scholarly journals A novel ATPase gene, Ab-atps, plays an important role in the interaction of rice and white tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Le Wang ◽  
Chun-Ling Xu ◽  
Chun Chen ◽  
Shan-Wen Ding ◽  
Jun-Yi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Interaction Mechanism ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Atpase Gene ◽  
Aphelenchoides Besseyi ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Almost All

AbstractPlant kinases containing the LysM domain play important roles in pathogen recognition and self-defense reactions. And it could recognize microbe-associated molecules including chitin and other polypeptides. The white tip nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi is a migratory parasitic nematode that infects plant shoots. It is distributed over almost all rice-producing areas and causes up to 50% economic losses. The rice OsRLK3 gene was a defense-related LysM kinase gene of rice. This study showed that the rice LysM kinase OsRLK3 could be induced by flg22, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and chitin. An interaction gene, Ab-atps from A. besseyi, was identified by screening the interaction between the rice gene OsRLK3 and an A. besseyi cDNA library using yeast two-hybrid screening. Ab-atps is a novel ATP synthase gene with a full length of 1341 bp, coding for 183 amino acids. The mRNA of Ab-atps was located in the esophagus and reproductive system of A. besseyi. The expression of Ab-atps was assessed at different developmental stages of the nematode and found to be the highest in the juvenile, followed by the egg, female, and male. Reproduction was significantly decreased in nematodes treated with Ab-atps double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (p < 0.05). Transient expression experiments showed that Ab-ATPS-GFP was distributed in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, and Ab-ATPS-GFP triggered plant cell death. OsRLK3 was expressed significantly higher at 0.5 day and 1 day (p < 0.05) in rice plants inoculated with nematodes treated with Ab-atps dsRNA and gfp dsRNA for 0.5–7 days, respectively. Further, OsRLK3 expression under Ab-atps dsRNA treatment was significantly lower than with gfp dsRNA treatment at 0.5 day (p < 0.05) and significantly higher than with gfp dsRNA treatment at 1 day (p < 0.05). These results suggest that rice OsRLK3 could interact with A. besseyi Ab-atps, which plays an important role in growth, reproduction, and infection of the nematode. Our findings provide a theoretical basis to further understand the parasitic strategy of A. besseyi and its interaction mechanism with host plants, suggesting new ideas and targets for controlling A. besseyi.

Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a glutathione peroxidase gene from Aphelenchoides besseyi (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bu-Yong Wang ◽  
Rong-Rong Wen ◽  
Ling Ma
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
The World ◽  
Aphelenchoides Besseyi ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract, the nematode agent of rice tip white disease, causes huge economic losses in almost all the rice-growing regions of the world. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), an esophageal glands secretion protein, plays important roles in the parasitism, immune evasion, reproduction and pathogenesis of many plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). Therefore, GPx is a promising target for control

PENGARUH STRATEGI BELAJAR KELOMPOK TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR BAHASA INGGRIS SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 2 BANGKINANG KOTA KABUPATEN KAMPAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 682
Author(s):  
Masniar Masniar
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Group Learning ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
English Learning ◽  
Public Middle School ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Daily Test

Various difficulties in learning English which have been an obstacle for almost all students, this should be avaluable lesson to spark new ideas in group learning implementation programs. To overcome the problem of thelow level of English learning outcomes of class VII students of Bangkinang State 2 Junior High School inKampar Regency, group learning is one good alternative. The study is a classroom action research conducted inBangkinang Kota 2 Public Middle School, Kampar district. The subjects of this study were seventh gradestudents. The results of the study obtained data on teacher activity in the first cycle of the first meeting with apercentage of 57%, the second meeting with a percentage of 66.5%, in the second cycle at the third meeting thepercentage was 83.5%, and at the fourth meeting percentage obtained 90.5%. The observation data of studentsin the first cycle of the 1st meeting was 51%, the second meeting was 62.5%, in the second cycle the thirdmeeting was 80%, and the fourth meeting was 88%. Data on the improvement of learning outcomes in the initialdata obtained an average of 63, in daily I repetition of 75, and in the second daily test of 88.

