Evaluation of Spineless Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indicus) as an Alternative Feed and Water Source for Animals During Dry Season in Eritrea

2011 ◽  
pp. 245-252
Author(s):  
Habteab S. Teklehaimanot ◽  
J. P. Tritschler
Keyword(s):  
Water Source ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Alternative Feed

scholarly journals Water Source Preferences and Water Quality Perceptions among Women in the Eastern Region, Ghana: A Grounded Theory Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhanel F. Chew ◽  
Laura Corlin ◽  
Fernando Ona ◽  
Sarah Pinto ◽  
Esther Fenyi-Baah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Source Choice

Residents in the Eastern Region, Ghana with access to improved water sources (e.g., boreholes and covered wells) often choose to collect water from unimproved sources (e.g., rivers and uncovered wells). To assess why, we conducted two field studies to coincide with Ghana’s rainy and dry seasons. During the rainy season, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews among a convenience sample of 26 women in four rural communities (including one woman in the dry season). We asked each participant about their attitudes and perceptions of water sources. During the dry season, we observed four women for ≤4 days each to provide context for water collection and water source choice. We used a grounded theory approach considering the multiple household water sources and uses approach to identify three themes informing water source choice: collection of and access to water, water quality perception, and the dynamic interaction of these. Women selected water sources based on multiple factors, including season, accessibility, religious/spiritual messaging, community messaging (e.g., health risks), and ease-of-use (e.g., physical burden). Gender and power dynamics created structural barriers that affected the use of unimproved water sources. A larger role for women in water management and supply decision-making could advance population health goals.

scholarly journals Assessment of Anions and Heavy Metals in Sediments from River Sio, Busia County, Kenya

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
K. O. Ondoo ◽  
J. K. Kiptoo ◽  
A. O. Onditi ◽  
S. M. Shivaji ◽  
J. K. Ogilo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

Agricultural activities, discharge of raw sewage into farms and the rise in urbanization have greatly contributed to soil pollution. During the rainy season, surface runoff from farms find their way into water bodies and deposits these contaminants into Rivers and Lakes which poses a threat to both aquatic and terrestrial organisms that depend on that water source. The objective of this research was to determine the level of anions and heavy metals from sediments in River Sio, Busia County, Kenya. Five sediment samples were taken from five sampling points and the levels of anions and heavy metals in them determined. Anions were determined using Shimadzu 1800 UV/visible spectrophotometer while heavy metals were determined using Shimadzu 6200 flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Copper, lead and nickel were above the allowed WHO limits while cadmium was below detection limit. The levels of nitrates, phosphates and chlorides were higher during the wet season due to surface runoff that carried these nutrients from the farms and deposited them on the bottom of the River. The levels of heavy metals were high during the dry season due to evaporation of water from the River, leading to an increase in the analyte concentration during the dry season. High levels of copper and nickel in the sediments points to the use of herbicides and pesticides in farming and washing of vehicles and motorcycles on the banks of the River. According to Igeo nickel showed moderate pollution during the dry season. The contamination factor for lead was very high during the dry season, while pollution load index confirmed pollution due to anthropogenic activities in sampling sites 1 – 4 during the dry season and no pollution due to anthropogenic activities during the wet season.  The study recommends reduced use of inorganic fertilizers in order to save the River from the danger of eutrophication. Excessive use of agrochemicals such as herbicides and pesticides should be discouraged. In addition, pesticide leaching and the level of microbes in soil and sediments should be considered for further research

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Focused Water Conservation Messaging in the Clackamas River, OR

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikki Oden
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Water Users

The Clackamas River in Oregon is a drinking water source for upwards of 300,000 people living in the Portland metro region. This river experiences seasonal low flow during the annual dry season throughout summer and early fall when endangered salmon species return to the river to spawn. This dry season also coincides with the highest period of urban water use. Since precipitation is minimal at this time, water users choose to water their lawns to make up for the lack of rain which contributes to water use tripling during the driest part of the year. To promote local water conservation, the Clackamas River Water Providers (CRWP)—who manage source water protection and public outreach and education around watershed issues, drinking water, and water conservation for the eight water providers on the river—have created a water conservation campaign that they intend to promote each dry season for the next several years. First promoted during the dry season of 2019, the messaging focuses on the flow needs of endangered salmon and asks water users to cease outdoor watering altogether. Through focus group discussion and a survey of water users, this research investigates public perception and opinion of the CRWP’s summer water conservation messaging campaign with the goal of improving the effectiveness of the messaging in future dry seasons.

