Heroin (diamorphine)

1967 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-12

Although heroin (diamorphine) was first manufactured from morphine at St. Mary’s Hospital in 1874, its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with morphine itself are still in dispute. It was originally introduced into medicine as a remedy for cough and morphine dependence in 1898. Indeed morphine addicts readily exchange morphine for heroin but of course this does not represent a cure. Heroin is now the more important drug of addiction although its manufacture has been banned in the USA since 1924, as well as in most other countries. An attempt to do the same in Britain in 1953 failed in a welter of propaganda and counter-propaganda which did nothing to establish its value objectively.

Author(s):  
Леонид Вячеславович Калимуллин ◽  
Денис Константинович Левченко

Несмотря на существующие государственные инициативы, одним из факторов, сдерживающих развитие электротранспорта в России, является низкий уровень развития электрозарядной инфраструктуры. В данном контексте актуально изучить успешный опыт построения и внедрения моделей функционирования электрозарядной инфраструктуры и управления ею на примере наиболее развитых по данному направлению стран. Целью статьи является исследование моделей функционирования инфраструктуры для электромобилей и управления ею, применяемых в США и Китае, выявление характерных особенностей, преимуществ и недостатков с целью формирования наиболее оптимальных условий для построения российской модели электрозарядной инфраструктуры. Элементы научной новизны заключаются в обобщении и систематизация практического опыта применения моделей функционирования электрозарядной инфраструктуры и управления ею. Despite existing state initiatives, one of the factors limiting the development of electric transport in Russia is the low level of development of electric charging infrastructure. In this context, it is relevant to study the successful experience of building and implementing models for the management and operation of electric charging infrastructure on the example of the most developed countries in this area. The purpose of the article is to study models of infrastructure management and functioning for electric vehicles used in the USA and China, to identify characteristic features, advantages and disadvantages in order to form the most optimal conditions for building a Russian model of electric charging infrastructure. Elements of scientific novelty are the synthesis and systematization of practical experience in the application of models of control and operation of electric charging infrastructure.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jackson ◽  
Robert Rosario ◽  
Andreas Fabricius ◽  
Anita Johny ◽  
Alexandria Wholey

Abstract We will present the results from several projects from the USA and other jurisdictions where ASME B31.1 Ch. VII O&M Covered Piping System (CPS) Programs have been implemented at several types of natural gas-fired CCGT plants. Common elements of programs for different plants will be summarized as well as plant-specific considerations for high energy piping condition assessment for newer plants. Pros and cons between a common program for a thermal fleet and plant-specific programs will be discussed including advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Effective implementation of parts of the Nonmandatory Appendix V guidance within the CPS Program will be described and recommendations for best practices. A brief overview of degradation-specific mechanisms for high energy piping and approaches for planninng/scheduling NDE inspections will be described. This overview will include: creep, fatigue, corrosion (erosion-corrosion - E/C and flow accelerated corrosion - FAC) as well as mechanisms that are commonly responsible for high energy piping leaks, failures and repairs including thermal quench cracking of HRSG interstage, terminal desuperheaters and turbine bypass attemperators. A brief summary of Gr. 91 inspection planning in Ch. VII O&M Programs will also be included as well as corrosion under insulation (CUI) and common inspection scopes for high temperature steam drains. Resolution of constant force and variable spring pipe supports on high pressure/high temperature piping that are not accommodating thermal expansion as per their engineering design can be evaluated using pre-outage pipe stress models and data obtained from field walkdowns to support rapid decisions for repair/replacement in the field. Finally, experiences with long term scheduling the need for adaptive management of the CPS Programs will be summarized with typical management oversight actions described for effective implementation.


Author(s):  
Maryna Chumachenko

The purpose of the article lies in the comprehension of theoretical aspects of distance learning as the most efficient cultural and organizational paradigm of educational field development, specific nature of its realization, and prospects for cultural and artistic education development. The methodology of the research is based on the application of methods of hermeneutic interpretation (to determine specific features of distance education in foreign and national higher education establishments), comparative analysis (with the purpose to discover reasons for active development and peculiarities of realization of distance education technologies in European and US higher education establishments), structural and functional method (to discover the role of distance education in a time of civilizational globalization and social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic). The scientific novelty lies in carrying out a theoretical analysis of distance education development in European countries, the USA and Ukraine, determination of advantages and disadvantages of implementation of distance education in the educational environment, the discovery of priority ways of distance education development for cultural and artistic disciplines. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic provided conditions due to which adoption of distance education technologies to the traditional education system – internal and external – became the only possible form of implementation of the education activity. The new conditions caused the creation of a brand new educational environment that determined potential ways of higher education development in the future. The conceptual framework of search and realization of a new educational strategy needs to take into account a paradigm basis for cultural and artistic education and science development that is possible on the condition of adoptive integration of information and communication technologies into the cultural and artistic field.


