Production of α-amylase(s) by Aspergillus flavus, F7 attacking water hyacinth ground preparation (WHGP) under solid state fermentation

Some environmental and nutritional parameters controlling the biosynthesis of α-amylase from Aspergillus flavus, F7 attacking the water hyacinth have been investigated under solid state fermentation conditions for maximum amylase production. The following optima’s were recorded for the highest α-amylase yield; Incubation period 7 days; temperature, 30oC; pH, 5; inoculum size, 3X108 spores/ml; flask volume 100 ml capacity; hyacinth fresh weight 5 g; tap water, 25 ml. Under these conditions, starch showed remarkable stimulatory effect; nitrogen sources and amino acids have no stimulatory effect. Pyridoxal hydrochloride, B6 at a concentration of 200 ppm exhibited a stimulatory effect on biosynthesis of α-amylase.

Incidence of dengue fever and risk of its transmission to the Afghan travelers to tropical regions: A discussion paper

This review article discusses the transmission or importation of dengue fever to Afghanistan by travelers from tropical countries. The dengue fever, transmit by aedes mosquito (Asian tiger) to humans. The Asian tiger is found in tropical parts of world especially in east parts of Asia like Malaysia, India and Pakistan. The disease spreads or transmit through a bite by mosquito and from infected person to mosquito and thus to others. Millions of Afghans are travelling around the globe each year, especially to Pakistan, India and Iran, where the dengue virus found. Living in tropical areas, climate changes, global warming and urbanizations leads to the transmission and migration of the disease from one person to another. The aim of this paper was to know the mood of transmission, existence of dengue fever in Afghanistan and its control measures. Therefore, travelers must be advised, prior to travelling to dengue prone areas. Mass media campaigns, awareness workshops and control measure must be adapted by the Ministry of Public Health about dengue fever.

Nephroprotective effect of mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) on rats induced by doxorubicin

Chronic kidney disease in the world is currently experiencing an increase and become a serious health problem. Doxorubicin clinical efficacy is hampered by dose-related organotoxic (heart, liver, and kidney) potential. The purpose of this study was to determine the nephroprotective activity of mengkudu fruit ethanol extract against the rats induced by doxorubicin. Mengkudu fruit ethanol extract was obtained by maceration. Nephroprotective activity test is done by measuring urea and creatinine. Animals were induced with doxorubicin (DOX) 5 mg/kgbw on day 1, 7, 14 and 20th. Administration of mengkudu extract 100 mg/kgbw, 300 mg/kgbw, and 500 mg/kgbw given from day 1 to day 20 and on the 21st day blood serum levels of urea and creatinine. Mengkudu dose of 100 mg/kg BW, 300 mg/kgbw and 500 mg/kgbw have nephroprotective activity against male rats induced by doxorubicin. The effective dose of mengkudu as nephroprotective is at a dose of 500 mg/kgbw with a serum creatinine level of 0.570 ± 0.030 mg/dl and a serum urea level of 28.333 ± 6.210 mg/dl which shows a significant difference (p <0.05) of negative controls and not significantly different (p> 0.05) from positive control (Vitamin E). In the positive control group and the administration of mengkudu 500 mg/kgbw, the kidney tissue appeared normal. In the treatment group, mengkudu 500 mg/kgbw did not occur kidney tissue damage because mengkudu was able to repair kidney damage due to doxorubicin induction.

Comparison of interleukin 4 levels in leprosy and non-leprosy patients at Dr. Muhammad Hoesen Palembang General Hospital

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by the mycobacterium leprae which injure the skin and peripheral nervous system. The spectrum and clinical type of leprosy are based on cellular immunity responses namely T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2). This study aims to compare serum IL-4 levels between lepers and non-lepers in Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang General Hospital. This research is an observational analytic study with a case-control design conducted at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang General Hospital. IL-4 examination is carried out using the ELISA method at the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University in January to February 2019. The case and control groups were 40 lepers and 40 medical personnel and paramedics working in Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang General Hospital and family patients. The study included IL-4 levels, respondent status, clinical type of leprosy, and characteristics of respondents. In the leprosy group, the average age is 35 years, and most of them are male (27). In the non-leprosy group, the average age is 36.5 years, and most of them are female (24). There are more MB patients (36) than PB type (4) while type BL (19), type LL (10) type BB (7) and type BT and BB (2). The median value of IL-4 levels in leprosy patients is 209.63 pg/ml range from 103-243 pg/ml while the median value of IL-4 levels in non-leprosy patients is 63.38 pg/ml range from 32-125 pg/ml. Mann-Whitney analysis results show a p-value of 0.000. There is a significant difference between Interleukin 4 levels in lepers and non-lepers where IL-4 levels are higher in lepers than non-lepers.

Effectiveness of antioxidant and anticoligenase activity of 70% ethanolic extracts of Kemangi leaves (Ocimum Basilicum)

Free radicals are one form of reactive oxygen compounds, which are generally known as compounds that have unpaired electrons. Kemangi leaves are used as an aphrodisiac because they contain araginin which can strengthen sperm resistance and prevent infertility. Besides araginin, Kemangi leaves also contain other secondary metabolites such as essential oils, phytosterols, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, lignin, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and anthraquinones. Phytochemical screening results of 70% ethanol extract of kemangi herbs themselves showed the presence of secondary metabolites of flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids / steroids. In this study, antioxidant activity was tested using the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method, with concentrations of kemangi leaf extract and comparative compounds Euginol each concentration of 1000 μL/ml, 5000 μL/ml, 250 μL/ml, and 125 μL/ml, 62.50 μL/ml, and 31.25 μL/ml measured at 745 nm wavelength and collagenase inhibition test with ethanol extract of kemangi leaves with a comparison of eugenol compounds measured at a wavelength of 335 nm. The FRAP antioxidant activity results obtained based on IC50 Eugenol value of 261.36 μg/ml and Kemangi leaf extract at 111.32 μg/ml, antolagenagenase from Eugenol at 255.32 μg/ml and Kemangi leaf extract at 110.65 μ/ml.

