Sulfite preservatives effects on the mouth microbiome: changes in viability, diversity and composition of microbiota

Processed foods make up about 70 percent of the American diet. Sulfites and other food preservatives are added to these foods largely to limit bacterial contamination. The mouth microbiota and its associated enzymes are the first to encounter food and therefore likely to be the most affected. Eight saliva samples from ten individuals were exposed to two sulfite preservatives, sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite. One sample set was evaluated for bacteria composition utilizing 16s rRNA sequencing, and the number of viable cells in all sample sets was determined utilizing ATP assays at 10 and 40-minute exposure times. All untreated samples were analyzed for baseline lysozyme activity, and possible correlations between the number of viable cells and lysozyme activity. Sequencing results indicated significant increases in alpha diversity with sodium bisulfite exposure and changes in relative abundance of 3 amplicon sequence variants (ASV). Sodium sulfite treated samples showed a significant decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, a marginally significant change in alpha diversity, and a significant change in the relative abundance for Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and for 6 ASVs. Beta diversity did not show any separation between groups, however, all but one sample set was observed to be moving in the same direction under sodium sulfite treatment in a principal component analysis. ATP assays indicated a significant and consistent average decrease in activity ranging from 24 - 46% at both exposure times with both sulfites. Average initial rates of lysozyme activity between all individuals ranged from ± 76% compared to individual variations of 10 - ± 34%. No consistent, significant correlation was found between ATP and lysozyme activity in any sample sets. Conclusions: Sulfite preservatives, at concentrations regarded as safe by the FDA, alter the relative abundance and richness of the microbiota found in saliva, and decrease the number of viable cells, within 10 minutes of exposure.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings Rhizosphere Microbial Community as Responded to Acidic Biochar Amendment Under Saline Conditions

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.789235 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Mukesh Kumar Soothar ◽

Abdoul Kader Mounkaila Hamani ◽

Muhammad Fahad Sardar ◽

Mahendar Kumar Sootahar ◽

Yuanyuan Fu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Microbial Biomass ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Soil Microbial Biomass ◽

Bacterial Abundance ◽

Principal Component ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Maize Seedlings ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Abundance And Diversity

Biochar has extensively been used for multiple purposes in agriculture, including improving soil microbial biomass. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of acidic biochar on maize seedlings’ rhizosphere bacterial abundance under salinity. There were seven treatments and three replicates in a controlled greenhouse coded as B0S1, B1S1, and B2S1 and B0S2, B1S2, and B2S2. CK is control (free of biochar and salt); B0, B1, and B2 are 0, 15, and 30 g biochar (kg soil)–1; and S1 and S2 are 2.5 and 5 g salt pot–1 that were amended, respectively. After harvesting the maize seedlings, the soil samples were collected and analyzed for soil microbial biomass, bacterial abundance, and diversity. The results revealed that relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi increased on phylum level, whereas Actinomarinales, Alphaproteobacteria, and Streptomyces enhanced on genus level, respectively, in B2S1 and B2S2, when compared with CK and non-biochar amended soil under saline conditions. The relative abundance of Actinomarinales was positively correlated with total potassium (TK) and Gematimonadetes negatively correlated with total phosphorus (TP). Biochar addition slightly altered the Ace1, Chao1, and alpha diversity. Principal component analysis corresponded to the changes in soil bacterial community that were closely associated with biochar when compared with CK and salt-treated soils. In conclusion, acidic biochar showed an improved soil microbial community under salinity.

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The Diversity, Composition, and Metabolic Pathways of Archaea in Pigs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11072139 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 2139

Author(s):

Feilong Deng ◽

Yushan Li ◽

Yunjuan Peng ◽

Xiaoyuan Wei ◽

Xiaofan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Abundance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Distance Matrix ◽

Archaeal Community ◽

Gene Families ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Metabolic Potential ◽

