Effect of certain chemical compounds on secondary metabolites of Penicillium janthinellum and P. duclauxii

Natural populations of Gentiana asclepiadea L., located at two mountainous sites, were HPLC-analyzed regarding the contents of six representative secondary metabolites. The contents of swertiamarin (SWM), gentiopicrin (GP), sweroside (SWZ), mangiferin (MGF), isoorientin (ISOOR), and isovitexin (ISOV) were determined in six populations (three per study site), and separately for aboveground and belowground plant parts. PCA showed a clear separation of four groups according to the contents of the analyzed secondary metabolites. Out of six analyzed compounds, five were present in all samples and only one (SWZ) was found in Golija populations (belowground parts) but not in Vlasina populations, and its presence can be indicative of the geolocation of populations. Clear separation of groups was mostly affected by the different contents of chemical compounds in plant parts (aboveground versus belowground) and by the differences related to population origin (higher content of SWM and GP in belowground parts of individuals from Vlasina populations and higher content of MGF and ISOOR of individuals from Golija populations). The results of this study contribute to the spatiochemical profiling of G. asclepiadea populations and a better understanding of inter- and intrapopulation variability of pharmacologically important compounds.

Download Full-text

Actinomycetes as An Environmental Scrubber

10.5772/intechopen.99187 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sutaria Devanshi ◽

Kamlesh R. Shah ◽

Sudipti Arora ◽

Sonika Saxena

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Filamentous Bacteria ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽

Sustainable Environment ◽

Potential Source ◽

Wide Range ◽

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites ◽

Broad Variety

Biotechnological tools engaged in the bioremediation process are in reality, sophisticated and dynamic in character. For specialized reasons, a broad variety of such devices are employed to produce a safe and balanced environment free of all types of toxins and so make life simpler for humans on planet Earth. Actinomycetes is one of these extremely important and functionally helpful groups. They can be used for a variety of bioremediation objectives, including biotransformation, biodegradation, and many more. Actinomycetes are one of the most varied groups of filamentous bacteria, capable of prospering in a variety of ecological settings because to their bioactive capabilities. They’re famous for their metabolic diversity, which includes the synthesis of commercially useful primary and secondary metabolites. They produce a range of enzymes capable of totally destroying all of the constituents. They are well-known for their ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites. Members of various genera of Actinomycetes show promise for application in the bioconversion of underutilized urban and agricultural waste into high-value chemical compounds. The most potential source is a wide range of important enzymes, some of which are synthesized on an industrial scale, but there are many more that have yet to be discovered. Bioremediation methods, which use naturally existing microbes to clear residues and contaminated regions of dangerous organic chemicals, are improving all the time. In the realm of biotechnological science, the potential of actinomycetes for bioremediation and the synthesis of secondary metabolites has opened up intriguing prospects for a sustainable environment.

Download Full-text

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN ANTI-UV Phyllidiella nigra DAN BAKTERI SIMBIOTIKNYA DARI PERAIRAN TANJUNG MANDOLANG

JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS ◽

10.35800/jplt.8.2.2020.29768 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Tessalonica Dajoh ◽

Robert A Bara ◽

Esther Angkouw ◽

Medy Ompi ◽

Rosita A Lintang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Bacillus Megaterium ◽

Absorption Maximum ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Defense System ◽