Comunicar ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Lamuedra-Graván

This article aims to set a theoretical framework for a debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the actual way in which celebrities are portrayed in Spanish television. This work deals with how fame has been present in several societies over time. The phenomenon of celebrity is placed in a context that includes the USA and Britain. The piece introduces the idea, argued by a relevant number of Anglo-Saxon authors, that fame and democracy have walked and developed together in a number of countries.q Si hay un tipo de televisión que no queremos es la que se conoce como «televisión basura». Se trata de un concepto complejo, que el Consejo Audiovisual de Cataluña (CAC) ha definido con gran habilidad. No alude, según el CAC, a un género televisivo específico, ni se limita sólo al entretenimiento, sino que se produce cuando determinados programas degradan determinados géneros vulnerando los derechos fundamentales de terceras personas o por el atropello de valores democráticos o cívicos. A continuación el consejo considera que la telebasura se encuentra básicamente concentrada en la programación denominada «del corazón», aunque matiza que el género en sí no ha de caer irremisiblemente en los despropósitos propios de la telebasura y, de hecho, reconoce que no siempre lo hace. Este trabajo aborda de manera esquemática la evolución de la fama en nuestras sociedades, y se concentra en las circunstancias socio-económicas que han hecho posible su expansión. Tal material nos permitirá proceder a una breve reflexión acerca de la representación mediática de la fama hoy en día. Precisamente porque «el corazón» no es irremisiblemente telebasura, ni debemos permitir que los despropósitos en materia cívica propios de la telebasura secuestren las potencialidades positivas del género, que las tiene. Como el propio filósofo Emilio Lledó reconoce en una entrevista con Juan Cruz sobre la fama (Cruz, 1999). En la idea de la fama hay siempre ago positivo: la lucha por el reconocimiento que es una forma peculiar de compañía y solidaridad, y de «progreso» y «movimiento de tu ser». Aunque claro está, Lledó se refiere fundamentalmente a una fama que insta a aquel que la desea a ser mejor y superarse con el propósito de ser querido. En estos últimos años la importancia de los famosos en los medios de comunicación se ha intensificado. Esto, desde luego, es perceptible en España, pero está vigente en toda Europa, incluyendo los países nórdicos (Sparre, 2003), EE.UU, América Latina, y de manera progresiva, otras zonas del globo. En el texto completo de la comunicación se ofrecen razones contundentes que ilustran la proliferación del fenómeno de los famosos en el Reino Unido, EE.UU y otras áreas del mundo como se argumentará en el texto completo de la comunicación. El interés que despiertan los famosos y la destacada presencia de éstos, sobre todo en las sociedades occidentales permite establecer cierta vinculación entre los famosos y una serie de cambios sociales económicos y culturales propios de la era moderna, democrática y capitalista. Varios investigadores ligan el progreso de ‘la cultura de la celebridad’ en el siglo XX a la democracia. Entre ellos están Leo Braudy, Victoria Price, Richard Dyer, David Marshall y Chris Rojek. La fama en sí siempre ha existido, y el deseo de celebridad también, que Leo Broudy ya achaca a Alejandro Magno varios siglos antes del nacimiento de Jesucristo. Pero para que la fama y los famosos alcancen el grado de influencia y expansión actual han de producirse una serie de cambios sociales que se han sucedido desde el desarrollo de la fotografía y las agencias de noticias. La expansión de la fama es un fenómeno de la modernidad ilustrada, así como algunas perversiones de la fama pueden analizarse como síntomas de un desequilibrio entre valores democráticos y valores mercantilistas. En resumen, la comunicación que se propone trata la fama en un contexto social y económico amplio que puede aplicarse a Europa y Estados Unidos y describe los cambios más importantes del último siglo en la forma de entender este fenómeno. Todo ello tiene el objetivo de ofrecer una perspectiva amplia desde la que reflexionar acerca de la forma actual en la que los famosos aparecen en televisión en España, y en concreto acerca de la mercantilización de la fama y de la aparición de famosos que lo son por su relación con otros y no por motivos meritocráticos.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Maria Mihaela Postea ◽  

Measurement of an economic indicator or phenomenon starts by defining it first and determining its components. Tax evasion as a component of the underground economy is a phenomenon that is hard to be observed and estimated because of its hidden nature. To be able to compare the figures for tax evasion from different countries, there is the need for a definition internationally accepted. This paper aims to make a literature review on the phenomenon and to find a definition that is widely accepted. In this area, not only the literature review is important but also the legislation from different countries. We will look closely at the definition of tax evasion given by the legislation of different countries from the EU and the USA. In the literature, there are several methods to estimate the underground economy. There are direct methods (questionnaire), indirect methods (indicator methods), and statistical methods (MIMIC), but all of them have their shortcomings. In the paper, all the shortcomings of each method used in the present are discussed to estimate the underground economy. As a conclusion, we can state that at the present moment there is not a definition internationally accepted for the underground economy, making it hard to estimate and to compare the results from different countries. In addition, the methods used to estimate the phenomenon have advantages and disadvantages. None of the methods is better than the other. When estimating the underground economy, it is advised to use more than one method. At this moment it is safe to say that the link between theory and empirical estimation is still unsatisfactory. Keywords: tax evasion, underground economy