Substantial Progress ◽

Archaeal Communities

Archaea are an essential class of gut microorganisms in humans and animals. Despite the substantial progress in gut microbiome research in the last decade, most studies have focused on bacteria, and little is known about archaea in mammals. In this study, we investigated the composition, diversity, and functional potential of gut archaeal communities in pigs by re-analyzing a published metagenomic dataset including a total of 276 fecal samples from three countries: China (n = 76), Denmark (n = 100), and France (n = 100). For alpha diversity (Shannon Index) of the archaeal communities, Chinese pigs were less diverse than Danish and French pigs (p < 0.001). Consistently, Chinese pigs also possessed different archaeal community structures from the other two groups based on the Bray–Curtis distance matrix. Methanobrevibacter was the most dominant archaeal genus in Chinese pigs (44.94%) and French pigs (15.41%), while Candidatus methanomethylophilus was the most predominant in Danish pigs (15.71%). At the species level, the relative abundance of Candidatus methanomethylophilus alvus, Natrialbaceae archaeon XQ INN 246, and Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii were greatest in Danish, French, and Chinese pigs with a relative abundance of 14.32, 11.67, and 16.28%, respectively. In terms of metabolic potential, the top three pathways in the archaeal communities included the MetaCyc pathway related to the biosynthesis of L-valine, L-isoleucine, and isobutanol. Interestingly, the pathway related to hydrogen consumption (METHANOGENESIS-PWY) was only observed in archaeal reads, while the pathways participating in hydrogen production (FERMENTATION-PWY and PWY4LZ-257) were only detected in bacterial reads. Archaeal communities also possessed CAZyme gene families, with the top five being AA3, GH43, GT2, AA6, and CE9. In terms of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), the class of multidrug resistance was the most abundant ARG, accounting for 87.41% of archaeal ARG hits. Our study reveals the diverse composition and metabolic functions of archaea in pigs, suggesting that archaea might play important roles in swine nutrition and metabolism.

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Characterization of Pharmaceutical Tablets Using UV Hyperspectral Imaging as a Rapid Line to Line Analysis Tool

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21134436 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 4436

Author(s):

Mohammad Al Ktash ◽

Mona Stefanakis ◽

Barbara Boldrini ◽

Edwin Ostertag ◽

Marc Brecht

Keyword(s):

Hyperspectral Imaging ◽

Large Scale ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Ultra Violet ◽

Principal Component ◽

Ccd Camera ◽

Conveyor Belt ◽

Hyperspectral Data ◽

Analysis Tool ◽

Sample Set

A laboratory prototype for hyperspectral imaging in ultra-violet (UV) region from 225 to 400 nm was developed and used to rapidly characterize active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in tablets. The APIs are ibuprofen (IBU), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and paracetamol (PAR). Two sample sets were used for a comparison purpose. Sample set one comprises tablets of 100% API and sample set two consists of commercially available painkiller tablets. Reference measurements were performed on the pure APIs in liquid solutions (transmission) and in solid phase (reflection) using a commercial UV spectrometer. The spectroscopic part of the prototype is based on a pushbroom imager that contains a spectrograph and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The tablets were scanned on a conveyor belt that is positioned inside a tunnel made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in order to increase the homogeneity of illumination at the sample position. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to differentiate the hyperspectral data of the drug samples. The first two PCs are sufficient to completely separate all samples. The rugged design of the prototype opens new possibilities for further development of this technique towards real large-scale application.

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Straw-Based Biopurification Systems to Remove Ibuprofen, Diclofenac and Triclosan from Wastewaters: Dominant Microbial Communities

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11081507 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1507

Author(s):

Laura Delgado-Moreno ◽

Pieter van Dillewijn ◽

Rogelio Nogales ◽

Esperanza Romero

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Microbial Community ◽

Point Source ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Microbial Structure ◽

Methyl Triclosan ◽

Source Contamination ◽

Biopurification Systems ◽

Olive Mill

The continued discharge of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) into the environment due to their widespread use and the lack of effective systems for their removal from water is a global problem. In this study, the dissipation of ibuprofen, diclofenac and triclosan added simultaneously in biopurification systems (BPSs) with different compositions and their effect on the microbial community structure was analysed. Three BPSs, constituted by mixtures of soil (S), peat (P), or raw wet olive mill cake (A) or its vermicompost (V) and straw (S) were prepared (SPS, SAS and SVS). Sorption and degradation experiments were carried out. After 84 days of incubation, more than 85% of each PPCP applied had dissipated. Methyl-triclosan was determined to be highest in the SVS biomixture. Biomixtures with lower C/N ratio and higher alpha diversity were the most effective in the removal of PPCPs. Initially, the BPS biomixtures showed a different microbial structure dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes but after addition of PPCPs, a similar pattern was observed in the relative abundance of the phylum Chloroflexi, the class Sphingobacteriia and the genus Brevundimonas. These biopurification systems can be useful to prevent point source contamination due to the disposal of PPCP-contaminated waters.

