Soybean Growth, Development and Productivity in Response to Flood Stress at Reproductive Stage

Abstract Objectives The objectives of this study were to investigate the impact of flooding on: Reproductive, growth, and development Nutrient concentration Soybean productivity and resilient in changing environment Methods An out-door pot-culture experiment was conducted to determine flooding effects on soybean growth and physiology during the reproductive period. Cultivar Asgrow AG5332 was seeded in 5.2 L pots filled with 3:1 by volume fine sand and topsoil and irrigated with full-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. After 34 days of sowing, treatments were induced flooding at 2.5 cm above the soil surface for 16 additional days. Measurements were made on soil oxygen content and leaf gas exchange and pigment. Growth parameters and plant components biomass were also measured, 66 days after sowing. Results Soil oxygen levels declined rapidly to 0% in around 5-days of flood treatment, but the control remained 18%. The nutrient: N and Mg concentrations significantly decreased with flooding. All plant growth parameters and reproductive potential declined in the treatments at P = 0.001. Pod numbers and weights as a measure of reproductive potential declined in the plants under flood conditions. Conclusions This study confirmed that the soybean plant during the reproductive period is highly sensitive to flooding. Flood-resistant cultivar should be encouraged by farmers to improve crop productivity and food security. Funding Sources United State Soybean Production Board USAID.

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Soil pore distribution as affected by cattle trampling under no-till and reduced-till systems

Agriscientia ◽

10.31047/1668.298x.v31.n2.16536 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 93-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J.O. Iglesias ◽

J.A. Galantini ◽

H. Krüger ◽

S. Venanzi

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Pore Distribution ◽

Water Dynamics ◽

No Till ◽

Before And After ◽

The Impact ◽

Animal Grazing

Soil pore size affects soil air and water dynamics, and thus influence crop productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of reduced-tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT) systems on soil pore distribution under animal grazing. The soil was sampled at 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 cm depths before and after animal grazing. Bulk density, total porosity and the volume of three pore sizes (macropores, mesopores and micropores) were determined. Differences in total porosity between both tillage systems were statistically significant (P<0.01) in the top 10 cm layer before grazing. Lower total porosity in NT could be related to the effect of previous years'grazing. In RT, disk operations before planting the oat (Avena sativa) crop increased porosity values in the tilled zone at 0-10 cm and decreased them at depths below 10 cm. Macroporosity accounted for 32 (RT) and 20% (NT) of the total porosity in the soil surface, and decreased to 17 (RT) and 17% (NT) in deeper layers. Cattle trampling had a more pronounced effect under RT as compared with NT. Tillage operations increased macroporosity, which had been reduced by cattle trampling. Bulk density and total porosity were adversely affected below 15 cm depth.

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HOW CLIMATE CHANGE CAN INFLUENCE THE AGRICULTURE IN UKRAINE: A REVIEW

Technical and technological aspects of development and testing of new machinery and technologies for agriculture of Ukraine ◽

10.31473/2305-5987-2020-2-27(41)-15 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

N. Maidanovych ◽

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Winter Period ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Impact Of Climate Change ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Average Annual Temperature ◽

The Impact

The purpose of this work is to review and analyze the main results of modern research on the impact of climate change on the agro-sphere of Ukraine. Results. Analysis of research has shown that the effects of climate change on the agro-sphere are already being felt today and will continue in the future. The observed climate changes in recent decades have already significantly affected the shift in the northern direction of all agro-climatic zones of Europe, including Ukraine. From the point of view of productivity of the agro-sphere of Ukraine, climate change will have both positive and negative consequences. The positives include: improving the conditions of formation and reducing the harvesting time of crop yields; the possibility of effective introduction of late varieties (hybrids), which require more thermal resources; improving the conditions for overwintering crops; increase the efficiency of fertilizer application. Model estimates of the impact of climate change on wheat yields in Ukraine mainly indicate the positive effects of global warming on yields in the medium term, but with an increase in the average annual temperature by 2 ° C above normal, grain yields are expected to decrease. The negative consequences of the impact of climate change on the agrosphere include: increased drought during the growing season; acceleration of humus decomposition in soils; deterioration of soil moisture in the southern regions; deterioration of grain quality and failure to ensure full vernalization of grain; increase in the number of pests, the spread of pathogens of plants and weeds due to favorable conditions for their overwintering; increase in wind and water erosion of the soil caused by an increase in droughts and extreme rainfall; increasing risks of freezing of winter crops due to lack of stable snow cover. Conclusions. Resource-saving agricultural technologies are of particular importance in the context of climate change. They include technologies such as no-till, strip-till, ridge-till, which make it possible to partially store and accumulate mulch on the soil surface, reduce the speed of the surface layer of air and contribute to better preservation of moisture accumulated during the autumn-winter period. And in determining the most effective ways and mechanisms to reduce weather risks for Ukrainian farmers, it is necessary to take into account the world practice of climate-smart technologies.