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Lindborg ◽  
Peter Andersson

AbstractIn winter, the sea around Sweden and Finland as well as parts of the waters around Canada, Russia and the USA become ice covered, and ships may require assistance from icebreakers to proceed to their destinations. This paper accordingly analyses the cost structure and estimates the cost of icebreaking operations at sea, including the costs of external effects of the icebreakers’ emissions, and analyses the consequences of different pricing schemes for financing icebreaking services. A regression analysis was carried out based on data from icebreaking services in Sweden over 14 winters from 2001/2002 to 2015/2016. The social marginal cost of an average assistance operation (which may involve more than one ship) is estimated at EUR 6476 and for each assisted ship EUR 5304. The same cost is EUR 907 per running hour for the icebreakers and EUR 1990 per hour a ship is assisted. Each additional nautical mile sailed by an icebreaker costs society EUR 141 and each assisted nautical mile EUR 234. The marginal cost is found not to be related to winter severity. Despite the significant social marginal costs, not including large fixed costs, icebreaking in Sweden and Finland is free of charge. The advantages and disadvantages of four pricing models that can be applied to cover at least parts of the costs to society are discussed. All models could create new distortions, but a price per assisted hour may be worth applying in practice.


2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-76
Author(s):  
Jana Stehlíková

The thesis focuses on using a managerial instrument of 360-degree feedback while evaluating on managerial development. The main aim is to compare the use of this instrument in the Czech republic and in English speaking countries, which are home countries (especially USA) of 360-degree feedback. The thesis has also compared the frequency of using the method in English speaking countries and the main advantages and disadvantages, which are attributed to this instrument in the Czech Republic and in the USA, and other differencies. The branches, where 360- degree feedback is used, are also described in this article. The specifics of each country are described on an example for each country. The main outcome is identification of main resasons for 360-degree feedback being used more or less frequently in the Czech Republic than in English speaking countries.


elni Review ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
Miriam Dross

Since June 2013, the EU and the USA have been engaged in negotiations on a free-trade and investment agreement. TTIP has sparked off a broad discussion in society about the advantages and disadvantages of (transatlantic) free trade. The present public debate about TTIP shows that the general public is now becoming aware of the tensions between trade liberalisation and environmental protection that have long been under discussion in expert circles. This paper sums up highlights from a recent statement by the German Advisory Council on the Environment as regards the impacts that the planned TTIP agreement could have on German and European environmental protection standards.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1366
Author(s):  
Reza Nemati ◽  
Jean-Pierre Fortin ◽  
Joseph Craig ◽  
Shaye Donald

The production and use of cannabis for medical purposes has been legalized in Canada and several states in the USA. Due to the historically illegal nature of cannabis, there is very little information available in academic publications about appropriate growing media for growing cannabis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the most commonly used growing media for the production of medical cannabis and to discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Based on current knowledge, there is a general agreement on the properties of a suitable growing medium within the cannabis industry. However, there is little consensus among growers on the best growing medium to grow cannabis. Different categories of growing media are widely used in North America. In this review, we classified them into several main categories principally based on the type of material used in their composition and the growth stages of the plant. The main categories include: coir-based, peat-based, rockwool, phenolic foam, and living soil. It is not easy to suggest the best growing medium for cannabis production. Each category of growing medium has its strengths and weaknesses. Overall, it seems that coir-based products are the intermediate substrates showing more advantages and less weakness; however, choosing any of these categories depends a lot on the growing technique and production system. Future research should focus on determining the optimal level of growing media properties to produce high yielding medical cannabis with the desired quality.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 481-481
Author(s):  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Bo Li

Abstract In the evolving situation of COVID-19, an outbreak of the contagious disease in a nursing home near Seattle prompted urgent calls for precautionary tactics in senior-living facilities. Worldwide, the USA and China are the countries with the largest and second largest populations of people aged 80+. More than two million older adults live in senior-living facilities in the USA and the number of beds in senior-living facilities in China has increased to 6.5 million in recent five years. The risk of infections including COVID-19 is tripled in senior-living residents because of age, close living conditions, and underlying health conditions. Infectious diseases account for one third of all deaths in people age 65+ in the USA. COVID-19 has a case fatality rate of 2.3% overall and as high as 15% in patients age 80+ in China. Together with health and services interventions, environmental interventions should be considered to prevent the possible spread of infections in senior-living settings. Based on a literature review and using empirical data of 12 senior-living facility designs collected in both countries, this research analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of existing facility environments in terms of infection control. Environmental interventions to promote infection control are suggested in the context of individual facilities. Proposed interventions are analyzed at two levels: spatial design and design details. Five factors are included: visitors screening, ventilation, isolation rooms, hand washing, and daily temperature checks. From the perspective of infection control, the cross-country similarities and differences of senior-living facility designs are discussed.


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