The Application of Nanozymes in the Diagnosis and Treatment of TUMOR: A Review

Nano LIFE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbo Yang ◽  
Hongzhi Hu ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
Zengwu Shao

Nanozyme is a kind of nanomaterial with simulated enzyme activity. Due to its high catalytic efficiency, better stability and modifiability, the role of nanozymes in medicine, especially in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, is receiving more and more attention. Nanozymes usually contain metals and are often used in combination with drugs or antigens/antibodies to become multifunctional materials for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. At present, the detailed synthesis, classification and function of nanozymes need to be supplemented. In our review, we introduce the research status, synthesis and classification of nanozymes roundly. Then we summarized and introduced some characteristic nanozymes according to their functions, mainly including tumor diagnosis, tumor therapy, tumor surgical adjuvant therapy and multifunctional complexes. We believe that many breakthroughs have been made in the research of nanozymes, and more and more multifunctional nanozymes have been studied. However, there are still some shortcomings in the current research on nanozymes such as the lack of solutions to some of the insufficient properties of nanoparticles, like spontaneous aggregation, nonspecific phagocytosis, etc. At the same time, the catalytic reaction is relatively simple, which limits the further application of nanozyme. In our review, we made our own comments and prospects on the diagnostic, therapeutic and application of nanozymes. In the future, nanozymes will play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors due to their potential modifiability and versatility as well as their increasingly perfect physicochemical properties.

Author(s):  
Petar Halachev ◽  
Victoria Radeva ◽  
Albena Nikiforova ◽  
Miglena Veneva

This report is dedicated to the role of the web site as an important tool for presenting business on the Internet. Classification of site types has been made in terms of their application in the business and the types of structures in their construction. The Models of the Life Cycle for designing business websites are analyzed and are outlined their strengths and weaknesses. The stages in the design, construction, commissioning, and maintenance of a business website are distinguished and the activities and requirements of each stage are specified.


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viet Hoa Nguyen

Abstract Introduction: Evaluating the role of laparoscopic for diagnosis and treatment of undescended testis in children. Material and Methods: Restrospective study, between 6/ 2014 and 6/2017. All the patients are aged from 1 to 16 years with undescended testis underwent laparoscopic surgery for diagnosis and treatment in Deparment of pediatric surgery – Viet Duc hospital enrolled. Results: Of 95 patiens in total had 106 undescended testis diagnosed and treated by laparoscopy. The mean age of patients was 7,5 ± 3,8 years. 44,2% undescended were on the left side, 44,2% were on the right and 11,6% were undescended bilateral. The correct diagnosis by ultrasound accounted in 79,4%. The locations of testis diagnosed by laparoscopic are : intra abdomen in 45,3%, deep inguinal orifice in 16,9%, extra inguinal orifice in 26,4%, no testicle found in 11,4%. The mean time of operation were 67,33± 28,01 pht. Scrotal positions were achieved 74,5%, remove atrophic testis accounted in 7,6%. Stephen- Flowler technique including step I were in 4,7%, step II in 1,9%. The outcome evaluated by testicular positions following 3 months after operation are : good in 79,2%, moderate 13,2%, poor in 7,6%; By classification of Aubert are : good in 81,1%, moderate in 11,3% and poor in 7,6 %. Conclusion: Laparoscopic surgery is not only a highly sensitive diagnostic method to find accurately the location and size of the testes, but also the most effective method to treat impalpable undescended testes.


Author(s):  
Е. В. Яковлева

В статье рассматриваются проблемы, связанные с современным уровнем развития науки и техники. Ставится вопрос о рисках, связанных с интенсивным технологическим развитием человеческого общества. Рассматриваются экологический, социальный, геополитический уровни приложения проблемы. Анализируется концепция Э. Фромма о балансе между техническим и духовным развитием, рассматривается теория А. П. Назаретяна о техно-гуманитарном балансе как условии выживания социальной системы. На основании проведенной в статье классификации исследовательских подходов оценивается роль современных исследований в области научной этики в разрешении проблемы и делается вывод о необходимости выхода на уровень практического ее разрешения. Consideration of the problems connected with the modern level of development of science and technology is made in the article. The question of the risks connected with intensive technological development of human society is raised. Ecological, social, geopolitical aspects of a problem are considered. Fromm’s concept about balance between technical and spiritual development is analyzed, A. P. Nazaretyan’s theory about technical and humanitarian balance as a condition of survival of social system is considered. On the basis of the classification of research approaches which is carried out in article the role of modern researches in the field of scientific ethics in solution of the problem is estimated and the conclusion about need of an exit to the level of her practical permission is drawn.


2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
E. V. Levitina ◽  
G. A. Ivanichev ◽  
M. M. Minnibaev

2/3 of all diseases of the nervous system in children begin to develop in the perinatal period. In recent decades, great strides have been made in perinatal neurology in the development of criteria for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Further study of the biochemical foundations of perinatal lesions of the nervous system with the definition of objective markers of the severity of the lesion will reveal new links in its pathogenesis and develop more effective methods of treatment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saboor Ahmad ◽  
Shahmshad Ahmed Khan ◽  
Khalid Ali Khan ◽  
Jianke Li

Hypopharyngeal glands (HGs) are the most important organ of hymenopterans which play critical roles for the insect physiology. In honey bees, HGs are paired structures located bilaterally in the head, in front of the brain between compound eyes. Each gland is composed of thousands of secretory units connecting to secretory duct in worker bees. To better understand the recent progress made in understanding the structure and function of these glands, we here review the ontogeny of HGs, and the factors affecting the morphology, physiology, and molecular basis of the functionality of the glands. We also review the morphogenesis of HGs in the pupal and adult stages, and the secretory role of the glands across the ages for the first time. Furthermore, recent transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome analyses have elucidated the potential mechanisms driving the HGs development and functionality. This adds a comprehensive novel knowledge of the development and physiology of HGs in honey bees over time, which may be helpful for future research investigations.