scholarly journals Crayfish hemocytes develop along the granular cell lineage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Li ◽  
Zaichao Zheng ◽  
Hongyu Li ◽  
Rongrong Fu ◽  
Limei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Granular Cell ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Hematopoietic Tissue ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractDespite the central role of hemocytes in crustacean immunity, the process of hemocyte differentiation and maturation remains unclear. In some decapods, it has been proposed that the two main types of hemocytes, granular cells (GCs) and semigranular cells (SGCs), differentiate along separate lineages. However, our current findings challenge this model. By tracking newly produced hemocytes and transplanted cells, we demonstrate that almost all the circulating hemocytes of crayfish belong to the GC lineage. SGCs and GCs may represent hemocytes of different developmental stages rather than two types of fully differentiated cells. Hemocyte precursors produced by progenitor cells differentiate in the hematopoietic tissue (HPT) for 3 ~ 4 days. Immature hemocytes are released from HPT in the form of SGCs and take 1 ~ 3 months to mature in the circulation. GCs represent the terminal stage of development. They can survive for as long as 2 months. The changes in the expression pattern of marker genes during GC differentiation support our conclusions. Further analysis of hemocyte phagocytosis indicates the existence of functionally different subpopulations. These findings may reshape our understanding of crustacean hematopoiesis and may lead to reconsideration of the roles and relationship of circulating hemocytes.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) to Characterize Wing Formation across All Developmental Stages

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Siying Fu ◽  
Yujie Duan ◽  
Siqi Wang ◽  
Yipeng Ren ◽  
Wenjun Bu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Wing Formation ◽  
Riptortus Pedestris

Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is a major agricultural pest in East Asia that causes considerable economic losses to the soybean crop each year. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the growth and development of R. pedestris have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the Illumina HiSeq6000 platform was employed to perform de novo transcriptome assembly and determine the gene expression profiles of this species across all developmental stages, including eggs, first-, second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, and adults. In this study, a total of 60,058 unigenes were assembled from numerous raw reads, exhibiting an N50 length of 2126 bp and an average length of 1199 bp, and the unigenes were annotated and classified with various databases, such as the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Gene Ontology (GO). Furthermore, various numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were calculated through pairwise comparisons of all life stages, and some of these DEGs were associated with immunity, metabolism, and development by GO and KEGG enrichment. In addition, 35,158 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 715,604 potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from the seven transcriptome libraries of R. pedestris. Finally, we identified and summarized ten wing formation-related signaling pathways, and the molecular properties and expression levels of five wing development-related genes were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR for all developmental stages of R. pedestris. Taken together, the results of this study may establish a foundation for future research investigating developmental processes and wing formation in hemimetabolous insects and may provide valuable data for pest control efforts attempting to reduce the economic damage caused by this pest.

Tomato viruses especially dangerous for vegetable growing of Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Ю.А. Шнейдер ◽  
Е.В. Каримова ◽  
Ю.Н. Приходько ◽  
Е.Н. Лозовая ◽  
Т.С. Живаева
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Phytosanitary Measure ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Almost All