scholarly journals Fog interception by Ball moss (<i>Tillandsia recurvata</i>)

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1655-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Guevara-Escobar ◽  
M. Cervantes-Jiménez ◽  
H. Suzán-Azpiri ◽  
E. González-Sosa ◽  
L. Hernández-Sandoval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Water Recharge

Abstract. Interception losses are a major influence in the water yield of vegetated areas. For most storms, interception results in less water reaching the ground. However, fog drip or occult precipitation can result in negative interception because small drops are deposited on all plant surfaces and subsequently fall to the ground once vegetation storage capacities are exceeded. Fog drip is normally disregarded, but for some plant communities, it could be a mechanism offsetting evaporation losses. Tillandsia recurvata is a cosmopolitan epiphyte adapted to arid habitats where fog may be an important water source. Therefore, the interception storage capacity by T. recurvata was measured in controlled conditions through applying simulated rain or fog. The storage capacity was proportional to dry weight mass. Nocturnal stomatic opening in T. recurvata is not only relevant for CO2 but for water vapor, as suggested by the higher weight change of specimens wetted with fog for 1 h at dark in comparison to those wetted during daylight (543±77 vs. 325±56 mg, p=0.048). The coefficients obtained in the laboratory were used together with biomass measurements for T. recurvata in a xeric scrub to calculate the depth of water intercepted. Interception storage capacity (Cmin) was 0.19 and 0.54 mm for rainfall and fog respectively. T. recurvata contributed 20% to the rain interception of their shrub hosts: Acacia farnesiana and Prosopis laevigata. Meteorological data registered during one year at Cadereyta, México showed that radiative fog formation was possible during the dry season. The results showed the potential role of T. recurvata in capturing fog, which probably is a main source of water during the dry season that supports their reproductive and physiological activity at that time. The storage capacity of T. recurvata leaf surfaces could increase the amount of water available for evaporation, but as this species colonise montane forests, the effect could be negative on water recharge, because in the laboratory experiments it took up to 12 h to reach saturation conditions when fog was applied.

scholarly journals Characterization of Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter in an Affected Pollution Raw Water Source using an Excitation-Emission Matrix and PARAFAC

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rangga Sururi ◽  
◽  
Mila Dirgawati ◽  
Dwina Roosmini ◽  
Suprihanto Notodarmodjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Biological Index ◽  
Excitation Emission Matrix

Cikapundung River is the main raw water source for 2-millions inhabitants of Bandung city but has been severely deteriorated due to organic pollution such as cattle manure, domestic, and agriculture wastes. Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in raw water can influence the process of water treatment. This study characterized and identified the origins of fluorescent DOM (FDOM) in Cikapundung River. Raw water samples were collected from intake outlets during dry and rainy seasons and analyzed using Fluorescence Excitation Emission Matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC). FDOM origins were identified by Fluorescence-Index (FI) while autochthonous process contribution in water body was determined by Biological-Index (BIX). Chromophoric DOM as UV absorbance at 254 nm (A254) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were also measured. The FI were 1.82 (dry season) and 1.77 (rainy season), and the BIX were 0.92 (dry season) and 0.65 (rainy season). PARAFAC identified three compounds: water contaminant-like (C1), humic-like (C2) and tryptophan-like (C3) compounds. C2 was predominantly present in the rainy season with a C3/C2 ratio of 0.33. In the dry season, C3 increased substantially with a C3/C2 of 1.60. Strong correlation between C1 and C3 (R=0.86) was evidence that contaminant-like and tryptophan-like compounds were from the same anthropogenic sources. Strong correlation with A254 may indicate these identified compounds are aromatics.

scholarly journals PENGADAAN POMPA AIR BERDAYA 4KW UNTUK PENAMBAH DEBIT AIR DI DAERAH PERSAWAHAN SAWAH BALONG

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yandi Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Pump ◽  
Other Hand

