtained evidence in this meta-analysis ranged from low to moderate quality. Thus, more high-quality trials with a larger sample size and a longer follow-up duration are needed to further investigate the effects of a brown-rice diet on diabetes glycemic control with stronger evidence. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019143266

Mice derived from in vitro αMEM-cultured preimplantation embryos exhibit postprandial hyperglycemia and higher inflammatory gene expression in peripheral leukocytes

ABSTRACT We examined whether peripheral leukocytes of mice derived from in vitro αMEM-cultured embryos and exhibiting type 2 diabetes had higher expression of inflammatory-related genes associated with the development of atherosclerosis. Also, we examined the impact of a barley diet on inflammatory gene expression. Adult mice were produced by embryo transfer, after culturing two-cell embryos for 48 h in either α minimal essential media (α-MEM) or potassium simplex optimized medium control media. Mice were fed either a barley or rice diet for 10 weeks. Postprandial blood glucose and mRNA levels of several inflammatory genes, including Tnfa and Nox2, in blood leukocytes were significantly higher in MEM mice fed a rice diet compared with control mice. Barley intake reduced expression of S100a8 and Nox2. In summary, MEM mice exhibited postprandial hyperglycemia and peripheral leukocytes with higher expression of genes related to the development of atherosclerosis, and barley intake reduced some gene expression.

PSVI-32 The effects of varying amylose levels in different diets on digestibility and glycemic response in canines

This study was conducted to compare the digestibility of pulse-based diets to grain-based diets based on varying levels of amylose and study how changes in digestibility impacts glycemic response in dogs. To establish glycemic response, six diets were formulated at an inclusion level of 20% available starch with varying amylose content. A grain-based diet was formulated using rice, while pulse-based diets consisted of smooth pea, wrinkled pea (4140–4 and Amigold varieties), faba bean, or lentil. Beagles (n = 8, 4 females, 4 males) were fed the 6 different test diets for 7 days in a randomized, cross-over, blinded design. At the end of each feeding period, fecal samples were collected and beagles were fasted overnight and subjected to a glycemic test (1g/kg of diet or glucose fed). Data collected were statistically analyzed using SigmaPlot 12.0 and significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. Amylose levels of diets varied from 4.64% to 14.82% on a dry basis. The rice-based diet had the lowest amylose content, while the wrinkled pea (Amigold variety) diet had the highest amylose content. Following the collection of glycemic response and fecal data, repeated-measures, 1-way ANOVA’s were conducted. There were significant differences observed between diets based on peak glucose levels (mmol/L, P = 0.01). The rice diet had the highest peak in glucose, while the lentil-based diet had the lowest glucose peak. Significant differences were also seen between diets based on their digestibility (P &lt; 0.001). Rice, lentil, faba bean and smooth pea-based diets had the highest levels of digestibility, while wrinkled pea varieties had decreased digestibility. Furthermore, varying amylose found in diets can be viewed as an impacting factor on glycemic response and digestibility. Incorporating pulses with higher amounts of amylose could be utilized in dog diets to promote a low glycemic response through decreased rates of digestibility.

Impact of a Rice-Centered Diet on the Quality of Sleep in Association with Reduced Oxidative Stress: A Randomized, Open, Parallel-Group Clinical Trial

Previously, we found that a Japanese diet was associated with psychological status, and a combination of rice and miso was related to mental and physical health. We hypothesized that the intake of a rice-based diet affected mental and physical health and aimed to investigate the consequences of a dietary intervention with rice. We conducted a randomized, open-label, parallel-group clinical trial that included 60 participants, who were randomly assigned to receive either rice-based meals or meals with other cereals for three daily meals over 2 months. The participants were surveyed for psychological status and biochemical changes. Sleep quality index scores showed significant improvement after the rice-based intervention. Additionally, blood oxidative stress levels were reduced in the rice-diet group compared with the no-rice-diet group. Although the molecular mechanisms should be investigated in detail, our findings suggest that controlling oxidative stress through the intake of a rice-centered diet may be key to improving sleep quality.

Multi-Grain Rice Diet Decreases Risk of Breast Cancer in Korean Women: Results from the Health Examinees Study

Although a number of studies explain the association between dietary patterns, which take into account that foods are eaten in combination, and breast cancer risk, the findings are inconsistent. We examined the association between dietary patterns and multi-grain rice intake, and the risk of breast cancer in a large-scale prospective cohort study in Korean women. A total of 93,306 women aged 40–69 years from the Health Examinees-Gem (HEXA-G) study (2004 and 2013) were included. We obtained Information on cancer diagnosis via linkage to the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Factor analysis was conducted to obtain dietary patterns, and Cox proportional models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for breast cancer risk. For 494,490 person-years, 359 new cases of breast cancer occurred. We identified three major dietary patterns, that explained 23.9% of the total variance based on daily total food intake (g/day) from 37 food groups: the meat dietary pattern (higher intake of bread and red meat), the white rice dietary pattern (higher intake of white rice and lower intake of multi-grain rice), and the other pattern. Women who had higher white rice dietary pattern scores had a 35% higher risk of breast cancer, than did women with lower white rice dietary pattern scores (multivariable HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.00–1.84 for the highest vs. lowest quartile of the white rice dietary pattern scores, p for trend = 0.0384). We found that women who consumed three or more servings of multi-grain rice per day had 33% lower risk of breast cancer than did those who consumed one or less multi-grain rice serving per day among women under 50 years of age (multivariable HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.45–0.99, p for trend = 0.0204). Our study suggests that a multi-grain rice diet may be associated with lower risk of breast cancer in Korean women.

Effect Artificial Rice Diet Administration to Coronary Artery Histopathology of Rat Model Type 2 DM

The most common macrovascular complication of type 2 DM’s patiens is coronary artery disease caused by coronary artery stricture or spasm or both of them. The atherosclerosis process in coronary artery can be seen through coronary artery histopathology of rat. DM can be controlled so that the complication can be prevented, for example by controlling diet. Artificial rice with high fiber is one of breakthrough for DM patients diet. The purpose of this research is to know about the effects of artificial rice diet administration to coronary artery histopathology of rat model type 2 DM. Rats are divided to four groups consist of control normal group given standart feeding, PBA1;PBA2;PBB group are inducted by high fat diet and low dose STZ so that they become rat model type 2 DM. Since PBA1 is feeded by formula 1 artificial rice, PBA1 is feeded by formula 2 artificial rice and PBB is feeded by common rice. Rats are terminated and their hearts are taken away to make histopathology object and their coronary artery are seen under light microscope. Histopathology images are based on foam cell formed. Kruskal-Wallis’s result shows that p= 0,046 (p<0,05), so that there is a significant difference between groups.Keywords : DM, atherosclerosis, foam cell, coronary artery histopathology