Potential (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzatiazolin) -6 -sulfonic acid) reducing and anti-elastase of ethanol extract of KEMANGI leaves (Ocimumbasilicum L.) and Eugenol

Aging is a complex process characterized by a progressive decrease in the physiological functions of the body, including the skin, followed by dysfunction, and death. Kemangi leaves (Ocimumbasilicum L.) have been used empirically and are scientifically proven to have a variety of pharmacological activities, including analgesic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiaging, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral and contains chemical compounds eugenol, linalool, β-Caryophyllene. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity and anti-elastase of the ethanol extract of kemangi leaves and eugenol. In this study, antioxidant activity was tested by ABTS reduction method (2,2-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzatiazolin) -6-sulfonic acid) and elastase inhibition tested by ethanol extract of kemangi leaves with a comparison of eugenol compounds. The results of ABTS reduction antioxidant activity based on IC50 Eugenol value of 2.09 μg / ml and ethanol extract of kemangi leaves of 18.27 μg / ml, anti-elastase from Eugenol at 37.49 μg / ml and ethanol extract of kemangi leaves at 43.02 μ / ml.

Cardioprotective effect of ethanolic extract of mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) on rats induced by doxorubicin

Doxorubicin is an effective drug used in cancer therapy but produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are toxic to heart cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the cardioprotective activity of Mengkudu fruit ethanol extract against the heart induced by doxorubicin. Mengkudu fruit ethanol extract was obtained by maceration. Cardioprotective activity test is done by measuring blood LDH and CK-MB levels as well as cardiac histology. Animals were induced with DOX 5 mg/kg BW on day 1,7,14 and 20th. Administration of Mengkudu extract 100 mg / kg bw, 300 mg / kg bw, and 500 mg / kg BW given from day 1 to day 20 and on the 21st day cardiac serum levels of CK-MB normal group had a significant difference (p <0.05) with a negative control treatment group, treatment group I, treatment group II, and treatment group III and did not have a significant difference (P> 0.05) with a positive control group with vitamin e supplementation and serum LDH levels the normal group had a significant difference (p <0.05) with the negative control group, the treatment group I, the treatment group II, and the treatment group II and did not have a significant difference (P> 0.05) with the positive control group with vitamin e supplementation. Cardiology histology of the Mengkudu extract 100 mg/kg bw + DOX and the Mengkudu extract 300 mg/kg bb + DOX, and the negative control group showed bleeding, fragmentation and myocytolysis, in the treatment of group III, the group normal, and the positive control group did not show heart muscle damage. Based on the description above it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Mengkudu fruit containing flavonoids has cardioprotective activity by inhibiting the formation of ROS. The higher the dose of an extract, the greater the decrease in LDH and CKMB levels and increase protection against heart damage.

Cardioprotective effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on rats induced by doxorubicin

Cardiotoxicity is caused by anticancer drugs, one of the anticancer drug is doxorubicin. doxorubicin triggered free radicals reaction in heart muscle cells this results in the death of heart muscle cells or cardiomyopathy, in this condition, the heart can't pump blood properly and caused heart failure, virgin coconut oil (VCO) has antioxidant such as polyphenol that can neutralize the free radicals formed by doxorubicin. The aimed of this research was to evaluate the activity of cardioprotective effect of VCO on rats by induced doxorubicin with accumulative dose of 15 mg/kgbw for 21 days, by administering a 5 mg/kgbw dose in a week, and for 21 days of the rats given doses 2 VCO ml, 4 ml and 6 ml subsequently conducted an examination of CK-MB and LDH in the blood. The result showed that the effect cardioprotective from VCO reduce the levels of serum CK-MB (Creatinin kinase – MB) and the LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase) as the biomarker of heart. Group dose 6 ml showed the level of CK-MB 2110.37 ± 184,173 mg/dl and the level of LDH 2903.9 ± 70.0743 mg/dl and differ significantly (p < 0.05) with the negative control group induced doxorubicin. VCO is highly recommended to be food supplements for the patient used anti-cancer.

A Review: Zam Zam a miracle water

This article reviews the inorganic configuration and possible health benefits of Zam Zam water. Zam Zam water is dissimilar from natural water in relationships of inorganic and radiological features. The miracle of Zam Zam is nonstop flow ever since 2000 BC. The presence of the Zam Zam well directed to the foundation of the settlement of the Makah valley. Zam Zam water reduces the thirstiness and shows potential to treat numerous diseases. Different studies have been led to discover the legendary potentials of this water; so there is a need to conduct wide spread research and to explore its healthcare welfares, inorganic profile, and technical viewpoints.

Development of analytical method and validation for determination of Lisinopril dihydrate in bulk drug and dosage form using HPTLC method

A simple, reproducible and efficient High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography method was developed for Lisinopril dihydrate in bulk drug and dosage form. A constant application rate of 0.1 ml/s with nitrogen aspirator was used, and the space between two bands was 6 mm. The slit dimension was 5 × 0.45 mm, and the scanning speed was 10 mm/s. The mobile phase consisted of n-butanol: methanol: ammonia in the ratio of 3.0: 1.0: 1.0 (v/v/v). The retention time (min) and linearity range (μl) for Lisinopril was (0.20) and (1-5) respectively. The method so developed was validated for its accuracy and precision. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.050237 and 0.152233 for Lisinopril respectively. The accuracy was found to be 98.88%. The developed method was found to be accurate, precise and selective for determination of Lisinopril in bulk and dosage form.