The Ubiquity of Joint Commitment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Joint Commitment ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Central Social

After noting that joint commitments can be made gradually and by more subtle means than those constitutive of agreements and promises, and that they may obtain in large populations spread over great distances, this chapter argues that many central social phenomena other than agreements and promises are constituted by joint commitments with associated demand-rights and directed obligations. These phenomena range from the instantaneous occurrence of “mutual recognition” between two people in close proximity to large, enduring social groups. They include shared intentions or plans, doing things together, and collective attitudes such as collective value judgments. It is argued also that a particular kind of joint commitment offers an intelligible ground for command authority. Thus, should joint commitment be the only source of demand-rights, such rights will still be ubiquitous in human lives.

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF THE ESSENCE OF MENTALITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2(22)) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
Rakhat Duishenguevna Stamova ◽  
T. M. Sadykova
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Life Activity ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Core ◽  
Political Motivation ◽  
The Individual

The article considers a number of features of the mentality that make up its essence. The behavior and life activity of each individual, social groups, and society as a whole are determined by economic and political motivation and expediency, but are not limited to them, but are built on a certain spiritual and psychological basis, which includes, among other things, all previous experience, and this or that perception of reality, and value judgments, etc. This circumstance encourages philosophers to turn to such a phenomenon as mentality when evaluating certain social phenomena and processes, since mentality, forming the core of the individual and group and reflecting the main contradictions of society, determines the specific cultural level, nature and direction, and program of individual and collective actions.

Rights and Demands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Moral Argument ◽  
Joint Commitment ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Joel Feinberg ◽  
Joseph Raz ◽  
The Right ◽  
Judith Thomson ◽  
Stephen Darwall

This book is the first extended treatment of demand-rights, a class of rights apt to be considered rights par excellence. Centrally, to have a demand-right is to have the standing or authority to demand a particular action from another person, who has a correlative obligation to the right-holder. How are demand-rights possible? Linking its response to central themes and positions within rights theory, Rights and Demands argues for two main theses. First, joint commitment, in a sense that is explained, is a ground of demand-rights. Second, it may well be their only ground. The first thesis is developed with special reference to agreements and promises, generally understood to ground demand-rights. It argues that both of these phenomena are constituted by joint commitments, and that this is true of many other central social phenomena also. In relation to the second thesis it considers the possibility of demand-rights whose existence can be demonstrated by moral argument without appeal to any joint commitment, and the possibility of accruing demand-rights through the existence of a given legal system or other institution construed without any such appeal. The relevance of the book’s conclusions to our understanding of human rights is then explained. Classic and contemporary rights theorists whose work is discussed include Wesley Hohfeld, H. L. A. Hart, Joel Feinberg, Immanuel Kant, Thomas Scanlon, Judith Thomson, Joseph Raz, and Stephen Darwall.

Political Marriage Alliances at the Shi'i Court of Awadh

1983 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Las Vegas ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
Wedding Ceremony ◽  
Eleanor Of Aquitaine ◽  
The Continuum

A marriage expresses a mutual recognition of some degree of shared identity. The wedding ceremony confirms these links and creates new ones, although to an extent variable with the culture and the specific case. The affinity can be between individuals acting for themselves, for families, or for larger social or national groups. At one extreme would be the temporary liason, stemming from personal whim or passion, between individuals who share little more than common acceptance of the culture which recognizes the form. A Las Vegas marriage followed by a quickie Mexican divorce, a Hindu Gāndharva marriage consummated without any ceremony, or a Shi'i mut 'ah (marriage of pleasure) of contractually stipulated length might typify this end of the continuum. At the other end would be the purely political marriage that links social groups, parties, or even nations together but which disregards the desires of the principals. Richard II's diplomatic marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, a Kulin Brahmin's ritual marriage with dozens of women, or Asaf al-Daula's apparently unconsummated marriage with Shams al-Nisā' Begum (discussed later) exemplifies this extreme. Between lie a diversity of forms within a variety of cultures.

scholarly journals HISTORY OF DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT OF «LARGE SOCIAL GROUPS». PART 1: PERIOD FROM THE MID-19th CENTURY TO THE MID-1930-Х YEARS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 390-418
Author(s):  
Ю.В. Ковалева
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Stages

