How Russia's Bureaucracy hindered its Economic Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-453
Author(s):  
Chaim Shinar
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Russian History ◽  
The Real ◽  
State Bureaucracy ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Right

At least as far back as the reign of Tsar Nicholas I, Russia's state bureaucracy has been widely considered to be top-heavy, corrupt, inefficient and tyrannical. By the early twentieth century the real driving force of Russian history and society was neither the constitutional façade erected by the autocracy to stifle the revolution nor the subsequent Bolshevik seizure of power, but rather the growth of the state bureaucracy. Similarly, in the course of the twentieth century, analysts on both the left and the right came to view hyper-bureaucratic growth unchecked by democratic constraint as the major problem of Soviet society. Attempts to reduce bureaucratic interference in the economy of post-Soviet Russia have not resulted in positive change.

scholarly journals Education – As One Main Form of Human Capital

Economics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Revaz Shengelia Revaz Shengelia ◽  
Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri-Shengelia Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri-Shengelia ◽  
Natia Shengelia Natia Shengelia
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Right ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
Short Time

Education is the driving force for economic development and raising living standards. As an active factor of production - a sophisticated person determines the socio-economic development of a country. Truly, there are many factors hindering the rapid development, of which solution in a relatively short time is impossible (f.ex. returning of occupied territory); However there exist other kind of problems (development of infrastructure in a short time, cost saving on maintaining the state bureaucracy and leaving more money for the economy; having reliable money in circulation; an effective social assistance system, etc.), which can be eliminated in a short time. Among such important problems, the most important is to raise the level of human education, so, the qualitative level of human capital development. In order to make the country attractive in the conditions of rapid competition, it is necessary to create an innovative, creative atmosphere for the introduction of the updated education system, for the improvement of human capital. That should ensure the continuous update of the knowledge obtained at the higher Education institutions in parallel with the scientific and technical progress improved level. All this requires a lot of private initiatives, less regulation by the state and in the right direction of finances, reasonable and targeted spending. In Summary, the goal of the ongoing education reform is to make education not just as as a business but to make it more as a public good. Since education is the most significant sphere for accumulation of human capital and dissemination of knowledge in modern digital economy, it is necessary to increase the role of the state in improving this field. Keywords: Human Capital, Investment, Education, Competition.

scholarly journals A RESOURCE MODEL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINNO-UGRIC REGION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: THE BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OR THE PATH TO A DEAD END? (ON EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KARELIA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-335
Author(s):  
Oleg Igorevich Kulagin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Search Problem ◽  
Resource Model ◽  
Timber Industry ◽  
Union Republic ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Industry Sectors

Today in Russia there is a search for a new model of socio-economic development that could replace the raw material economy. The search problem is complicated by the fact that raw materials continue to be considered as the main resource in trade with other countries. Effective use of all types of resources that our country possesses could become an alternative in this situation. Studying the historical experience of using the resource model of socio-economic development may become one of the grounds for developing an optimal model for further socio-economic development of many Russian regions. This is especially true for regions that have historically developed and developed as mono-industry. The basis of the socio-economic development of Karelia, especially in the twentieth century, was the development of the timber industry sectors. This feature was supplemented by the fact that in the period from 1940 to 1956. Karelia as a Finno-Ugric region had the status of a union republic. The combination of these two factors became the basis of the accelerated socio-economic development of the republic in the first post-war years. The basis of the socio-economic development of Karelia as a Finno-Ugric region, especially in the 20th century, was the development of the timber industry sectors. As part of the interaction between the Center and the region, resources were exchanged. Receiving Karelian wood, the state provided the republic with financial and human resources, contributed to the formation and development of production and social infrastructure. As the main resource of Karelia, the forest in which the state was originally interested, was gradually exhausted, the resource potential of the region gradually decreased in various ways compared to other regions of the Northwest of Russia.

scholarly journals An Impact of Islamic Microfinance on women borrower’s Happiness: A Psychological and Economic Theoretical perspective in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Sana Fayyaz ◽  
Fatima Khurram ◽  
Samar Fahd
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
The State ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Sustainable Economic Development ◽  
Islamic Microfinance ◽  
The Right

This study attempts to understand how Islamic microfinance can be used to increase happiness in women and maintain sustainable economic development in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. It will analyze how the principles of Islamic microfinance help women in increasing their happiness. It also put forth light on the linkage between economic development and happiness. The survey will be conducted in Bahawalpur the State of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. It will also be considered that religion is not a hindering factor in the implementation of Islamic microfinance. It will also assume that Islamic microfinance in concert with the right fiscal and monetary policies framework, will contribute positively to increase happiness among women in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Russian Liberal of the Beginning of the 20th Century in Politics