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O-143 Characterization of vaginal and endometrial microbiome in patients with chronic endometritis (CE)

Human Reproduction ◽

10.1093/humrep/deab127.011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

P LOZANO ◽

A Bernabeu ◽

B Lledó ◽

R Morales ◽

F I Aranda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Embryo Transfer ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Beta Diversity ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Small Sample ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Vaginal Microbiome ◽

Chronic Endometritis

Abstract Study question Could vaginal and endometrial microbiome by sequencing 16S rRNA be comparable to classic diagnostic methods or immunohistochemistry CD138 for diagnosis of chronic endometritis? Summary answer A characteristic endometrial and vaginal microbiome is present in patients with chronic endometritis. An abnormal vaginal microbiome correlates with the presence of chronic endometritis. What is known already Chronic endometritis is a disease characterized by persistent inflammation of the endometrial lining. Currently, histopathological evaluation by immunohistochemistry CD138 marker is most common diagnostic method for CE. Microbiome analysis based on subunit 16S rRNA sequencing is a fast tool that can enable the identification of pathogenic microorganisms associated with CE. The main bacteria at vaginal and endometrial level belong to genus Lactobacillus, producers of lactic acid that allows maintaining acidic pH of vagina and acts as barrier against pathogens. Investigations on the effect of an abnormal endometrial and vaginal microbiome could improve assisted reproductive technologies. Study design, size, duration This is a observational pilot study (60 patients and 120 samples). The study population consists of patients attending to our fertility clinic for frozen euploid embryo transfer (FET) from May 2017 to May 2019. Preimplantation Genetic Testing of aneuploidy (PGT-A) was performed at blastocyst stage using Veriseq (Illumina). The inclusion criteria to be meet by patients were: age between 18 and 50 years, own or donated oocytes and use of ICSI. Participants/materials, setting, methods Cohort study with sixty patients undergoing assisted reproductive treatment (TRA) with their own or donated gametes and PGT-A Vaginal and endometrial samples were taken in the cycle prior to embryo transfer. The vaginal and endometrial microbiome was analyzed by mass sequencing of the V3V4 region of 16S rRNA. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using QIIME2 and MicrobiomeAnalyst packages. Alpha, beta diversity and taxonomic characterization were compared with positive and negative CD138 groups for chronic endometritis (CE). Main results and the role of chance Different bacterial communities were detected when vaginal and endometrial samples were analyzed in patients with and without endometritis diagnosed with CD138 immunohistochemistry. In patients with endometritis, a higher alpha diversity index tendency was found in vaginal samples (p = 0.15 for the Shannon index) and significant differences in endometrial samples (p = 0.01 for the Shannon index). In the beta diversity analysis, no significant differences were observed between the groups established as per the diagnosis of endometritis. Vaginal and endometrial samples from women with endometritis showed a microbiome pattern not dominated by Lactobacillus spp. Relative abundance analysis identified the genera Ralstonia and Gardnerella in endometrial sample, and the genera Streptoccoccus and Ureaplasma in vaginal sample of patients diagnosed with CD138 for endometritis. Comparing endometrial and vaginal samples CD138 positive diagnosed for endometritis, alpha diversity (p = 0.06 for the Shannon index and p = 0.08 for the Simpson index) and beta diversity (p < 0.001) showed significant differences. Relative abundance identified the genera Lactobacillus (p = 3.76E-4), Ralstonia (p = 8.19E-4), Delftia (p = 0.004) and Anaerobacillus (p = 0.004) in these sample groups. Limitations, reasons for caution The main limitation of this study is the small sample size. Larger studies including a higher number of samples are needed to confirm the different microbiome pattern observed at the vaginal and endometrial levels in correlation with chronic endometritis. The microbiome pattern has not been analyzed after treatment of CE. Wider implications of the findings Our findings suggest the existence of a characteristic vaginal and endometrial microbiota in patients with chronic endometritis. Different genera and species were identified in patients with and without endometritis depending on whether the sample was endometrial or vaginal. An abnormal vaginal microbiome appears to be strongly correlated with chronic endometritis. Trial registration number Not Applicable

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Association of the anorectal microbiome and patient-reported gastrointestinal outcomes in patients with anal cancer.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e15504 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e15504-e15504

Author(s):

Ramez Kouzy ◽

Daniel Lin ◽

Molly Blue El Alam ◽

Joseph Abi Jaoude ◽

Grace L. Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anal Cancer ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Effect Size ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Standard Of Care ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Linear Discriminant ◽