Представлен историографический анализ развития понятия большие социальные группы и историко-психологический анализ социальных феноменов , связанных с массовыми общественными явлениями в России. Сформулированы актуальные проблемы психологии больших социальных групп, к которым относятся неоднородность оснований для их выделения, недостаточная дифференцированность со сходными понятиями, неравномерность исследований в различные временные периоды и идеологическая нагруженность их разработки. Данная работа была ответом на необходимость восполнения знаний о процессах в таких группах, происходивших в различные исторические периоды развития социальной психологии, с соответствующим им уровнем научного осмысления, а также обобщением этой целостной картины на уровне современного понимания и формулировка перспективных направлений исследований. Целью исследования является установление связи между определением и основными свойствами понятия «большие социальные группы» (его синонимов, аналогов) и особенностями социальной ситуации в определенный период времени, а также реконструкция социальных процессов данного исторического этапа. Проверялась гипотеза о том, что большие социальные группы как феномены социальной жизни формировались в соответствии с историческим временем, а соответствующее им понятие и его свойства с одной стороны отвечали уровню развития гуманитарного знания, а с другой - пытались удовлетворить общественный и политический запрос в объяснении и управлении социальной ситуацией. Использовались методы историографии социальной психологии и психолого-исторической реконструкции . Первая часть статьи посвящена анализу первых двух этапов развития социальной психологии - с середины XIX до начала XX вв. и в 1920-е гг. XX в. The historiographic analysis of the development of the concept of large social groups and historical and psychological study of social phenomena associated with mass social phenomena was presented. Topical problems of the psychology of large social groups are formulated, including heterogeneity of the grounds for their isolation, insufficient differentiation with similar concepts, uneven research in various periods, and ideological loading of the history of its development. The study's main problem was the need to replenish the processes in such groups that took place in various historical periods of social psychology development as well as a synthesis of this holistic picture at the level of modern understanding and the formulation of promising areas of research. The study's purpose was to establish a connection between the definition and the basic properties of the concept of "large social groups" (and its synonyms, analogs) and the peculiarities of the social situation in a certain period, as well as the reconstruction of social processes of this historical segment. The hypothesis was tested that large social groups as phenomena of social life were formed under the past time. The concept and its properties were corresponding to them, on the one hand, compared to the level of development of humanitarian knowledge. On the other, they tried to satisfy the social and political requests to understand and manage the social situation. Methods of the historiography of the history of social psychology and psychological and historical reconstruction were used. The article's first part was devoted to the analysis of the early two stages of the development of social psychology - from the middle of the XIX to the beginning of the XX centuries and 1920 of the XX century.

The Algorithm Study of Support Vector Machine Based on Social Network of Public Opinions

2014 ◽  
Vol 513-517 ◽  
pp. 2394-2397
Author(s):  
Hong Biao Xie ◽  
Hong Jun Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Text Classification ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Classification Problem ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Svm Algorithm ◽  
Network Link

Public opinion refers to the certain social groups subjective reflection of certain social phenomena and reality within a period of time. The important measures to maintain social stability and the ruling party's ruling safety are to instantly master the dynamic public opinion and to actively guide social public opinion. In this paper, the author found the model of social network public opinion hotspot issues. The SVM algorithm is adopted to improve the information processing and analysis testing, effectively resolving the text classification problem. It verifies that this method plays an important role in the hot issues analyses of the network link.

Ontology

2021 ◽  
pp. 194-199
Author(s):  
Eric Fabri
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Ontology ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modes Of Existence ◽  
Objective Existence

This chapter addresses ontology, which is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of being. As a branch of metaphysics, ontology is mainly concerned with the modes of existence of different entities (tangible and intangible). Every subdiscipline in the social sciences relies on an ontology that defines which elements really matter when it comes to explaining the phenomenon they set out to elucidate. A specific branch of ontology is devoted to the modes of existence of social phenomena: social ontology. Two main positions emerge: realism and constructivism. Scientific realism assumes that social phenomena have an objective existence, independent of the subject. By contrast, constructivism claims that social phenomena have no objective existence and are a construction of the human mind. Its fundamental axiom is that, even if reality exists outside the subject’s perception, the subject cannot reach it without perceiving it. This implies the mediation of imaginary structures, which are provided by social groups. It is important to note, however, that many other positions exist apart from realism and constructivism.

How We Feel

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 117-134
Author(s):  
Felipe León ◽  
Dan Zahavi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Alternative Analysis ◽  
Joint Commitment ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Collective Emotions

This article engages critically with Margaret Gilbert’s proposal that joint commitments are necessary for collective emotions. After introducing Gilbert’s concept of joint commitment (Section 2), and the joint commitment account of collective emotions (Section 3), we argue in Section 4 that research from developmental psychology challenges the necessity of joint commitments for collective emotions. In that section, we also raise a more principled objection to Gilbert’s account, independently of developmental considerations. Section 5 develops a complementary line of argument, focused on the notion of mutual recognition. While we agree with Gilbert that mutual recognition has an important role to play in an account of collective emotions, we take issue with her attempt to analyse face-to-face based mutual recognition in terms of the concept of joint commitment. We conclude by sketching an alternative analysis of collective emotions that highlights the role of interpersonal identification and socially mediated self-consciousness.