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 28-43
Author(s):  
F. A. Gayada
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Political Experience ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Time

The article examines the political views and practices of Russian liberals in the early twentieth century. Russia’s political destiny of this period directly depended on building constructive relations between the authorities and society. Liberal ideas had a significant impact on the educated public. At the same time, the constructive cooperation between the liberals and the government was the most important condition for the possibility of application of these ideas in domestic political practice. The article examines the political experience of the two largest liberal political parties in Russia – the Cadets and the Octobrists. The author comes to the conclusion that the Russian liberal politician of the early twentieth century could not get out of the role of an idealist oppositionist. He was incapable of recognizing the existing realities and the need for political compromises, which were often perceived as a sign of impotence or immorality. The liberals perceived themselves as the only force capable of bringing Russia to the right, «civilized» path. In the opinion of the liberals, this path was inevitable, therefore, under any circumstances, the liberal movement should have retained its leading role. In the spring of 1917, the liberal opposition was able to defeat its historical enemy (autocracy), but retained power for a very short time. The slaughter of the state machine, which the liberals themselves did not intend to preserve, led them to defeat. Thus, the state was the only guarantor of the existence of a liberal movement in Russia. 

Duped or duplicitous?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Catterson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Art Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Plaster Casts

Abstract Deriving from material in the state and city archives of Florence relating to the Florentine dealer Stefano Bardini as well as material in the Berlin Zentralarchiv, this paper presents a case-study that illustrates the ways in which Bardini & Co. wilfully contaminated the art-historical canon. The bas-relief of the so-called Madonna della Rosa, often attributed to Donatello, exists in at least five versions, but four have a provenance dating no earlier than the nineteenth or very early twentieth century. This composition was first published by Wilhelm von Bode in 1892 with an attribution to Donatello. Thereafter, the literature was amended to accommodate art-market tastes. Archival evidence indicates that Bardini & Co. used photographs and plaster casts to produce at least some of the versions. The various reliefs of the Madonna della Rosa are but one example of the dubious objects put into circulation by Bardini, and then written into the scholarly literature by Bode. These objects raise questions about their relationship and the real agency of Bode.

scholarly journals Can Local Comparative Judgements Justify Moderate Perfectionism?

Philosophia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik D. Kugelberg
Keyword(s):  
Political Liberalism ◽  
Drug Addict ◽  
The State ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
The Real ◽  
Common Objection ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ways Of Life

AbstractA common objection to political liberalism is that since reasonable citizens agree that some ways of life are worse than others – for instance that the life of a drug addict is less worthwhile than the life of a person who spends her time with family and philosophy – political liberals must concede that the state can sometimes permissibly use perfectionist reasons. I argue in this paper that this challenge is mistaken, because the comparison only tells us something about relative, not absolute, value. And because the real question concerns what the right justificatory constituency looks like, not what counts as reasonable in some other sense, the implication is that perfectionists and political liberals could construct equally plausible idealised constituencies. This stalemate gives us reason to develop arguments in favour of our preferred justificatory constituency. We cannot view local comparative judgements in isolation.

scholarly journals On guarantees of protection of the policeman's right to money security

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 118-122
Author(s):  
T. A. Masalova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Labor Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
The Real ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level

The article considers the issues of guarantees of protection of the policeman's right to financial security, in particular, the definition of "guarantees of protection of the policeman's right to financial security", defines the purpose, objectives and functions of the investigated guarantees, and outlines the structure of basic guarantees. Thus, guarantees for the protection of the right of police officers to financial security are considered as a set of legal and organizational-legal means, methods and conditions by which the police and state bodies ensure the real restoration of the violated right to remuneration. It is concluded that today the guarantees of protection of the police officer's right to monetary security are a special manifestation of guarantees of protection of the employee's right to remuneration. This position allows us to draw the following conclusions: (1) the extension to the police of labor law and other guarantees of protection of labor rights of employees contributes to the expansion of the set of human-centered principles available in labor law in this area. This does not allow the state to subject police officers to labor exploitation, which degrades their human dignity, and obliges them to properly ensure and protect the right of these officers to a decent reward for their work; (2) as the real existence of guarantees of human and civil rights and freedoms in Ukraine is still far from adequate, the guarantees of protection of the police officer's right to financial security are not sufficiently perfect. Meanwhile, it should be borne in mind that the importance of police work, as well as ensuring a high level of social security of these officers has led to the creation and operation of a legal mechanism to protect the right of police officers to a decent reward. conditions under which a police officer may confirm and protect the right to financial security by all means and methods available to him, which do not endanger the state of national security of the state.