End Of Treatment ◽

Patient Reported

e15504 Background: Among patients with anal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy, the association between the microbiome and toxicity is not well documented. We sought to quantify the gastrointestinal-related patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and local microbiome profiles of patients with anal cancer receiving chemoradiotherapy in order to check for potential profiles that can help in predicting toxicity during treatment. Methods: We prospectively followed patients with non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal who received definitive chemoradiotherapy. Anorectal swab samples were collected before treatment initiation and at 4 subsequent timepoints. Consequently, PROs were collected using the bowel subdomain of the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC). Samples were sequenced using 16S rRNA of the V4 region. Sequence reads were grouped by amplicon sequence variants (ASV’s) representative of unique bacterial species. We then used Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) with an effect size of 4 to identify taxa at baseline that were differentially enriched in patients with high vs. low toxicity by end of treatment. We compared the EPIC scores with the relative abundance of species identified in the LEfSe using a paired Wilcoxon test. Results: The study included 22 patients (18 women and 4 men), whose median age was 59 years. Most patients were Stage III (59%) with negative HIV status (94%). The majority of patients (91%) received standard of care chemoradiotherapy. Overall toxicity was the highest at week 5 of treatment. At all individual time points, alpha diversity of the microbiome did not correlate with patient-reported GI function, additionally overall baseline diversity was not predictive of eventual GI outcomes. The LEfSe identified that patients with low patient reported toxicity at week 5 had higher of abundance of Selenomonas at baseline, while patients with higher toxicity had high abundance of baseline Actinobacteria, Peptoniphilus, Clostridiales , and Clostridia. When comparing the relative abundance of bacterial species among patients with high and low toxicities, patients with higher relative abundance of Clostridia and Actinobacteria had significantly higher toxicity (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Certain microbiome profiles at baseline are associated with anal cancer patients’ gastrointestinal-related PROs during chemoradiation. Our data provide novel avenues to study the potential uses of the local microbiome as a biomarker in predicting treatment toxicities in anal cancer.

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Monitoring and Surveillance of Aerial Mycobiota of Rice Paddy through DNA Metabarcoding and qPCR

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof6040372 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 372

Author(s):

Sara Franco Ortega ◽

Ilario Ferrocino ◽

Ian Adams ◽

Simone Silvestri ◽

Davide Spadaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Abundance ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Its Region ◽

Rice Paddy ◽

Bipolaris Oryzae ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Abundant Otus ◽

Dna Metabarcoding ◽

Community Complexity

The airborne mycobiota has been understudied in comparison with the mycobiota present in other agricultural environments. Traditional, culture-based methods allow the study of a small fraction of the organisms present in the atmosphere, thus missing important information. In this study, the aerial mycobiota in a rice paddy has been examined during the cropping season (from June to September 2016) using qPCRs for two important rice pathogens (Pyricularia oryzae and Bipolaris oryzae) and by using DNA metabarcoding of the fungal ITS region. The metabarcoding results demonstrated a higher alpha diversity (Shannon–Wiener diversity index H′ and total number of observed species) at the beginning of the trial (June), suggesting a higher level of community complexity, compared with the end of the season. The main taxa identified by HTS analysis showed a shift in their relative abundance that drove the cluster separation as a function of time and temperature. The most abundant OTUs corresponded to genera such as Cladosporium, Alternaria, Myrothecium, or Pyricularia. Changes in the mycobiota composition were clearly dependent on the average air temperature with a potential impact on disease development in rice. In parallel, oligotyping analysis was performed to obtain a sub-OTU identification which revealed the presence of several oligotypes of Pyricularia and Bipolaris with relative abundance changing during monitoring.

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PSI-10 Establishing a foundation to harvest the potential of the microbiome in poultry production

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.594 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 293-294

Author(s):

Camila S Marcolla ◽

Benjamin Willing

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Community Composition ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Microbial Community Composition ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to characterize poultry microbiota composition in commercial farms using 16S rRNA sequencing. Animals raised in sanitized environments have lower survival rates when facing pathogenic challenges compared to animals naturally exposed to commensal organisms. We hypothesized that intensive rearing practices inadvertently impair chicken exposure to microbes and the establishment of a balanced gut microbiota. We compared gut microbiota composition of broilers (n = 78) and layers (n = 20) from different systems, including commercial intensive farms with and without in-feed antibiotics, organic free-range farms, backyard-raised chickens and chickens in an experimental farm. Microbial community composition of conventionally raised broilers was significantly different from antibiotic-free broilers (P = 0.012), from broilers raised outdoors (P = 0.048) and in an experimental farm (P = 0.006) (Fig1). Significant community composition differences were observed between antibiotic-fed and antibiotic-free chickens (Fig2). Antibiotic-free chickens presented higher alpha-diversity, higher relative abundance of Deferribacteres, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, and lower relative abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridiales and Enterobacteriales than antibiotic-fed chickens (P < 0.001) (Fig3). Microbial community composition significantly changed as birds aged. In experimental farm, microbial community composition was significant different for 7, 21 and 35 day old broilers (P < 0.001), and alpha diversity increased from 7 to 21d (P < 0.024), but not from 21 to 35d; whereas, in organic systems, increases in alpha-diversity were observed from 7d to 21d, and from 21d to 35d (P < 0.05). Broilers and layers raised together showed no differences in microbiota composition and alpha diversity (P > 0.8). It is concluded that production practices consistently impact microbial composition, and that antibiotics significantly reduces microbial diversity. We are now exploring the impact of differential colonization in a controlled setting, to determine the impact of the microbes associated with extensively raised chickens. This study will support future research and the development of methods to isolate and introduce beneficial microbes to commercial systems.