Sawah balong rice field, oftenly have a decrease amount of water in the dry season, so the farmers have to do some queue so its rice field can have some water supply, this condition cause a conflict between the farmers, the goals of this research is to design a 4kW water pump driver to give the farmers of the sawah balong the solution for the problem because of the queue for the water irrigation because of the low amount of water supply for the rice field, in the other hand this research make the farmers of the sawah balong be more productive. The method that being use is study literature and observation. To solve the problem first we have to search for water source alternatives that located near the region of sawah balong, then design a waterpump system to irrigate the water source that has been find , the procurement of this waterpump can be a solution for the decrease amount of water that irrigate the sawah balong in the dry season

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Sistem Embung Sebagai Sumber Air dan Pangan Keluarga di Desa Cikalong Tasikmalaya Jawa Barat

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Kristiyanto Kristiyanto ◽  
Silvia Septhiani ◽  
Ihwan Zulkarnain
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
West Java ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Aquaculture System ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Food Needs

<p><strong><em>Utilizing the Pond as A Water and Food Source in Cikalong Village Tasikmalaya </em></strong><strong><em>West Java.</em></strong> Cikalong Village is administratively in the Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java, often experiencing drought every year, chiefly in the dry season, when the local people have difficulty obtaining water to meet their daily needs. The method used in the activity was a direct observation, interviews, and FGD (Focus Group Discussion). The number of people involved is 10-15 people, in which there are community leaders and farmers. This activity aims to determine the contribution and benefits of the pond, especially in the dry season which is prone to drought. Ponds can be an alternative solution, apart from being a water source, their function can also be developed for fish cultivation with an aquaculture system and vegetables with an aqua-plants system. Both systems are able to meet food needs on a family scale well, with the integration of various types of fish such as <em>Cyprinus carpio</em>, <em>Oreochromis mossambicus</em> and vegetables such as chili, leeks, tomatoes. The results of the activity showed that the benefits of making ponds around the house with sizes of 10x10 m, 5x5 m, and 3x3 m and in gardens with sizes 10x20 m to 20x20 are as water storage, fish cultivation and plant cultivation. The pond was a form of adaptation and mitigation of local communities in responding to the effects of drought properly. The Cikalong Village community can be categorized as a community that has a fairly high sensitivity to the surrounding environmental conditions in recognizing and mitigating drought problems.</p>

scholarly journals Plant water resource partitioning and xylem-leaf deuterium enrichment in a seasonally dry tropical climate

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lien De Wispelaere ◽  
Samuel Bodé ◽  
Pedro Hervé-Fernández ◽  
Andreas Hemp ◽  
Dirk Verschuren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Phenology ◽  
Water Pool ◽  
Lake Shore ◽  
Deuterium Enrichment

Abstract. Lake Challa (3°19' S, 37°42' E) is a steep-sided crater lake situated in equatorial East Africa, a tropical semi-arid area with bimodal rainfall pattern. Plants in this region are exposed to a prolonged dry season and we investigated if (1) these plants show spatial variability and temporal shifts in their water source use; (2) seasonal differences in the isotopic composition of precipitation are reflected in xylem water; and (3) plant family, growth form, leaf phenology, habitat and season influence the xylem-to-leaf water deuterium enrichment. In this study, the δ2H and δ18O of precipitation, lake water, groundwater, plant xylem water and plant leaf water were measured across different plant species, seasons and plant habitats in the vicinity of Lake Challa. We found that plants rely mostly on water from the "short" rains falling from October to December (northeastern monsoon), as these recharge the soil after the long dry season. This plant-available water pool is only slightly replenished by the "long" rains falling from February to May (southeastern monsoon), in agreement with the "two water world" hypothesis according to which plants rely on a static water pool while a mobile water pool recharges the groundwater. Trees at the lake shore and on the crater rim use more evaporated water than shrubs in the same habitats, suggesting that trees tap water from the topsoil where the nutrient content is highest. Plants at the lake shore rely on a water source admixed with lake water. The enrichment in deuterium from xylem water to leaf water averages 24 &amp;pm; 28 ‰. According to our results, plant species and their associated leaf phenology are the primary factors influencing this enrichment factor, while growth form and season have negligible effects.

