293. Bacteriological aspects of the manufacture of spray-dried milk and whey powders, including some observations concerning moisture content and solubility

1942 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Crossley ◽  
W. A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Bacteriological Study ◽  
Heat Resistant ◽  
Powder Samples ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Reconstituted Milk ◽  
Spray Dried

1. A bacteriological study was made of the commercial operation over a period of 4½ years of two Kestner evaporating and spray-drying plants, handling a fairly good and a very poor milk supply respectively. Processes investigated comprised handling of raw milk, pasteurization, climbing film evaporation, handling of evaporated milk, and spray drying. Data were also obtained showing the influence of variations during processing on the moisture content and solubility of powders. Separated milk, full-cream milk, and whey were handled.2. The general bacterial flora of spray-dried powders and the influence of individual manufacturing processes, packing and storage were studied and possible control methods suggested. Data showing the extent of both hourly and seasonal variations were also obtained.3. A method of bacteriological analysis is described which gave reasonably good agreement between different workers.4. Examination of 671 powder samples showed a wide variation in individual plate counts from 200 to 19,500,000 per g. The flora on standard milk agar at 37° C. was of a specialized type and comprised comparatively few species. Thermoduric streptococci of the ‘enterococcus’ and ‘viridans’ groups predominated, Str. durans and Str. thermophilus being the commonest species; in addition, five species of micrococci, probably non-thermoduric, also occurred commonly. Aerobic spore-forming bacilli and three Achromobacter species were found regularly, but their numbers were not of practical importance. Spore-forming anaerobic bacilli were present in 14% of powder samples, probably in very small numbers, and were most frequent during the winter months.5. Coliform organisms were rarely found in 1 ml. of reconstituted milk, but were isolated from 25% of powder samples when 20 ml. of reconstituted milk was examined; coliforms occurred most frequently during the winter months. False positives due to anaerobes were common, especially in stored powders, and confirmatory tests of presumptive positives were essential. Examination of 198 coliform strains from powders and 164 strains from raw milk showed that coli types occurred less frequently in the powders, whilst aerogenes-cloacae types, particularly cloacae, were more frequent. 48·5% of the powder strains were heat resistant, as compared with 2·2% of the raw-milk strains. It was shown that the coliform flora of powder was partly due to plant contamination by heat-resistant strains, although some non-heat-resistant strains could survive spray drying. It seemed possible that coli types were less resistant to drying than aerogenes-cloacae.

Effect of Formulations and Spray Drying Process Conditions on Physical Properties of Resveratrol Spray-Dried Emulsions

2019 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 246-251
Author(s):  
Pontip Benjasirimongkol ◽  
Suchada Piriyaprasarth ◽  
Pornsak Sriamornsak
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Spray Dried

Spray-dried emulsion is one of the useful strategies to enhance dissolution properties of poorly water-soluble drug for example resveratrol. Physical properties i.e. particle size and moisture content of spray-dried emulsions could affect their quality attributes. In this study, Box-Behnken design was performed in order to determine effect of formulation and spray drying condition parameters i.e. feed rate on responses including particle size and moisture content of resveratrol spray-dried emulsions. The spray-dried emulsions were prepared by varying content of low-methoxyl pectin (LMP) and caprylic/capric glycerides (CCG) and sprayed at different feed rate. Box-Behnken design results reveled that the particle size of spray-dried emulsions was significantly influenced by the content of LMP, interactions between LMP and CCG, interactions between LMP and feed rate. LMP content showed positive relationships with the particle size. The content of CCG had negative significantly effect on moisture content of the spray-dried emulsion. Mathematical models describing the relationships between studied parameters and responses provided good predictability. Based on model, the optimal formulation was prepared using 2.6% w/w of LMP, 9% w/w of CCG, and feed rate of 6.8 mL/min and the small particle size (~5.9 μm) and low moisture content (~5.6%) were obtained. The spray-dried emulsions were successfully prepared with satisfy quality. The Box-Behnken design would be an effective tool to elucidate influence of formulation and spray drying conditions on particle size and moisture content of the spray-dried emulsions. Further, the design aided in developing and optimizing the spray-dried emulsions with specified quality.

