scholarly journals Study of production 500 kg/batch polyaluminum chloride from aluminum hydrate

2021 ◽  
Vol 882 (1) ◽  
pp. 012014
Author(s):  
H E Mamby ◽  
K N Hidayat ◽  
A Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Hydrated Alumina ◽  
Polyaluminum Chloride ◽  
Aluminum Ions ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is commonly used as a chemical in the water treatment industry, deodorant and paper-making. The PAC is a complex inorganic substance between hydroxyl and aluminum ions that gradually takes place chlorination with its general formula of Alx(OH)yCl3x-y. It has the ability to coagulate suspended solid or dispersed colloid within water perform easily precipitated flock. The raw materials used for manufacturing liquid PAC consists of hydrated alumina (Al(OH)3), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). A pilot-scale experiment with a capacity of 500 kg/batch feed was conducted by reacting Al(OH)3 with HCl and H2SO4, then neutralized using CaCO3 to obtain liquid PAC and gypsum as a by-product. The variation of acid concentration as reactant and reaction time were conducted to determine its effect on the composition of PAC and the amount of gypsum produced. The optimum experiment produced liquid PAC with the highest Al2O3 composition of 11.96% and the lowest Cl− ion of 10.87% at 2 hours reaction time with a total acid concentration of 37.74%.

scholarly journals Implementation of sulfuric acid leaching for aluminum and iron removal for improvement of low-grade silica from quartz sand of Sukabumi, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6 (111)) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Eko Sulistiyono ◽  
Murni Handayani ◽  
Agus Budi Prasetyo ◽  
Januar Irawan ◽  
Eni Febriana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Concentration ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Leaching ◽  
X Ray

Indonesia has very abundant reserves of silica, but progressive studies on the deposition of this material are very few, resulting in limited applications of silica. This work refers to the purification of silica from quartz sand originated from Sukabumi, Indonesia to obtain high-purity silica, which can be applied as important raw materials for special purposes. The aim of our research is to improve low-grade silica from quartz sand by removing impurities, especially aluminum and iron removal, using sulfuric acid leaching. In order to achieve the aim, the effect of reaction time and sulfuric acid concentration on the leaching process was investigated. The effectiveness of sulfuric acid for the impurities removal was observed. The chemical composition of the samples before and after leaching was studied using X-ray fluorescence. The mineralogical analysis of the starting materials and the products was conducted using X-ray diffraction. Microstructure analysis was performed using a scanning electron microscope, and EDS test was used to show the element composition at different points. The experimental results show that the optimum condition of the leaching process occurs at a reaction time of 5 hours with a sulfuric acid concentration of 10 N. The silica levels increase from 93.702 % to 96.438 %. Aluminum and iron impurities reduced from 4.691 % to 2.712 % and from 0.641 % to 0.094 %, respectively. At this optimum point, sulfuric acid is very effective to remove aluminum and iron impurities up to 42 % and 85 %, respectively. The results of this research can be a very significant opportunity to increase the value added of quartz sand from Sukabumi, which can enhance the quality of low-grade silica to provide better raw materials for glass industries.

scholarly journals KAJIAN AWAL PEMBUATAN PUPUK CAIR ORGANIK DARI EFFLUENT PENGOLAHAN LANJUT LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT (LCPKS) SKALA PILOT

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Fristyana Sosanty Lubis, Irvan ◽  
Dedy Anwar ◽  
Basril Amirza Harahap ◽  
Bambang Trisakti
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Effective Microorganism

The objective of this study is to design an organic liquid fertilizer manufacturing process from palm oil mill effluent (POME) at pilot scale. Materials used were effluent from further processing of biogas fermentation from POME and starter (mixture of molasses, yeast and effective microorganism). Variables measured were total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), total suspended solid (TSS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), in addition, analysis content of liquid fertilizers was performed. The research consisted of production of starters and fermentation process. Loading rate was started from hydraulic retention time (HRT) 2,500 days and bioreactor performance was observed at HRT 100, 90 and 80 days. The results showed that COD concentration of bioreactor effluent decreased from 8,600 to 1,580 mg/l and from analysis content, liquid fertilizers are composed of nitrogen 0.14%, P2O5 0.05%, K2O 0.07%, MgO 0.01%, CaO 0.001mg/l, C-Organic 0,12%, and C/N Ratio 0.86.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN KARBOKSIMETIL SELULOSA DARI KULIT PISANG KEPOK DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI NATRIUM HIDROKSIDA, NATRIUM MONOKLOROASETAT, TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU REAKSI