scholarly journals Methodological Foundations of the Risk of the Stock Markets of Developed and Developing Countries in the Conditions of the Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Diana Burkaltseva ◽  
Shakizada Niyazbekova ◽  
Lyudmila Borsch ◽  
Mir Abdul Kayum Jallal ◽  
Nataliya Apatova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
Stock Exchanges ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
The Real

The development of a methodology for the growth of the stock market through a deep transformation of the economic development system and introduction of digital technologies. The article is devoted to the study of the development of stock markets’ actual problems that affect the redistribution of capital between sectors of the economy by using tools and mechanisms between the financial and stock markets. The purpose of the study is to improve the regulatory segment of the stock market in order to further develop stock exchanges, integrate them into the global economic system, and attract investment in the economy. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were performed: the development of the London Stock Exchange was analyzed and the profit growth was determined; a comparative capitalization of the main stock instruments was carried out; internal factors of influence on the stock market were determined. The problem of the international stock market in all countries with emerging markets, first of all, lies in the improvement of the institutional environment, which is a prerequisite for the stability of the stock market. To analyze the development of stock markets, natural technical sciences were used to identify objective patterns, and determine the state and motives, using various methods and techniques: logic, generalizations, specific methods of cognition, comparison, and graphics. In the development of the stock market, the economy establishes certain natural actions in the real sector of the economy through a regulatory system of measures, and the needs of investments in the real sector of the economy, methods, and tools are used to achieve the desired results. Statistical, analytical, and dynamic methods were used. The essential foundations of the importance of stock markets and the economy are revealed; we discuss the penetration of knowledge and the conduction of a deep transformation through the introduction of digital technologies in all spheres of the economy, including the transformation of the development of the stock and financial markets nowadays. Results. The assessment of the state of securities markets in developed and developing countries is made on the example of the largest stock exchanges in Brazil and the United Kingdom. The features of the effective functioning of stock markets are revealed. The hypothesis is put forward about the insufficiency of research on the stock market of developed and developing countries and the mechanisms used having an insufficient impact on the development of the economy. From this point of view, an analysis of the dynamics of the current state of the issuers’ number and the dynamics of profitability of developed markets is carried out, the comparative capitalization volumes of the stock markets of Great Britain and Brazil are evaluated, and the weaknesses of their functioning are identified. Conclusions. The conducted research shows that countries, where stock markets are successfully functioning and developing, are catalysts for economic development and the accumulation of funds. Each country applies models of stock market development and a strategy for its regulation in accordance with the concept of a functioning market and its maturity.

scholarly journals modern state as mortal god.

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-233
Author(s):  
Theo De Wit
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Political Factor ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
European State ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Collective Self ◽  
Rogue State ◽  
The Right

Prisoners are confined in the name of the state as the holder of the monopoly of coercion and violence. To delegitimize religion as a political factor, the modern European state has often been upgraded to a divine authority, endowed with sovereign, that is: unlimited power. For Hobbes, this state was an answer to the “state of nature”, a state of permanent threatening violence, where everyone has a “right to everything”. His sovereign state even has the right to punish and kill innocent citizens if he thinks it is necessary. However, as a citizen I do not have to obey when the sovereign wants my death. Both Hobbes and Hegel defend the state, inclusive its roguish behaviour. Is “rogue state” perhaps a tautology? Remarkable, also twentieth-century scholars like Schmitt and Kahn defend this state: in a dangerous world, we have to be prepared for the exceptional situation. Kafka points to the societal and psychological roots of our roguish behaviour – the gap between our self-caressing (collective) self-image and our treating of others, especially strangers and people in prison. It is very tempting and pleasant to get judgmental and to encourage the mortal god (the state) to judge people.

scholarly journals Constantability of Catholic Church Teaching Religious Freedom

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-179
Author(s):  
Michał Kmieć
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
The State ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Church Teaching

The purpose of the article is to embed the twentieth-century teaching of the Church's Magisterium on the right to religious freedom in the Church's Tradition, showing clear evidence for the continuity of this teaching. Religious freedom is not a law that existed in the teaching of the Church fifty years ago, but one of its traditional elements, which may not have been strongly realized for centuries. It is, however, one of the elements of science about the relationship between the Church and the state that does not contradict any other elements.

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