scholarly journals Simple and double microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus with chitosan using spray drying

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isela A. Flores-Belmont ◽  
Enrique Palou ◽  
Aurelio López-Malo ◽  
María Teresa Jiménez-Munguía
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Spray Dryer ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Gastrointestinal Conditions ◽  
Spray Dried

The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus that had been simple or double spray dried using chitosan to cause microencapsulation and which had been exposed to model gastrointestinal conditions. In addition, the study also determined the physicochemical properties of the powder containing the microencapsulated probiotic.Chitosan-inulin or chitosan-maltodextrin (1:15 or 1:25) solutions were inoculated with 1012 cfu mL-1 of L. acidophilus, for simple microencapsulation. The different solutions were dried using a spray dryer with an inlet air temperature of 130°C and a solution flux of 4.8 g min-1. A two-step process was used for the double microencapsulation. In the first step, the probiotic was added to a gelatin-maltodextrin (1:25) solution and then spray dried; for the second step, the microencapsulated probiotic was added to a chitosan-inulin or chitosan-maltodextrin (1:25) solution and then it was spray dried again.With the simple microencapsulated probiotic, a microbial reduction of 7 log cycles was obtained. With the double microencapsulated probiotic only 3 log reductions were achieved. The double microencapsulated probiotic thus demonstrated greater resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The powders produced were shown to have water activity values of 0.176 - 0.261 at 25 °C and moisture content of 0.8 – 1.0%, which are characteristic of spray dried products. The bulk density was significantly (p < 0.05) lower (300 kg m-3) for simple than for double (400 kg m-3) microencapsulated probiotic powders. Solubility and dispersibility of the powder microcapsules were better at lower pH values.Double microencapsulation using a process of spray drying is therefore recommended for probiotics, thus exploiting chitosan’s insolubility in water, which can be applied for the of development food products.

scholarly journals Optimization of maltodextrin and carrageenan gum concentration added in spray drying process of Pouzolzia zeylanica extract by response surface methodology

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Tan D. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Spray Dried

Pouzolzia zeylanica is a kind of medicinal plant which is generally cultivated in Mekong Delta region. It owns many bioactive compounds that are known to possess antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic properties. This study aimed to optimize additional carrier concentration for spray drying of Pouzolzia zeylanica extract. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was applied for optimization and investigation of the influence of maltodextrin (5÷15%, w/v) and carrageenan gum (0.06÷1.0%, w/v) concentration on the physicochemical characteristics of spray dried powder (bioactive compounds, moisture content as well as particle size distribution). The results showed that the optimum concentrations of maltodextrin and carrageenan gum were 8.8% w/v and 0.082% w/v, respectively. At these optimal conditions, the anthocyanin, flavonoid, polyphenol, tannin, moisture content and particle size of obtained spray dried powder were 5.77 mg cyanidin-3-glycoside equivalents (CE)/100 g; 29.49 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g; 28.35mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g; 27.44 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/g, 6.55% and 6.09 μm, respectively

Survival of Selected Organisms During Spray Drying of Skim Milk and Storage of Nonfat Dry Milk1

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. THOMPSON ◽  
L. G. HARMON ◽  
C. M. STINE
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Spray Dried

Pasteurized concentrated skim milk containing 35 to 40% total solids was inoculated with cultures of Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus flavus, or Escherichia coli to contain 1 × 106 organisms per g and spray-dried to determine the effect of exit air temperatures of 93.3, 82.2, and 71.1 C on survival of the organisms and moisture content of the finished product. The numbers of survivors increased as the drying temperature decreased. The percent survivors varied from 27.57 in the product made from milk inoculated with M. flavus and dried at 71.1 C to 0.02 in the product made from milk inoculated with E. coli and dried at 93.3 C. The organism most resistant to drying and most persistent during storage was B. subtilis, followed by M. flavus and E. coli, with the latter showing low survival during drying and abrupt die-off during the first 4 weeks of storage. The moisture content of the dry milks varied from 2.75 to 4.80% with low moisture associated with high drying temperature.