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
Saputri Ayuningtiyas ◽  
Feni Dwi Desiyana ◽  
Siswarni MZ
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Glacial Acetic Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Substitution Degree ◽  
Materials Used

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a derivative cellulose which is soluble an in water (hydrophilic colloid). This material effective to bind water to provide a uniform texture and increase viscosity. The aim  of this study is to utilize banana peel as a raw material to synthesis CMC and determine the best conditions in the process of synthesis CMC from banana peel. The materials used were banana peel, water, aquades, NaOH, Natirum monochloroacetat and glacial acetic acid. The variables in this study were NaOH concentration, natirum monochloroacetat mass, temperature and reaction time. In this  research consists of four stages there are preparation of raw materials, alkalization, carboxymethylation, and neutralization. The results of this research  shows the variatioon NaOH concentration 20%  and  temperature of 45oC degree, mol rasio of  cellulose:sodium monochloroacetat 1:1,6 with a reaction time of 120 minutes obtained the highest substitution degree of 0,73-0.812. The FTIR analysis shows the presence of the O-H, C-H, C = O, C-0, CH2 and 1,4 β-glycoside function groups known to have the same function groups as the commercial carboxymethyl cellulose.

SIFAT MEKANIK PAPAN GYPSUM DARI SERBUK LIMBAH KAYU NON KOMERSIAL

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Saibatul Hamdi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Particle ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Gypsum Board ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Wood Particles ◽  
Sawn Timber ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Artocarpus Elasticus ◽  
Ficus Glomerata

The purpose of this research is to know the mechanical strength of gypsum board by utilizing waste sawn wood. Raw materials used consist of flour, gypsum,wood particles, boraks and kambang (Goniothalamus sp), wood tarap (Artocarpus elasticus REINW) and lua (Ficus glomerata ROXB). Wood particle 40 mesh and 60 mesh, concentrations boraks of 1 and 2 and the percentage particles of gypsum sawn timber is 300, 400 and 500%. The results showed that the average value Modulus of Rufture (MoR) in lua wood ranges from 12.55 – 14,47 kgcm2, wood kambang 25.10-31,11 kgcm2 and wood tarap 19.20- 24,18 kgcm2. As for Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) on the lua 1129,80- 2092,70 kgcm2, wood kambang 2512,37-3971,32 kgcm2 and tarap 2050,63-2691,09 kgcm2. Gypsum board are mechanical properties do not meet quality standards created SNI 03-6434-2000.Keywords: sawdust, lua, kambang, tarap, gypsum, mechanical

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES CONTENT IN THE LEAVES AND FRUITS OF A ROWAN-TREE (SORBUS AUCUPARIA FRUCTUS) AND ASSESSMENT OF PROSPECTS IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
Chernichkina A.D.
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Mountain Ash ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Pectin Substances

A large number of biologically active substances, organic acids, tannins, and pectin substances were detected during the study of fruits, leaves, and pulp of the fruits of mountain Ash. The content of these substances in leaves and pulp will significantly expand the arsenal of medicinal plant raw materials used. Given the wide distribution of mountain Ash in the territory of the Russian Federation, harvesting leaves from the same plants after harvesting the fruit and using pulp will make it possible to obtain new phytopreparations.

