Long-term effects of nutritional programming of the embryo and fetus: mechanisms and critical windows

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Symonds ◽  
Terence Stephenson ◽  
David S. Gardner ◽  
Helen Budge
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Large Animals

The maternal nutritional and metabolic environment is critical in determining not only reproduction, but also long-term health and viability. In the present review, the effects of maternal nutritional manipulation at defined stages of gestation coinciding with embryogenesis, maximal placental or fetal growth will be discussed. Long-term outcomes from these three developmental windows appear to be very different, with brain and cardiovascular function being most sensitive to influences in the embryonic period, the kidney during placental development and adipose tissue in the fetal phase. In view of the similarities in fetal development, number and maturity at birth, there are close similarities in these outcomes between findings from epidemiological studies in historical human cohorts and nutritional manipulation of large animals, such as sheep. One key nutrient that may modulate the long-term metabolic effects is the supply of glucose from the mother to the fetus, because this is sensitive to both global changes in food intake, maternal glucocorticoid status and an increase in the carbohydrate content of the diet. The extent to which these dietary-induced changes may reflect epigenetic changes remains to be established, especially when considering the very artificial diets used to induce these types of effects. In summary, the maintenance of a balanced and appropriate supply of glucose from the mother to the fetus may be pivotal in ensuring optimal embryonic, placental and fetal growth. Increased or decreased maternal plasma glucose alone, or in conjunction with other macro- or micronutrients, may result in offspring at increased risk of adult diseases.

Incest: What do we Really Know about It?

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kosky
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Clinical Series ◽  
General Populations

The literature on incest is reviewed. Current knowledge rests on a very insecure scientific basis and has been mainly derived from small, highly selected clinical series. Recently, some important epidemiological studies of general populations have been reported, but the results of prevalence are inconsistent. Overall, however, it appears that incest, when defined in terms of sexual intercourse, occurs in less than 1% of the population, but other forms of intrafamilial sexual activity may affect 10% of females before they are 16 years of age. Some children are more at risk than others. Because information has generally been derived from court or treatment samples, we are unclear about the long-term effects of incest experiences but, overall, the impression is that incest has markedly adverse effects, especially if it is accompanied by violence and threats and is directed, as it usually is, at the young pre-pubescent child.

Repair of Protruding Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate With Staged Premaxilla Setback Osteotomy, Cheiloplasty, and Palatoplasty in Trisomy 17p Patient: A Review of Syndromic Clinical Characteristic

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562110698
Author(s):  
Kristaninta Bangun ◽  
Jessica Halim ◽  
Vika Tania
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Chromosome 17 ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Surgical Strategies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Cost

Chromosome 17 duplication is correlated with an increased risk of developmental delay, birth defects, and intellectual disability. Here, we reported a female patient with trisomy 17 on the whole short arm with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCLP). This study will review the surgical strategies to reconstruct the protruding premaxillary segment, cleft lip, and palate in trisomy 17p patient. The patient had heterozygous pathogenic duplication of chromosomal region chr17:526-18777088 on almost the entire short arm of chromosome 17. Beside the commonly found features of trisomy 17p, the patient also presented with BCLP with a prominent premaxillary portion. Premaxillary setback surgery was first performed concomitantly with cheiloplasty. The ostectomy was performed posterior to the vomero-premaxillary suture (VPS). The premaxilla was firmly adhered to the lateral segment and the viability of philtral flap was not compromised. Two-flap palatoplasty with modified intravelar veloplasty (IVV) was performed 4 months after. Successful positioning of the premaxilla segment, satisfactory lip aesthetics, and vital palatal flap was obtained from premaxillary setback, primary cheiloplasty, and subsequent palatoplasty in our trisomy 17p patient presenting with BLCP. Postoperative premaxillary stability and patency of the philtral and palatal flap were achieved. Longer follow-up is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of our surgical techniques on inhibition of midfacial growth. However, the benefits that the patient received from the surgery in improving feeding capacity and facial appearance early in life outweigh the cost of possible maxillary retrusion.