Томат – важнейшая овощная культура с ежегодным увеличением объемов его производства во всем мире. В Российской Федерации последние несколько лет активно развиваются предприятия защищенного грунта, специализирующиеся на производстве томатов. Вместе с тем растения томата поражают более 200 различных вредителей и болезней. Возбудители вирусных болезней растений – важный ограничивающий фактор для многих отраслей растениеводства, в том числе овощеводства. В последние годы в европейских странах производство томатов в открытом и защищенном грунте пострадало от серьезных потерь, вызванных, главным образом, вирусными фитопатогенами. В статье представлен обзор трех наиболее опасных вирусов, возбудителей болезней томатов – коричневой морщинистости плодов томата, мозаики пепино, пятнистого увядания томата. Эти вирусы неоднократно были выявлены в целом ряде стран практически на всех континентах и вызвали значительные экономические потери в странах своего распространения. Ввиду очень быстрого распространения и обнаружения опасных вирусов томата в ряде стран, занимающихся производством и дальнейшим экспортом семян и плодов томатов, Федеральная служба по ветеринарному и фитосанитарному надзору Российской Федерации (Россельхознадзор) с 27 июля 2020 года ввела в качестве временной карантинной фитосанитарной меры требование об отсутствии этих вирусов в семенах, посадочном материале и плодах растений-хозяев при их ввозе и перемещении по территории Российской Федерации. Результаты анализов фитосанитарного риска, проведенных в ФГБУ «ВНИИКР» в 2020 году, показали, что вирусы коричневой морщинистости плодов томата, мозаики пепино и пятнистого увядания томата соответствуют критериям карантинных для Российской Федерации организмов, вирусы способны проникнуть на территорию страны с подкарантинной продукцией, распространиться и нанести существенный ущерб развитию сельского хозяйства и экономической деятельности страны. Tomato is the most important vegetable crop with an annual increase in its production worldwide. In the Russian Federation, greenhouse industry specializing in the production of tomatoes have been actively developing over the past few years. At the same time, tomato plants affect more than 200 different pests and diseases. Pathogens of viral diseases of plants are an important limiting factor for many branches of crop production, including vegetable growing. In recent years, in European countries, the production of tomatoes in open field and greenhouses has suffered from serious losses caused mainly by viral phytopathogens. The article presents an overview of the three most dangerous viruses, pathogens of tomato diseases – tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). These viruses have been repeatedly detected in a number of countries on almost all continents and have caused significant economic losses in the countries of their distribution. In view of the very rapid spread and detection of dangerous tomato viruses in a number of countries engaged in the production and further export of tomato seeds and fruits, Rosselkhoznadzor, from July 27, 2020, introduced as a temporary quarantine phytosanitary measure the requirement that these viruses are not present in seeds, planting material and fruits of host plants when they are imported and moved through the territory of the Russian Federation. The results of the phytosanitary risk analyses conducted at the Federal State Budgetary Institution «VNIIKR» in 2020 showed that ToBRFV, PepMV and TSWV meet the criteria of quarantine organisms for the Russian Federation, viruses are able to enter the territory of the country with quarantined products, spread and cause significant damage to the development of agriculture and economic activity of the country.

scholarly journals Phenylalanine Hydroxylase RNAi Knockdown Negatively Affects Larval Development, Molting and Swimming Performance of Salmon Lice

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashanna Guragain ◽  
Bjørnar Sporsheim ◽  
Astrid Skjesol ◽  
Anna Solvang Båtnes ◽  
Yngvar Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Salmon Lice ◽  
Morphological Defects

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is a crucial enzyme involved in tyrosine biosynthesis, having roles in neurological and physiological processes. The purpose of PAH has received little attention in crustaceans despite extensive investigations in other arthropods. Here, we characterize the PAH gene for the first time in the parasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis, a copepod that is responsible for huge economic losses in salmonid fish farming. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses confirmed that LsPAH is closely related to the metazoan PAH with conserved ACT regulatory and catalytic domains. Temporal expression patterns revealed that LsPAH is expressed throughout all developmental stages peaking during the copepodite stages, suggesting an essential role in developmental physiology. We used RNAi to knockdown LsPAH expression in the nauplius I stage to study developmental function during the larval stages. PAH knockdown impaired larval development, molting and swimming ability with severe morphological defects. This study provides insight into the role of PAH in copepods and demonstrates the importance of this metabolic gene in salmon louse growth and development.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution and Expression of the Complete Set of Cytoplasmic Ribosomal Protein Genes in Nile Tilapia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1230
Author(s):  
Gangqiao Kuang ◽  
Wenjing Tao ◽  
Shuqing Zheng ◽  
Xiaoshuang Wang ◽  
Deshou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Genes ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic Expression ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Almost All

Ribosomal proteins (RPs) are indispensable in ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis, and play a crucial role in diverse developmental processes. In the present study, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of RPs in chordates and examined the expression profiles of the complete set of 92 cytoplasmic RP genes in Nile tilapia. The RP genes were randomly distributed throughout the tilapia genome. Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses revealed the existence of duplicated RP genes from 2R (RPL3, RPL7, RPL22 and RPS27) and 3R (RPL5, RPL19, RPL22, RPL41, RPLP2, RPS17, RPS19 and RPS27) in tilapia and even more from 4R in common carp and Atlantic salmon. The RP genes were found to be expressed in all tissues examined, but their expression levels differed among different tissues. Gonadal transcriptome analysis revealed that almost all RP genes were highly expressed, and their expression levels were highly variable between ovaries and testes at different developmental stages in tilapia. No sex- and stage-specific RP genes were found. Eleven RP genes displayed sexually dimorphic expression with nine higher in XY gonad and two higher in XX gonad at all stages examined, which were proved to be phenotypic sex dependent. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry ofRPL5b and RPL24 were performed to validate the transcriptome data. The genomic resources and expression data obtained in this study will contribute to a better understanding of RPs evolution and functions in chordates.