scholarly journals Improvement of Resveratrol Solubility by Complexation with Lactose Using Organic Solvent Spray Drying Technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Bo Wang ◽  
Xinran Sun ◽  
Xu Guo ◽  
Hanxi Yi ◽  
Zeneng Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Dissolution Behavior ◽  
Dissolution Medium ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Powder Samples ◽  
Ethanol Aqueous Solution ◽  
Drying Technology ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Spray Dried

The purpose of this experiment is to change the crystallization state of resveratrol and improve its solubility and dissolution in water by spray drying technology, so as to improve the feasibility of resveratrol in clinical application. The powder samples were spray-dried with different proportions of ethanol aqueous solution as dissolution medium. The powder samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry, and ultraviolet spectroscopy, and their dissolution characteristics were investigated. It was found that the solubility and dissolution rate of different groups of samples obtained by spray drying increased compared with resveratrol crystals, and 50% ethanol solution had the greatest solubilization effect. The experimental results show that this method has a positive effect on the solubility of resveratrol and can regulate its dissolution behavior.

scholarly journals Effects of Spray-Drying Temperatures and Carriers on Physical and Antioxidant Properties of Lemongrass Leaf Extract Powder

Beverages ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuyet T.A. Tran ◽  
Ha V.H. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Powder Product ◽  
Powder Samples

This research was conducted to identify influences of spray-drying temperatures and carriers on physical and antioxidant properties of lemongrass leaf extract powder. Two variables including: inlet temperatures (110 °C, 120 °C, 130 °C, 140 °C and 150 °C) and carriers (Gum Arabic, Maltodextrin and Gum Arabic: Maltodextrin mixture) were studied. Loose density, moisture content, solubility, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant capacity of the obtained powder were analyzed. Overall, moisture content, TPC and TFC were reduced; however, loose density, solubility and antioxidant capacity were enhanced when temperature increased. Among all powder samples, the one produced at 110 °C had the highest TPC (3.02 mg GAE/100 g DW) and TFC (541.82 mg CE/100 g DW) compared to the others. However, due to high moisture content, which is not suitable for the shelf life of powder product, this condition cannot be recommended as a favorable condition for lemongrass powder manufacturing. The powder samples produced by mixing with Maltodextrin at 130 °C retained the high levels of antioxidant capacity, TFC, TPC and had the highest water-soluble ability and lowest moisture content as compared to the others, matching well with quality requirements for an instant powder product.

scholarly journals Production of spray-dried enzyme-liquefied papaya (Carica papaya L.) powder

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Sin Chang ◽  
Yuit Ling Tan ◽  
Liew Phing Pui
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
B Value ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Feed Concentration ◽  
Process Yield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract Water removal during drying process consumes energy and lead to high production cost. Hence, enzymatic mash treatment was proposed to reduce the usage of water to produce feed concentration that is suitable for drying. In this study, papaya powder was prepared from papaya puree treated with 1.0% v/w of Pectinex® Ultra SP-L, a pectinase enzyme, with incubation under 50 °C up to 2 hours. The liquefied papaya puree was spray-dried at selected maltodextrin concentrations (10% to 50% w/w of papaya puree) and inlet temperatures (140 °C to 180 °C). The physico-chemical properties of papaya puree, spray-dried powder, and reconstituted powder were assessed. Results showed that an increase in maltodextrin concentration led to lower process yield, lower moisture content and hygroscopicity, and better solubility. The powder produced was brighter in colour (L*) and less yellowish (b*). The papaya puree added with 20% maltodextrin achieved the highest process yield (74.91% ± 9.15%) and better solubility (69.60 ± 0.48 s/g) with optimal moisture content (5.21% ± 0.15% dry basis) and hygroscopicity (24.79% ± 0.58%) which was selected as optimal concentration. Meanwhile, increasing spray drying inlet temperatures led to a reduction in moisture content (26%) but did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) water activity, hygroscopicity, bulk density and colour of spray-dried papaya powders. The inlet temperature of 150 °C achieved the highest solubility (48.17 ± 4.51 s/g) with moderate process yield (74.01% ± 7.69%) and moisture content (5.91% ± 0.70% dry basis) which was considered as optimal drying temperature. The reconstituted powder showed no significant effect in viscosity, pH, and colour regardless of the different maltodextrin concentrations and inlet temperatures used. The optimized spray powder showed no significant difference with initial spray drying feed in total soluble solids, pH, and b* value.