Mutual Influence Study of Food Acids and Polysaccharides of Different Nature on the Sensory Perception of Low-Calorie Sweet Dishes

Food Industry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Minnikhanova ◽  
Nataliya Zavorokhina ◽  
Anna Gilina
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Apple Pectin ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Functional Reserves ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract The inclusion of polysaccharide thickeners in the recipes of sweet dishes increases the functional reserves of the body, contributes to the preservation of health and the prevention of diseases. The purpose of the research is to study the sensory characteristics of polysaccharides of various nature when combined with food acids, to develop a recipe for a basic mixture of low-calorie meals for public catering. The authors analyzed citric, lactic and succinic acids in combinations with polysaccharides of various nature. Organoleptic tests were evaluated by a touch panel. The organization of the tasting analysis corresponded to GOST ISO 6658-2016; the consistency was determined according to GOST 31986-2012, GOST ISO 11036-2017, GOST ISO 8588-2011. The optimal organoleptic combinations of the presented food acids and complex additives of sweeteners (CDP) were identified, which included aspartame, sodium saccharinate, Sucralose, sweetness coefficient – 340: the mixture with citric acid had a long pleasant aftertaste without foreign tastes and the best taste characteristics. Using the “A-not A” method, we found that the sample with the addition of CDP is identical to the sucrose solution. In the second part of the study, polysaccharides were added to model samples of acids with complex sweeteners; the best sensory characteristics were obtained by model samples consisting of a mixture of low-esterified Apple pectin with lactic acid and KDP. The technology of obtaining a stable elastic jelly using low-esterified Apple pectin has been developed, since the complex mixture of sweeteners and food acids does not have a dehydrating effect. Developed a dry mix recipe that can serve as a basic development, low-calorie sweet products for catering and has a variance of use of lactic and succinic acids, depending on the flavor characteristics of the raw materials used and its corrective ability.

DAMPAK SUBSITUSI IMPORT TERHADAP DEFISIT NERACA PERDAGANGAN: STUDI KASUS IMPOR KULIT INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Yulianto ◽  
Ario Seno Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Net Export ◽  
Balance Deficit

An alternative strategy to reduce the trade balance deficit simultaneously to increase the net foreign exchange is the import-substitution for raw materials used to produce an export goods. This paper proposes an import substitution study on footwear products that have a dependency on imported raw materials by 70 percent, with the largest composition being leather raw materials by 67 percent. This paper analyzes the relationship between subsidies on the leather industry to leather import-substitution, multiplier effect to footwear sector, and Indonesia trade balance. Author make use of simulation the on Input-Output 2010 table and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model. The simulation shows 100 billion subsidies on the leather sector, lead for the substitution-import of leather by 7,94 million rupiah, increase the net export foreign exchange by 1.1 billion rupiah of the footwear sector, and for overall, increase Indonesia trade balance deficit by 68 billion rupiah. Keywords: Computable General Equilibrium, footwear, leather, net foreign exchange, subsidy.ABSTRAK: Salah satu terobosan untuk mengurangi defisit neraca perdagangan dan meningkatkan nilai neto devisa ekspor adalah dengan substitusi impor bahan baku yang digunakan untuk memproduksi barang ekspor. Paper ini mengusulkan kajian substitusi impor pada produk alas kaki yang mempunyai ketergantungan bahan baku impornya sebesar 70 persen, dengan komposisi terbesar adalah bahan baku kulit sebesar 67 persen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak stimulus subsidi pada industri kulit terhadap subtitusi impor kulit, dukungan multiplier sektor kulit terhadap sektor alas kaki, serta terhadap devisa ekspor Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan simulasi model Computable General Equilibrium (CGE). Hasil simulasi menunjukkan stimulus subsidi sebesar 100 milyar rupiah pada sektor kulit memberikan substitusi bahan baku kulit sebesar 7,94 juta rupiah, menaikkan devisa ekspor sektor alas kaki sebesar 1.1 miliar rupiah, serta secara keseluruhan menambah defisit neraca berjalan Indonesia sebesar 68 miliar rupiah. Kata kunci: alas kaki, Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), devisa ekspor, kulit, subsidi.

New surface treatment techniques to minimize copper alloy leaching in drinking water

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norikazu Sugaya
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organic Film ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Acid Washing ◽  
Washing Process ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Materials Used

This new surface treatment is simple and easy as well as low in cost. The processes can even be performed by hand. Pharmaceutical raw materials used for the surface treatment, such as hydrochloric acid and nitric acid used in a mixed acid washing process and vegetable oil used in an organic film forming process, are easily obtained in many countries.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

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