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Influence of long-term fertilization on soil microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity in relation to crop productivity in an acid Inceptisols

ORYZA- An International Journal on Rice ◽

10.35709/ory.2019.56.3.6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 305-311

Author(s):

Debasis Purohit ◽

Mitali Mandal ◽

Avisek Dash ◽

Kumbha Karna Rout ◽

Narayan Panda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Biomass ◽

Dehydrogenase Activity ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Maturity Stage ◽

Microbial Biomass Nitrogen ◽

Biological Potential ◽

Initiation Stage ◽

The Impact

An effective approach for improving nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity simultaneously through exploitation of biological potential for efficient acquisition and utilization of nutrients by crops is very much needed in this current era. Thus, an attempt is made here to investigate the impact of long term fertilization in the soil ecology in rice-rice cropping system in post kharif - 2015 in flooded tropical rice (Oryza sativa L.) in an acidic sandy soil. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with quadruplicated treatments. Soil samples at different growth stages of rice were collected from long term fertilizer experiment.The studied long-term manured treatments included 100 % N, 100% NP, 100 % NPK, 150 % NPK and 100 % NPK+FYM (5 t ha-1) and an unmanured control. Soil fertility status like SOC content and other available nutrient content has decreased continuously towards the crop growth period. Comparing the results of different treatments, it was found that the application of 100% NPK + FYM exhibited highest nutrient content in soils. With regards to microbial properties it was also observed that the amount of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen ( MBN) showed highest accumulation in 100 % NPK + FYM at maximum tillering stage of the rice. The results further reveal that dehydrogenase activity was maximum at panicle initiation stage and thereafter it decreases. Soil organic carbon content, MBC, MBN and dehydrogenase activity were significantly correlated with each other. Significant correlations were observed between rice yield and MBC at maturity stage( R2 = 0.94**) and panicle initiation stage( R2 = 0.92**) and available nitrogen content at maturity stage( R2 = 0.91**).

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Impact of Pseudomonas putida on the Growth Parameters of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.): A Traditional Herbal Boon for Rural Areas

Science & Technology Journal ◽

10.22232/stj.2017.05.02.04 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 93-96

Author(s):

Shashi Kant Shukla ◽

◽

Awadhesh Kumar ◽

Anupam Dikshit ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Putida ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Leguminous Plant ◽

Food Protein ◽

Botany Department ◽

Medicinal Value ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Trigonella Foenum Graecum L ◽

The Impact

The present study aims the impact of Pseudomonas putida on different growth parameters of Trigonella sp., a leguminous plant to support the requirement of food, protein along with their medicinal value in the rural areas of India. A pot experiment was arranged based on completely randomized design with four replications at Biological Product Laboratory, Botany Department, University of Allahabad. Treatments were given at the seed level with one of control. Results indicated that application of P. putida significantly improved vegetative growth and showed an edge on the growth of the fenugreek as compared to the control.

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Aquatic Toxicity of Photocatalyst Nanoparticles to Green Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris

Water ◽

10.3390/w13010077 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Cristina Adochite ◽

Luminita Andronic

Keyword(s):

Chlorella Vulgaris ◽

Advanced Oxidation Process ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Aquatic Toxicity ◽

Basal Medium ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Potent Inhibitory Effect ◽

Density Surface ◽

The Impact

In the last years, nanoparticles such as TiO2, ZnO, NiO, CuO and Fe2O3 were mainly used in wastewater applications. In addition to the positive aspects concerning using nanoparticles in the advanced oxidation process of wastewater containing pollutants, the impact of these nanoparticles on the environment must also be investigated. The toxicity of nanoparticles is generally investigated by the nanomaterials’ effect on green algae, especially on Chlorella vulgaris. In this review, several aspects are reviewed: the Chlorella vulgaris culture monitoring and growth parameters, the effect of different nanoparticles on Chlorella vulgaris, the toxicity of photocatalyst nanoparticles, and the mechanism of photocatalyst during oxidative stress on the photosynthetic mechanism of Chlorella vulgaris. The Bold basal medium (BBM) is generally recognized as an excellent standard cultivation medium for Chlorella vulgaris in the known environmental conditions such as temperature in the range 20–30 °C and light intensity of around 150 μE·m2·s−1 under a 16/8 h light/dark cycle. The nanoparticles synthesis methods influence the particle size, morphology, density, surface area to generate growth inhibition and further algal deaths at the nanoparticle-dependent concentration. Moreover, the results revealed that nanoparticles caused a more potent inhibitory effect on microalgal growth and severely disrupted algal cells’ membranes.