Spray Drying of Karkade (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Calyces and Evaluation of the Product

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel Moneim Sulieman
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽  
Powder Samples ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract Karkade calyces’ samples (variety Rahad) collected from different local sites were spray dried, and the powder samples were analyzed physically, chemically and microbiologically. The particle size of the various karkade powder samples ranged from 11.8 to 14.1 μm, while the flowability (angle of repose) ranged from 41° to 43° 20′. The reconstitution properties slightly varied when the various karkade samples were compared. The ranges of wettability, sinkability and dispersibility were 320–370 s, 800–850 s and 0.04–0.05 OD, respectively. The bulk density ranged from 0.57 to 0.65 g/ml, and the yield of karkade powder of the various samples ranged between 31.4 and 34.3%. The spray-dried samples from different sites were comparable in most of the chemical components, and they contained relatively good amount of macro- and micronutrients and high nutritive value. Virtually, all the spray-dried karkade powder samples were devoid of coliform, staphylococci and Salmonella cells.

Optimization of Microcrystalline Cellulose PH 101, Lactose, and Kollidon® K 30 To Obtain Co-Processed Excipient Through Spray Drying

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusuma P. ◽  
Syukri Y ◽  
Sholehuddin F. ◽  
Fazzri N. ◽  
Romdhonah . ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Chemical Change ◽  
Direct Compression ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Compression Process ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometer ◽  
Physical Mixtures ◽  
Spray Dried

The most efficient tablet processing method is direct compression. For this method, the filler-binder can be made by coprocessing via spray drying method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spray dried co-processing on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) PH 101, lactose and Kollidon® K 30 as well as to define the optimum proportions. Spray dried MCC PH 101, lactose, and Kollidon® K 30 were varied in 13 different mixture design proportions to obtain compact, free-flowing filler-binder co-processed excipients (CPE). Compactibility and flow properties became the key parameters to determine the optimum proportions of CPE that would be compared to their physical mixtures. The result showed that the optimum proportion of CPE had better compactibility and flow properties than the physical mixtures. The optimum CPE, consisting of only MCC PH 101 and Kollidon® K 30 without lactose, that were characterized using infrared spectrophotometer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated no chemical change therein. Therefore, this study showed that spray dried MCC PH 101, lactose and Kollidon® K 30 could be one of the filler-binder alternatives for direct compression process.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical and In Vitro Characterization of Chitosan-Based Microspheres Intended for Nasal Administration

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 608
Author(s):  
Csilla Bartos ◽  
Patrícia Varga ◽  
Piroska Szabó-Révész ◽  
Rita Ambrus
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Nasal Administration ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Intranasal Application ◽  
Spray Dried

The absorption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) through the nasal epithelium offers an innovative opportunity in the field of pain therapy. Thanks to the bonding of chitosan to the nasal mucosa and its permeability-enhancing effect, it is an excellent choice to formulate microspheres for the increase of drug bioavailability. The aim of our work includes the preparation of spray-dried cross-linked and non-cross-linked chitosan-based drug delivery systems for intranasal application, the optimization of spray-drying process parameters (inlet air temperature, pump rate), and the composition of samples. Cross-linked products were prepared by using different amounts of sodium tripolyphosphate. On top of these, the micrometric properties, the structural characteristics, the in vitro drug release, and the in vitro permeability of the products were studied. Spray-drying resulted in micronized chitosan particles (2–4 μm) regardless of the process parameters. The meloxicam (MEL)-containing microspheres showed nearly spherical habit, while MEL was present in a molecularly dispersed state. The highest dissolved (>90%) and permeated (~45 µg/cm2) MEL amount was detected from the non-cross-linked sample. Our results indicate that spray-dried MEL-containing chitosan microparticles may be recommended for the development of a novel drug delivery system to decrease acute pain or enhance analgesia by intranasal application.

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