On the application of quantum mechanics to mortality tables

1942 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-258
Author(s):  
R. D Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Wave Mechanics ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Almost All

If you have had your attention directed to the novelties in thought in your own lifetime, you will have observed that almost all really new ideas have a certain aspect of foolishness when they are first produced. Prof. A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World.1. Quantum Mechanics is a portentous name; the alternative—Wave Mechanics—is almost as bad. The mathematics are formidable, the literature large and growing rapidly, and the subjectmatter dealt with is the behaviour of physical things, such as electrons, protons, atoms, and so on. Why, then, should actuaries as such take any interest in the subject?

scholarly journals Comparing Different Larval Food Sources and Temperature Regimes for the Rearing of Culicoides obsoletus/scoticus Complex Midges, the Predominant Bluetongue, and Schmallenberg Virus Vectors in Northern Europe

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Charlotte Sohier ◽  
Severine Matthijs ◽  
Nick De Regge
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Schmallenberg Virus ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
Culicoides Obsoletus ◽  
Obsoletus Complex

During the last decade, Europe was confronted with the emergence of two Culicoides-borne viruses, bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus. Both diseases caused economic losses in cattle, sheep, and goats. Despite their importance, only limited knowledge is available on the developmental stages of Culicoides obsoletus complex midges, and a lab-reared colony has not yet been established. Therefore, this experimental study aims to compare the emergence patterns from field-collected C. obsoletus complex from egg to adult that were exposed to different combinations of temperature and larval substrates (T1: 1% liquid broth (LB) agar at 24 °C; T2: 1% LB agar with dung patches at 24 °C; T3: 1% LB agar at 28 °C). The rearing dishes were kept in an environmental chamber under an 8 h/16 h dark–light regime and 80%–85% humidity. Algae and nematodes were provided as a food source. The average period required to develop from egg to adult was 24 days and varied strongly in each of the conditions (T1: 15–47 days; T2: 14–35 days; T3: 20–37 days). A bias of sex ratio was observed towards the production of males in all three treatments with only 23.9% (T1), 23.5% (T2), and 0% (T3) females. Larval mortality was highest in T3 (25.9%), followed by T2 (8.6%), and T1 (1.8%). All pupae produced adults within 1 to 10 days, and the emergence rates for pupae varied strongly between treatments: 49.5% (T1), 71.6% (T2), and 38.5% (T3). This study shows that the C. obsoletus complex can be reared under laboratory conditions from blood-fed, wild-caught females to emerged progeny. More larval substrates and food sources should be tested with the aim of obtaining a 1:1 sex ratio to bring us one step closer to a viable lab-reared colony.

Exosomes: Applications in Respiratory Infectious Diseases and Prospects for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-418
Author(s):  
Jia Feng ◽  
Ahmed Waqas ◽  
Zhihan Zhu ◽  
Lukui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Respiratory Infectious Diseases ◽  
Almost All

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of 30–150 nm diameter secreted by almost all cells. In recent years, with continuous deeper understanding of exosomes physiological functions, different reports have proven that exosomes can facilitate cell-to-cell communication by binding to target cells and transferring their contents, together with RNAs, DNAs, proteins, and lipids between cells and tissues. With advantages that exosomes can be involved in various types of physiological processes, such as blood coagulation, cellular homeostasis, inflammation, immune surveillance, stem cell differentiation, neuroprotection, and tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. Exosomes have been demonstrated that they can be applied in identification and treatment of multiple disorders such as cancers, cerebral ischemia, and respiratory infectious diseases. Importantly, researchers utilize application of exosomes in the treatment of various respiratory infectious diseases that have made some breakthrough progress. However, with the global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), we have focused on applications of exosomes in respiratory infectious diseases and their serious complications, including influenza, TB, ARDS and sepsis. In this review, we explain the use of exosomes in various respiratory infectious diseases and their serious complications, and hope to provide new ideas for the treatment of new coronavirus infections.

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