E Coli ◽

Self Defense

Phyllidiella nigra is an organism that is suspected to have secondary metabolites because their ability to develop its self defense system by camouflage and using chemical compounds derived from their nature diet as deterrent against their predators. The purpose of this study was to isolate symbiotic bacterial derived from P. nigra, extracted and followed by, the antibacterial assays against Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium as well as the anti-UV assay. The results showed that the five isolates tested had an antibacterial activity with the highest average inhibition zone against E. coli DSM 498 bacteria, isolate 1 (14.67 mm), isolate 5 (14 mm), and against B. Megaterium DSM 32T bacteria, isolate 3 (13.33 mm). The three isolates which had the highest inhibition zone and P. nigra extract were tested for anti-UV assay using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results obtained isolate 3 has absorption of UV-A with the UV absorbtion maximum at λ 340 nm and P. nigra extract has absorption on UV-B radiation with UV absorption maximum at λ 290 nm. Key words: Nudibranchia, Bacteria, Anti-bacteial, Anti-UV Phyllidiella nigra merupakan organisme yang diduga memiliki metabolit sekunder karena mampu mengembangkan sistem pertahanan dirinya dengan cara kamuflase dan menggunakan senyawa kimia sebagai racun yang didapat dari makanannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mendapatkan isolat bakteri yang bersimbiosis dengan P. nigra, mendapatkan ekstrak dari baktri simbion, dan menguji antibakteri dan anti-UV ekstrak etil aseta bakteri simbion dengan metode difusi agar terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli dan Bacillus megaterium. Hasil penelitian didapatkan kelima isolat yang diuji memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dengan rerata zona hambat tertinggi terhadap bakteri E. coli DSM 498 yaitu isolat 1 (14,67 mm), isolat 5 (14 mm), dan terhadap baktri B. megaterium DSM 32T yaitu isolat 3 (13,33 mm). Ketiga isolat yang memiliki zona hambat tertinggi dan ekstrak P. nigra diujikan anti-UV menggunakan alat UV-Vis Spektrofotometer. Hasil yang didapat isolat 3 memiliki serapan terhadap radiasi sinar UV-A dengan puncak tertinggi pada λ 340 nm dan ekstrak P. nigra memiliki serapan terhadap radiasi sinar UV-B dengan puncak tertinggi berada pada λ 290 nm. Kata kunci: Nudibranchia, Bacteria, Anti-bacteial, Anti-UV

Download Full-text

Antibacterial Secondary Metabolites from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium janthinellum

Chemistry of Natural Compounds ◽

10.1007/s10600-020-03204-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 968-970

Author(s):

Tian-Tian Sun ◽

Jian-Kun Yang ◽

Hua-Jie Zhu ◽

Li Pan ◽

Fei Cao

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Penicillium Janthinellum

Download Full-text

Secondary metabolites of the genus Crotalaria (Rattlepods) and their medicinal importance – A review

Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology ◽

10.46653/jhst20030101 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Muhammad Sarwar Yaqub ◽

Bushra Basher ◽

Rozina Aslam

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Drug Discovery ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Diverse Group ◽

The World

This review describes the genus Crotalaria focusing on its secondary metabolites and their medicinal applications. The genus Crotalaria of Fabaceae or Leguminosae family have about 600 species which are distributed in tropic and sub-tropic regions of the world. They are medicinally important due to production of various compounds. Traditional early medicines and drug discovery were based on natural products. Organisms produce some chemical compounds by their metabolic pathways that are not necessary for their growth and development and are known as secondary metabolites. This diverse group of compounds is synthesized by algae, plants, animals and fungi. These metabolites consist of variety of compounds such as phenols, coumarins, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and fatty acids. Secondary metabolites obtained from crotalaria exhibit anticancer, anti-rheumatoid arthritis, anti-allergic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiaging and wound healing activities along with many other medicinal applications.

Download Full-text

Cyanobacteria as Valuable Tool in Biotechnology

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11111259 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1259

Author(s):

Agnieszka Śliżewska ◽

Ewa Żymańczyk-Duda

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Single Cells ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Chemical Waste ◽