scholarly journals Baylisascariasis

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Gavin ◽  
Kevin R. Kazacos ◽  
Stanford T. Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Central Nervous System

SUMMARY The raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis, is the most common and widespread cause of clinical larva migrans in animals. In addition, it is increasingly recognized as a cause of devastating or fatal neural larva migrans in infants and young children and ocular larva migrans in adults. Humans become infected by accidentally ingesting infective B. procyonis eggs from raccoon latrines or articles contaminated with their feces. Two features distinguish B. procyonis from other helminthes that cause larva migrans: (i) its aggressive somatic migration and invasion of the central nervous system and (ii) the continued growth of larvae to a large size within the central nervous system. Typically, B. procyonis neural larva migrans presents as acute fulminant eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Once invasion of the central nervous system has occurred, the prognosis is grave with or without treatment. To date, despite anthelmintic treatment of cases of B. procyonis neural larva migrans, there are no documented neurologically intact survivors. Epidemiologic study of human cases of neural larva migrans demonstrate that contact with raccoon feces or an environment contaminated by infective eggs and geophagia or pica are the most important risk factors for infection. In many regions of the United States, increasingly large populations of raccoons, with high rates of B. procyonis infection, live in close proximity to humans. Although documented cases of human baylisascariasis remain relatively uncommon, widespread contamination of the domestic environment by infected raccoons suggests that the risk of exposure and human infection is probably substantial. In the absence of early diagnosis or effective treatment, prevention of infection is the most important public health measure.

scholarly journals “Verum Est Ipsum Factum” – True is What Has Been Made as Such

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Torsti Sirén
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
World Order ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Eu Integration ◽  
Nato Enlargement ◽  
Interactionist Perspective ◽  
Classical Realism

Abstract In traditional International Relations theory (IR), states have been approached from empiricist perspective by using methods and terminologies that consider states as homogeneous ‘speaking billiard balls’, which compete for power, prestige and so forth with each other. This article does not argue that traditional paradigms of IR (such as Classical Realism or Neorealism) would not count any more, vice versa, but what this article argues is that for being able to understand more deeply such topical social phenomena as terrorism, strategic communities, spread of nuclear weapons, nuclear policies, world order, NATO-enlargement, EU-integration, threat scenarios, enemy images an so forth, one has to adopt a more holistic, Constructivist social theoretical, approach than traditional IR offers. In this context Constructivism necessitates at least three things. Firstly, one has to explicitly clear out his/her ontological and epistemological points of departure for being able to operate with Constructivist social theory. In some occasions it may e.g. be necessary to deal with God’s and religions’ ontological and epistemological statuses as signifiers of interests, or as ‘root causes’ of behaviour of many social groups, communities and nations. Secondly, the state should be considered as a ‘decentred subject’ consisting of individuals, many sub-groups, organizational structure, institutions and especially identity structure, which has been purposefully constructed throughout the history (the endogenous perspective), and which is under constant reconstruction through domestic and international discursive interactions (the interactionist perspective). Thirdly, one should take into account that human communities and societies tend to habituate themselves into certain beliefs, values and modes of action that change very slowly over the course of history (the cultural perspective), despite increasing interactions.

scholarly journals Slang of the world of fashion and fashion subculture in English: the problem of word-building and translation

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-160
Author(s):  
A. K. Pavelieva ◽  
◽  
I. V. Sotnichenko ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The World ◽  
Communicative Space ◽  
Article Analyse

The article considers the slang of the fashion industry, systemization of slang units by speakers, as well as the main difficulties in translating English fashion slang into Ukrainian. It turns out that the vocabulary of fashion industry slang is enriched in epoch-making moments, important for the state as a reaction to turning points in history and to the emergence of new social phenomena. The article proves that fashion slang unites a large number of social groups: people working in the fashion industry, who create trends and fashionable novelties; fashion distributors and fashion buyers and even forms a new social group around them ‒ hypebeasts. The authors of the article analyse the slang of the fashion world through the prism of its interdependence and interaction with social networks and the Internet as a communicative space. Such methods of word formation of fashion slang units as metaphorization, word formation, appearance of telescopies have been considered in this scientific article. The presented research paper proposes to classify fashion slang by different groups of people who are somehow related to fashion, and thus cause the emergence of new slang units, forming their own kind of fashion slang, taking into account the peculiarities of their activities. It is emphasized that the basis for the formation of new slang of the fashion industry is the slang of young people mad about fashion, who build their own cult around it. The article also considers the most common ways of translating hypebeasts slang, such as transcoding (mixed and adaptive ones), transcription and transliteration.

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