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Oil and Flower Production in Rosa damascena trigintipetala Dieck under Salinity Stress in Taif Region, Saudi Arabia

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13084547 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 4547

Author(s):

Mohamed E. El-Sharnouby ◽

Metwally M. Montaser ◽

Sliai M. Abdallah

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Rosa Damascena ◽

Flower Production ◽

Survival Percentage ◽

The Impact ◽

Tolerance To Salinity

The flower industry depends on oil and fragrance, which is addressed in the current work. Different concentrations of NaCl (0, 250, 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm) were applied to Taif rose plants (Rosa damascena var. trigintipetala Dieck) to evaluate their effects on growth and essential oil content. Results clearly indicated the highest survival percentage (98.3%) was seen in untreated plants compared to plants under salinity stress. Moreover, increasing the NaCl levels induced an adverse effect on the growth parameters of Taif rose plants, while some essential oil contents were increased to the maximum degree of their tolerance to salinity stress. The extracted essential oils were analyzed using GC/MS. The essential oils of Taif rose plants treated with 500 ppm NaCl recorded the highest values of citronellol, geraniol and phenylethyl alcohol contents (16.56, 8.67 and 9.87%), respectively. NaCl at 250 ppm produced the highest values of heneicosane (13.12%), and then decreased to the lowest value (7.79%) with the increase of NaCl to 1500 NaCl, compared to the control and other NaCl levels. The current results could highlight the impact of salinity stress on Rosa damascena Miller var. trigintipetala Dieck for better economic and industrial applications.

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A Strip-Till One-Pass System as a Component of Conservation Agriculture

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10122015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2015

Author(s):

Iwona Jaskulska ◽

Kestutis Romaneckas ◽

Dariusz Jaskulski ◽

Piotr Wojewódzki

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Soil Loss ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Conservation Agriculture ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Pass System ◽

Previous Crop ◽

Bacteria And Fungi ◽

The Stability ◽

The Impact

Conservation agriculture has three main pillars, i.e., minimum tillage, permanent soil cover, and crop rotation. Covering the soil surface with plant residues and minimum mechanical soil disturbance can all result from introducing a strip-till one-pass (ST-OP) system. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the ST-OP technology on the management of plant residues, soil properties, inputs, and emissions related to crop cultivation. We compared the effect of a ST-OP system against conventional tillage (CT) using a plough, and against reduced, non-ploughing tillage (RT). Four field experiments were conducted for evaluating the covering of soil with plant residues of the previous crop, soil loss on a slope exposed to surface soil runoff, soil structure and aggregate stability, occurrence of soil organisms and glomalin content, soil moisture and soil water reserve during plant sowing, labour and fuel inputs, and CO2 emissions. After sowing plants using ST-OP, 62.7–82.0% of plant residues remained on the soil surface, depending on the previous crop and row spacing. As compared with CT, the ST-OP system increased the stability of soil aggregates of 0.25–2.0 mm diameter by 12.7%, glomalin content by 0.08 g·kg−1, weight of earthworms five-fold, bacteria and fungi counts, and moisture content in the soil; meanwhile, it decreased soil loss by 2.57–6.36 t·ha−1 year−1, labour input by 114–152 min·ha−1, fuel consumption by 35.9–45.8 l·ha−1, and CO2 emissions by 98.7–125.9 kg·ha−1. Significant favourable changes, as compared with reduced tillage (RT), were also found with respect to the stability index of aggregates of 2.0–10.0 mm diameter, the number and weight of earthworms, as well as bacteria and fungi counts.

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Impacts of Microcystins on Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Agricultural Plants: A Review

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040639 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 639

Author(s):

Alexandre Campos ◽

El Mahdi Redouane ◽

Marisa Freitas ◽

Samuel Amaral ◽

Tomé Azevedo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Human Health ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Physiological Parameters ◽

World Health ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Regulatory Limits ◽