Photosynthetic Microorganisms ◽

Effective Drugs

Cyanobacteria constitute an interesting group of photosynthetic microorganisms due to their morphological and genetic diversity that is related to their extremely long evolution process, which created the need for them to adapt to immensely heterogeneous environmental conditions. Cyanobacteria grow in salt and fresh waters as well as on the surface of soils and rocks. The diverse cell structure is characterized by the fact that they occur in many morphological forms, from small single cells through to larger ones as well as branches, threads, or spirals. Taking into account the presence of cyanobacteria in virtually all possible conditions and places on Earth, cyanobacteria represent an unexplored potential that is worth investigating. This review presents the possibilities of using algae in chosen areas of biotechnology: e.g., as biocatalysts or in industries such as the pharmaceutical industry. It covers the characteristics of secondary metabolites along with their division and the potential of using them as sources of effective drugs for many diseases. It presents an overview of the possibilities of using cyanobacteria in biotransformation processes. These processes are of great importance in the case of, for example, the neutralization of municipal, industrial, or chemical waste, the amount of which is constantly growing every year, and they are also an easier and cheaper path to obtain chemical compounds.

Download Full-text

Comparative Analyses of Phytochemical Variation Within and Between Congeneric Species of Willow Herb, Epilobium hirsutum and E. parviflorum: Contribution of Environmental Factors

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2020.595190 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Mitra Mohammadi Bazargani ◽

Mohsen Falahati-Anbaran ◽

Jens Rohloff

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Natural Variation ◽

Principal Component ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Significant Information ◽

Important Species ◽

Bioclimatic Variables

The plants in the Epilobium genus are considered to have several important medicinal properties due to their unique chemical composition. Although metabolic profiles of medicinal plants are mainly controlled by genetic factors, their production is also to some degree influenced by environmental factors, thus, variations in the levels of phytochemicals may represent long-term ecological and evolutionary interactions. In order to depict the magnitude of natural variation in level of chemical compounds among conspecific populations of Epilobium hirsutum (n = 31) and E. parviflorum (n = 16), metabolite profiling of aerial parts of plants was performed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Putative identification and structure annotation revealed the presence of 74 compounds including 46 compounds considered secondary metabolites categorized into flavonoids (n = 8), phenolic acids (n = 26), steroids (n = 3), and terpenes (n = 5) across all populations. Although there was a considerable natural variation among conspecific populations, principal component analysis revealed a clear separation of populations of each species based on the second main principal component which was highly correlated with eight secondary metabolites. The level of secondary metabolites was significantly correlated between species (r = 0.91), suggesting shared metabolic pathways underlying the production of chemical compounds. In addition, redundancy and variance partitioning analyses by including bioclimatic variables and altitude revealed a significant contribution of elevation in explaining the total variation of secondary metabolites in E. hirsutum. Two-thirds of all secondary metabolites were significantly correlated with altitude in E. hirsutum. The large-scale geographic analyses of populations revealed additionally detected flavonoids and terpenes (E. hirsutum and E. parviflorum) and steroids (E. hirsutum) for the first time. This study provides significant information on additional chemical compounds found across the distribution range of the two ecologically important species of willow herb and emphasizes the importance of geographic-wide sampling as a valuable strategy to depict intraspecific and interspecific variability in chemical traits.

Download Full-text

Chemical defense of Hymeniacidon heliophila (Porifera: halichondrida) against tropical predators

Brazilian Journal of Oceanography ◽

10.1590/s1679-87592010000400006 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 315-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Suzi Meneses Ribeiro ◽

Éverson Miguel Bianco ◽

Ricardo Rogers ◽

Valéria Laneuville Teixeira ◽

Renato Crespo Pereira

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Fish Consumption ◽

Sea Urchins ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Chemical Defenses ◽

Hermit Crabs ◽

Lytechinus Variegatus ◽

Benthic Organisms ◽

Different Types ◽

Ecological Roles

Various benthic organisms have chemical defenses which reduce their predators' consumption. Although their efficiency may be noticed in many organisms, many of their effects are not well- known yet. Multiple ecological roles of secondary metabolites are shown in some sponges, which may represent an adaptative advantage considering the high amount of energy used to produce these chemical compounds. The goal of this work was to investigate the defensive property of the extracts from the sponge Hymeniacidon heliophila against the tropical predators: hermit crabs (Calcinus tibicens), sea urchins (Lytechinus variegatus) and generalist fishes. Extracts obtained with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and acetone/methanol were used in assays and all of them were effective in reducing the consumption by C. tibicens; n-hexane extract reduced the consumption by L. variegatus; and medium polarity extracts reduced fish consumption. Either the variation in action or the multiple ecological roles of the extracts indicates that different types of compounds can be associated to the defensive system produced by H. heliophila.