Second-Generation Consequences of Small-for-Dates Birth

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-347
Author(s):  
Mark A. Klebanoff ◽  
Olav Meirik ◽  
Heinz W. Berendes
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Increase In Risk

This is the first reported study of birth outcomes of a group of women whose own birth weights and gestational ages had been previously recorded. Births occurring from 1972 to 1983 among 1154 Swedish women, born from 1955 to 1965, were studied. Women who were themselves small for gestational age (SGA) at birth were at increased risk of giving birth to a SGA infant (odds ratio = 2.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.41, 3.48). Women who had been SGA had an even greater increase in risk of giving birth to a preterm infant (odds ratio = 2.96, 95% confidence interval = 1.47, 5.94). Women who were preterm at birth were not at increased risk of giving birth to either preterm (odds ratio = 0.65, 95% confidence interval = 0.15, 2.74) or SGA (odds ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval = 0.62, 2.38) infants. It is concluded that the long-term effects of intrauterine growth retardation may extend to the next generation; women who had been SGA should be considered at increased risk to give birth to both growth-retarded and preterm infants.

scholarly journals Maternal Overnutrition Induces Long-Term Cognitive Deficits across Several Generations

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitalee Sarker ◽  
Daria Peleg-Raibstein
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Maternal Overnutrition

Ample evidence from epidemiological studies has linked maternal obesity with metabolic disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes in the next generation. Recently, it was also shown that maternal obesity has long-term effects on the progeny’s central nervous system. However, very little is known regarding how maternal overnutrition may affect, in particular, the cognitive abilities of the offspring. We reported that first-generation offspring exposed to a maternal high-fat diet (MHFD) displayed age-dependent cognitive deficits. These deficits were associated with attenuations of amino acid levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus regions of MHFD offspring. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MHFD in mice may induce long-term cognitive impairments and neurochemical dysfunctions in the second and third generations. We found that MHFD led to cognitive disabilities and an altered response to a noncompetitive receptor antagonist of the N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor in adult MHFD offspring in both second and third generations in a sex-specific manner. Our results suggest that maternal overnutrition leads to an increased risk of developing obesity in subsequent generations as well as to cognitive impairments, affecting learning and memory processes in adulthood. Furthermore, MHFD exposure may facilitate pathological brain aging which is not a consequence of obesity. Our findings shed light on the long-term effects of maternal overnutrition on the development of the central nervous system and the underlying mechanisms which these traits relate to disease predisposition.

scholarly journals Long-Term Overconsumption of Sugar Starting at Adolescence Produces Persistent Hyperactivity and Neurocognitive Deficits in Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Beecher ◽  
Ignatius Alvarez Cooper ◽  
Joshua Wang ◽  
Shaun B. Walters ◽  
Fatemeh Chehrehasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Food And Beverages ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Newborn Neurons ◽  
Dependent Learning

Sugar has become embedded in modern food and beverages. This has led to overconsumption of sugar in children, adolescents, and adults, with more than 60 countries consuming more than four times (>100 g/person/day) the WHO recommendations (25 g/person/day). Recent evidence suggests that obesity and impulsivity from poor dietary habits leads to further overconsumption of processed food and beverages. The long-term effects on cognitive processes and hyperactivity from sugar overconsumption, beginning at adolescence are not known. Using a well-validated mouse model of sugar consumption, we found that long-term sugar consumption, at a level that significantly augments weight gain, elicits an abnormal hyperlocomotor response to novelty and alters both episodic and spatial memory. Our results are similar to those reported in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. The deficits in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory were accompanied by altered hippocampal neurogenesis, with an overall decrease in the proliferation and differentiation of newborn neurons within the dentate gyrus. This suggests that long-term overconsumption of sugar, as that which occurs in the Western Diet might contribute to an increased risk of developing persistent hyperactivity and neurocognitive deficits in adulthood.