Agricultural Plants ◽

The Impact

Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic prokaryotes that pose a great concern in the aquatic environments related to contamination and poisoning of wild life and humans. Some species of cyanobacteria produce potent toxins such as microcystins (MCs), which are extremely aggressive to several organisms, including animals and humans. In order to protect human health and prevent human exposure to this type of organisms and toxins, regulatory limits for MCs in drinking water have been established in most countries. In this regard, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed 1 µg MCs /L as the highest acceptable concentration in drinking water. However, regulatory limits were not defined in waters used in other applications/activities, constituting a potential threat to the environment and to human health. Indeed, water contaminated with MCs or other cyanotoxins is recurrently used in agriculture and for crop and food production. Several deleterious effects of MCs including a decrease in growth, tissue necrosis, inhibition of photosynthesis and metabolic changes have been reported in plants leading to the impairment of crop productivity and economic loss. Studies have also revealed significant accumulation of MCs in edible tissues and plant organs, which raise concerns related to food safety. This work aims to systematize and analyze the information generated by previous scientific studies, namely on the phytotoxicity and the impact of MCs especially on growth, photosynthesis and productivity of agricultural plants. Morphological and physiological parameters of agronomic interest are overviewed in detail in this work, with the aim to evaluate the putative impact of MCs under field conditions. Finally, concentration-dependent effects are highlighted, as these can assist in future guidelines for irrigation waters and establish regulatory limits for MCs.

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The Pitfalls of Relating Weeds, Herbicide Use, and Crop Yield: Don't Fall Into the Trap! A Critical Review

Frontiers in Agronomy ◽

10.3389/fagro.2020.615470 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Nathalie Colbach ◽

Sandrine Petit ◽

Bruno Chauvel ◽

Violaine Deytieux ◽

Martin Lechenet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Yield ◽

Weed Management ◽

Crop Production ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Arable Farming ◽

Herbicide Use ◽

The Impact

The growing recognition of the environmental and health issues associated to pesticide use requires to investigate how to manage weeds with less or no herbicides in arable farming while maintaining crop productivity. The questions of weed harmfulness, herbicide efficacy, the effects of herbicide use on crop yields, and the effect of reducing herbicides on crop production have been addressed over the years but results and interpretations often appear contradictory. In this paper, we critically analyze studies that have focused on the herbicide use, weeds and crop yield nexus. We identified many inconsistencies in the published results and demonstrate that these often stem from differences in the methodologies used and in the choice of the conceptual model that links the three items. Our main findings are: (1) although our review confirms that herbicide reduction increases weed infestation if not compensated by other cultural techniques, there are many shortcomings in the different methods used to assess the impact of weeds on crop production; (2) Reducing herbicide use rarely results in increased crop yield loss due to weeds if farmers compensate low herbicide use by other efficient cultural practices; (3) There is a need for comprehensive studies describing the effect of cropping systems on crop production that explicitly include weeds and disentangle the impact of herbicides from the effect of other practices on weeds and on crop production. We propose a framework that presents all the links and feed-backs that must be considered when analyzing the herbicide-weed-crop yield nexus. We then provide a number of methodological recommendations for future studies. We conclude that, since weeds are causing yield loss, reduced herbicide use and maintained crop productivity necessarily requires a redesign of cropping systems. These new systems should include both agronomic and biodiversity-based levers acting in concert to deliver sustainable weed management.

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Soybean Sensitivity to Florpyrauxifen-benzyl during Reproductive Growth and the Impact on Subsequent Progeny

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2017.108 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 135-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Ryan Miller ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Field Studies ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Soybean Plant ◽

Reproductive Growth ◽

Similar Reduction ◽

Structural Class ◽

Soybean Plants ◽

The Impact

AbstractTo address recent concerns related to auxin herbicide drift onto soybean, a study was developed to understand the susceptibility of the reproductive stage of soybean to a new auxin herbicide compared with dicamba. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is under development as the second herbicide in a new structural class of synthetic auxins, the arylpicolinates. Field studies were conducted to (1) evaluate and compare reproductive soybean injury and yield following applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl or dicamba across various concentrations and reproductive growth stages and (2) determine whether low-rate applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl or dicamba to soybean in reproductive stages would have similar effect on the progeny of the affected plants. Soybean were treated with 0, 1/20, or 1/160, of the 1X rate of florpyrauxifen-benzyl (30 g ai ha−1) or dicamba (560 g ae ha−1) at R1, R2, R3, R4, or R5 growth stage. Soybean plant height and yield was reduced from 1/20X dicamba across all reproductive stages. High drift rates (1/20X) of florpyrauxifen-benzyl also reduced soybean plant height >25% and yield across R1 to R4 stages. Germination, stand, plant height, and yield of the offspring of soybean plants treated with dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl were significantly affected. Dicamba applied at a rate of 1/20X at R4 and R5 resulted in 20% and 35% yield reduction for the offspring, respectively. A similar reduction occurred from florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied at R4 and R5 at the 1/20X rate, resulting in 15% to 24% yield reduction for the offspring, respectively. Based on these findings, it is suggested that growers use caution when applying these herbicides in the vicinity of reproductive soybean.

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