Impacts of human intervention through irrigation on hydrological responses of Lake Tana sub-basin, upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meron Teferi Taye ◽  
Alemseged Tamiru Haile
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Lake Tana ◽  
Blue Nile ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Small Scale Irrigation

&lt;p&gt;Lake water balance studies in Ethiopia are commonly conducted for natural conditions without considering the impact of water abstraction. However, hydrological changes are a function of changes caused by human interventions as much as through natural processes. The Lake Tana sub-basin is one of the important basins in Ethiopia as the source of the Blue Nile river and supporter of various livelihoods including considerable number of small-scale farmers. With Ethiopia&amp;#8217;s ambitious plan to expand irrigation at different scales to feed the growing population, the Lake Tana sub-basin is one of the selected areas by the federal government for medium scale irrigation. Moreover, the basin is experiencing booming small-scale irrigation users due to initiations by local governments, NGOs and individual farmers. Small-scale community managed irrigation schemes and farmer-led irrigations schemes are common in the basin. While communities are expected to benefit from the expanding irrigation use, there is limited information on how this irrigation expansion impacts the water balance of the sub-basin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study the area under small-scale irrigation is estimated through inventory survey of woredas (districts) that are within the Lake Tana sub-basin and cover the four main tributaries (Gilgel Abay, Ribb, Gumara, and Megech).&amp;#160; The inventory from 16 woredas showed more than 30,000 ha is under small-scale irrigation in the Lake Tana sub-basin in 2020. The dominant water source for irrigation is found to be surface water through diversion from rivers and streams. This accounts for 80% of irrigation water source. The other 20% comes from shallow groundwater sources, which are mainly located in the eastern part of the sub-basin in the floodplain in the Fogera area.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study investigates the current situation of irrigation water abstraction through water abstraction surveys in selected locations in the dry-season and evaluates the impact of water abstraction on the long-term water balance of the sub-basin. Previous studies indicate that Gilgel Abay sub-basin, for instance, shows a decreasing dry season flow in the past decades, which might be associated with dry season water abstraction. The current survey provides the gross diversion of water from rivers to canals in the selected schemes. Preliminary results show large amount of water is being diverted by medium irrigation schemes but also collectively by small-scale irrigation schemes. Continuation of such water abstraction levels will be a concern to the water balance of the sub-basin as it increases losses without productive use and calls for better water management practices.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Assessment of water source availability and quality for small ruminant consumption in the Northern Badia region of Jordan

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1082
Author(s):  
J. Al-Khaza'leh ◽  
A. Abdelqader ◽  
M. Abuajamieh ◽  
F. M. F. Hayajneh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Study Region

Background and Aim: Water is the most important nutrient for the production of healthy livestock. Water scarcity bottlenecks livestock production in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly during the dry season. This study aimed to assess water availability and quality for small ruminants, and to identify major challenges of meeting their water requirements in two major small ruminant production systems in Jordan. Materials and Methods: Transhumant and sedentary production systems in the Northern Badia region of Jordan were the focus of this study. A questionnaire was distributed to 120 sheep and goat farmers (62 transhumant farmers and 58 sedentary farmers) and a water quality assessment was completed. Results: Results showed that the two production systems varied their water source use seasonally. Water provision was perceived as one of the major constraints for Bedouins, particularly during the dry season in transhumant production systems, when longer distances to water sources and the high costs of fetching water daily aggravated the problem. The mean distance and travel times to the boreholes were less in the sedentary system. Watering frequency was significantly lower in the transhumant system compared to the sedentary system (p<0.05). Although the values of water quality parameters complied with guidelines for livestock consumption, low water quality was the main concern expressed by some of the survey households. Conclusion: Technical support to properly design, manage, and rehabilitate surface water harvesting systems is required for the sustainable use of water resources in the study region. Moreover, systematic water quality monitoring is necessary to ensure its suitability for livestock use. Further investigations on the microbiological quality of water and its effect on the health and performance of livestock are recommended.

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