Download Full-text

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN KARANG LUNAK (Nepthea sp.) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil)

PHARMACON ◽

10.35799/pha.9.2020.30028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 425

Author(s):

Priski Langi ◽

Adithya Yudistira ◽

Karlah L.R Mansauda

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Soft Coral ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Soft Corals ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Experimental Laboratory ◽

Living Organisms ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

Method Of Extraction

ABSTRACTSoft corals (Nepthea sp.) are soft corals that have the ability to be antibacterial and anticancer. These chemical compounds are the result of secondary metabolites of living organisms that are often known as natural products, which are generally in the form of terpenoids. This study aims to analyze the antioxidant activity of Nepthea sp. Soft Coral (Nepthea sp.) Samples were obtained from Bangka Island waters, Likupang. This research is an experimental laboratory with maceration as method of extraction. Testing of ethanol extracts of soft corals (Nepthea sp.) was using the DPPH method (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy) with concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mg / L to analyze antioxidant activity using a spectrophotometer. The greatest antioxidant level is found in Nepthea sp. with a concentration of 150mg/L. The results of this study showed that the antioxidant levels of Nepthea sp. from Bangka waters have antioxidant activity and the higher of the concentration the higher the antioxidant levels produced. Keywords: Activity, Antioxidants, DPPH, Nepthea sp. ABSTRAK Karang lunak (Nepthea sp.) adalah karang lunak yang mempunyai kemampuan sebagai antibakteria dan antikanker. Senyawa kimia tersebut merupakan hasil metabolit sekunder organisme hidup yang sering dikenal dengan natural producty yang umumnya berupa terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aktivitas antioksidan dari Nepthea sp. Sampel Karang Lunak (Nepthea sp.) diperoleh dari perairan Bangka, Likupang. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental laboratorium dengan metode ekstraksi maserasi pengujian terhadap ekstrak etanol karang lunak (Nepthea sp.) menggunakan metode DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazi) dengan kosentrasi 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mg/L untuk menganalisis aktivitas antioksidan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer. Kadar antioksidan yang paling besar terdapat pada Nepthea sp. dengan konsentrasi 150mg/L. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan kadar antioksidan Nepthea sp. di perairan Bangka mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan dan semakin tinggi konsentrasi semakin tinggi pula kadar antioksidan yang dihasilkan. Kadar antioksidan yang paling besar terdapat pada Nepthea sp. dengan konsentrasi 150 mg/L.Kata Kunci : Aktivitas, Antioksidan, DPPH, Nepthea sp.

Download Full-text

Secondary metabolites of the choosen genus iris species

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201260080269 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (8) ◽

pp. 269-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Pavol Kaššák

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

The North ◽

New Knowledge ◽

Chemical Content ◽

Common Group ◽

Biochemical Research ◽

Positive Results

Genus Iris contains more than 260 species which are mostly distributed across the North Hemisphere. Irises are mainly used as the ornamental plants, due to their colourful flowers, or in the perfume industry, due to their violet like fragrance, but lot of iris species were also used in many part of the worlds as medicinal plants for healing of a wide spectre of diseases. Nowadays the botanical and biochemical research bring new knowledge about chemical compounds in roots, leaves and flowers of the iris species, about their chemical content and possible medicinal usage. Due to this researches are Irises plants rich in content of the secondary metabolites. The most common secondary metabolites are flavonoids and isoflavonoids. The second most common group of secondary metabolites are flavones, quinones and xanthones. This review brings together results of the iris research in last few decades, putting together the information about the secondary metabolites research and chemical content of iris plants. Some clinical studies show positive results in usage of the chemical compounds obtained from various iris species in the treatment of cancer, or against the bacterial and viral infections.

Download Full-text