Air Pollution as Risk Factor for Mental Disorders: In Search for a Possible Link with Alzheimer’s Disease and Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Attademo ◽  
Francesco Bernardini
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Central Nervous System

As a global problem that has increasingly been causing worldwide concern, air pollution poses a significant and serious environmental risk to health. Risks of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as various types of cancer, have been consistently associated with the exposure to air pollutants. More recently, various studies have also shown that the central nervous system is also attacked by air pollution. Air pollution appears to be strongly associated with a higher risk of cognitive defects, neurodevelopmental (e.g., schizophrenia) and neurodegenerative (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease) disorders. Subjects with schizophrenia, as well as subjects with Alzheimer’s disease, experience a variety of neuropsychological deficits and cognitive impairments. This determines an adverse effect on social and professional functioning, and it contributes to the long-term disease burden. However, no final conclusions have been drawn on the matter of the direct relationship between schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. In recent years, the topic of urbanicity and mental health has become increasingly important. Urban exposure to environmental toxins and pollution is currently described as a reliable risk factor for schizophrenia and other psychoses, and it has been demonstrated more and more how exposure to air pollutants is associated with increased risk of dementia. Pathways by which air pollution can target and damage the brain, leading to an increased risk for developing schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease, are multiple and complex. Results from epidemiological studies suggest potential associations, but are still insufficient to confirm causality. Further studies are needed in order to verify this hypothesis. And if confirmed, the clinical implications could be of substantial relevance for both public and mental health.

Controlled trial of the metabolic effects of a very-low-calorie diet: short- and long-term effects

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
G D Foster ◽  
T A Wadden ◽  
I D Feurer ◽  
A S Jennings ◽  
A J Stunkard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Very Low Calorie Diet ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Low Calorie Diet ◽  
Calorie Diet ◽  
Short And Long Term

scholarly journals Familial, Social, and Individual Factors Contributing to Risk for Adolescent Substance Use

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackenzie Whitesell ◽  
Annette Bachand ◽  
Jennifer Peel ◽  
Mark Brown
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adolescent Substance Use ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adolescent Substance ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Control And Prevention

Data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reveal high numbers of adolescent substance use in the United States. Substance use among adolescents can lead to increased risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections, vehicular fatalities, juvenile delinquency, and other problems associated with physical and mental health. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to involvement in substance use due to the underdeveloped state of the adolescent brain, which can lead to reduced decision-making ability and increased long-term effects of drugs and alcohol. Understanding the causes of adolescent substance use is vital for successful prevention and intervention programs.

The obese patient (metabolic syndrome)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarit Korkeila ◽  
Bengt Lindholm ◽  
Peter Stenvinkel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Reverse Epidemiology ◽  
Increased Risk

Overweight and obesity cause pathophysiological changes in renal function and increase the risk for chronic kidney disease in otherwise healthy subjects. This should not be a surprise as the risk factors for metabolic syndrome largely overlap with those for chronic kidney disease. Intentional weight loss has beneficial effects on risk factors, but long term effects are less clear. Bariatric surgery does seem to achieve rapid benefits on blood pressure and proteinuria as well as on other aspects of metabolic syndrome, but its long term implications for kidney function are less clear cut as there may be an increased risk of nephrolithiasis, and possibly AKI and other complications.Obesity in haemodialysis patients is one of those paradoxical examples of reverse epidemiology where a factor associated with negative outcomes in the general population is associated with better outcomes in dialysis patients. The same is true for high blood cholesterol values. Interpretation is complicated by complex competing outcomes and confounders.

Asymptomatic postoperative deep vein thrombosis and the development of postthrombotic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (02) ◽  
pp. 236-241. ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Jorgensen ◽  
Michael Crawford ◽  
Peer Wille-Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Screening Method ◽  
Postthrombotic Syndrome ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Reference Databases ◽  
Deep Vein

SummaryPerioperative antithrombotic clinical regimens have reduced the incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Long-term effects of asymptomatic postoperative DVT have been studied in a number of clinical trials and the present review describes the clinical significance of asymptomatic postoperative DVT regarding the possible development of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS).We performed a systematic review of reference databases focusing upon studies including patients suspected of having postoperative DVT and reporting subsequent cases of PTS at the end of a well-defined follow-up period. The included studies were stratified according to type of screening method and applied statistics. Over-all evaluation included metaanalyses based upon the Cochrane software package. The overall relative risk of developing PTS was 1.58 (95% confidence intervals: 1.24 – 2.02) in patients suffering from asymptomatic DVT as compared to patients without DVT ( p < 0.0005).In conclusion, asymptomatic postoperative DVT is associated with an increased risk of late development of PTS. The finding emphasizes that postoperative DVT, diagnosed by means of well-defined objective measures, remains the correct scientific endpoint in trials evaluating the efficacy of preoperative antithrombotic treatment regimens.

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