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Shotgun metagenomics reveals a heterogeneous prokaryotic community and a wide array of antibiotic resistance genes in mangrove sediment

FEMS Microbiology Ecology ◽

10.1093/femsec/fiaa173 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 96 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Madangchanok Imchen ◽

Ranjith Kumavath

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Microbial Community ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Mangrove Ecosystem ◽

Mangrove Sediment ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Human Intervention ◽

Shotgun Metagenomics

ABSTRACT Saline tolerant mangrove forests partake in vital biogeochemical cycles. However, they are endangered due to deforestation as a result of urbanization. In this study, we have carried out a metagenomic snapshot of the mangrove ecosystem from five countries to assess its taxonomic, functional and antibiotic resistome structure. Chao1 alpha diversity varied significantly (P < 0.001) between the countries (Brazil, Saudi Arabia, China, India and Malaysia). All datasets were composed of 33 phyla dominated by eight major phyla covering >90% relative abundance. Comparative analysis of mangrove with terrestrial and marine ecosystems revealed the strongest heterogeneity in the mangrove microbial community. We also observed that the mangrove community shared similarities to both the terrestrial and marine microbiome, forming a link between the two contrasting ecosystems. The antibiotic resistant genes (ARG) resistome was comprised of nineteen level 3 classifications dominated by multidrug resistance efflux pumps (46.7 ± 4.3%) and BlaR1 family regulatory sensor-transducer disambiguation (25.2 ± 4.8%). ARG relative abundance was significantly higher in Asian countries and in human intervention datasets at a global scale. Our study shows that the mangrove microbial community and its antibiotic resistance are affected by geography as well as human intervention and are unique to the mangrove ecosystem. Understanding changes in the mangrove microbiome and its ARG is significant for sustainable development and public health.

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Regulation of intestinal lipid metabolism by fusion-induced fatty liver based on graphene oxide nanopore DNA

Materials Express ◽

10.1166/mex.2020.1708 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 802-811

Author(s):

Gemin Xiao ◽

Hong Shi ◽

Jiongshan Zhang ◽

Mei Liao ◽

Wenhai Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Species Distribution ◽

Normal Population ◽

Fat Metabolism ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Distribution Analysis

The regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by intestinal microorganisms is closely related to the occurrence of fatty liver. In order to explore the relationship between the distribution of intestinal flora and the occurrence of fatty liver, we extracted fecal DNA from normal people (group C) and patients with fatty liver (group D), sequenced the collected samples with graphene oxide (GO) nano-solid nanopore, and sequenced the V3 and V4 regions of 16S. After screening the sequencing data, all tag sequences of all samples were clustered according to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using UPARSE 9 software. After determining abundance of OTUs and species annotation of the sequencing results, alpha diversity was analyzed based on an OTU abundance table. Krona (V2.6) 18 software displayed the results of species annotation in an interactive and visual way, and species distribution among groups was compared. The LEfSe method was used to analyze the differences of species distribution among components. After cluster analysis, the number of OTUs in the normal population was 512, the number of intestinal species in fatty liver patients was 541, of which 262 were common species. Alpha diversity analysis revealed reduced relative abundance in the fatty liver patients. The abundance of phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species in each group were compared. The abundance of Pachytene and Proteus increased abnormally and the relative abundance of Clostridium decreased. In addition, the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in Enterobacteriaceae and Fusobacteria in Fusobacteria decreased. The relative abundance of Bacteroidea, Bacteroideae, and Lachnospiraceae increased. The results of species distribution analysis confirmed that the difference of Fusicantibacter distribution in Lachnospiraceae was significant. Functional analysis of the distribution of the flora revealed the principle role of the flora in fat metabolism. Therefore, it was concluded that Fusicantibacter was the dominant flora in patients with fatty liver, which promoted the formation of fatty liver by enhancing fat metabolism. The findings also demonstrated that GO nanopores can be used for DNA sequencing.

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