Author(s):  
Bohovyk O.A.

Purpose. The task of this article is to study the use of gemination that is the stylistic device of repetition. It is used to depict the emotional states of the characters in the novel “451 degrees Fahrenheit” by the American writer Ray Bradbury. Until now this topic has not been examined thoroughly in scientific studies. It seems interesting to mark gemination as positive and negative one by means of the context that helps to acquire a certain expressive and evaluative judgment.Methods. The research is carried out using a descriptive method for cataloguing, systematization, and classification of factual material, as well as methods of theoretical generalization and analysis. The method of contextual analysis is used to clarify the role of expressive means in the text of the novel. This method is aimed at revealing the context, taking into account the author’s intention, and commented on the means of expression used by the writer. The application of these methods allows analyzing the use of the stylistic figure gemination as an expression of the characters’ different emotional states.Results. The article considers the theoretical aspects of repetition and stylistic devices which are based on its principle. In the novel, repetition functions as one of the principles to verbalize the expression of the characters’ emotional states. The views of linguists on the peculiarities of gemination’s functioning in the language are analyzed. The attempt to give the definition to this stylistic device is made. In linguistics, gemination is characterized as a phenomenon of the expressive syntax that has a contact location. The achievement of the influential effect is due to redundancy. Conclusions. The analyzed examples which are based on gemination mostly describe negative emotions. The number of examples in the novel where gemination is used to denote positive emotions is rather small. It is emphasized that such a distribution is not usual as it depends on the genre, the text’s general tone, and the context of the analyzed stylistic device.Key words: repetition, stylistic devices, expressive syntax, fiction, function, emotion. Мета наукової розвідки полягає в дослідженні вживання стилістичної фігури повтору гемінації, яку використано для зображення емоційного стану персонажів у романі американського письменника РеяБредбері «451 градус за Фаренгейтом», що до сьогодні не ставало предметом ретельних наукових студіювань. Цікавим видається позитивне та негативне маркування стилістичної фігури, яка залежно від контексту набуває певного експресивно-оціночного судження.Методи. Дослідження здійснено за допомогою описового методу – для інвентаризації, систематизації і класифікації фактологічного матеріалу, а також методів теоретичного узагальнення та аналізу. Для з’ясування ролі експресивного засобу в тек-сті роману було використано метод контекстуального аналізу, який спрямовано на розкриття контексту з урахуванням задуму автора та було прокоментовано виражальні засоби, якими послуговувався письменник. Використання зазначених методів дозволило здійснити аналіз уживання стилістичної фігури гемінація як виразника різних емоційних станів персонажів твору.Результати. У статті розглянуто теоретичні аспекти фігури мови повтору та стилістичних фігур, які засновані на його принципі. У тексті роману повтор функціонує як один із принципів вербалізації вираження емоційних станів персонажів. Детально проаналізовано ті з них, які використано як інструмент досягнення експресивності. Розглянуто точки зору вчених-лінгвістів на особливості функціонування гемінації в мові та зроблено спробу надати дефініцію зазначеному явищу. У науко-вих лінгвістичних розвідках гемінація характеризується як фігура експресивного синтаксису. Зазначене явище має контактне розташування, а досягнення впливового ефекту відбувається за рахунок надлишковості. Вживання гемінації у тексті привер-тає увагу читачів, акцентує увагу на найголовнішому, допомагає відобразити настрій та емоції героїв твору.Висновки. У статті звернено увагу на вживання стилістичних фігур, які засновано на принципі повтору і є семантико-стилістичною домінантою у творі письменника. Досліджувані приклади, які засновані на вживанні фігури мови гемінації, в основному описують негативні емоції. Кількість прикладів у романі, де гемінація вживається на позначення позитивних емоцій, складає незначну кількість. Наголошено, що такий розподіл не є закономірним, а залежить від жанру, загального тону твору та контексту аналізованої фігури. Ключові слова: повтор, стилістичні засоби, експресивний синтаксис, художній текст, функція, емоція.


2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (27) ◽  
pp. 15591-15598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Museer A. Lone ◽  
Andreas J. Hülsmeier ◽  
Essa M. Saied ◽  
Gergely Karsai ◽  
Christoph Arenz ◽  
...  

Sphingolipids (SLs) are chemically diverse lipids that have important structural and signaling functions within mammalian cells. SLs are commonly defined by the presence of a long-chain base (LCB) that is normally formed by the conjugation ofl-serine and palmitoyl-CoA. This pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent reaction is mediated by the enzyme serine-palmitoyltransferase (SPT). However, SPT can also metabolize other acyl-CoAs, in the range of C14to C18, forming a variety of LCBs that differ by structure and function. Mammalian SPT consists of three core subunits: SPTLC1, SPTLC2, and SPTLC3. Whereas SPTLC1 and SPTLC2 are ubiquitously expressed, SPTLC3 expression is restricted to certain tissues only. The influence of the individual subunits on enzyme activity is not clear. Using cell models deficient in SPTLC1, SPTLC2, and SPTLC3, we investigated the role of each subunit on enzyme activity and the LCB product spectrum. We showed that SPTLC1 is essential for activity, whereas SPTLC2 and SPTLC3 are partly redundant but differ in their enzymatic properties. SPTLC1 in combination with SPTLC2 specifically formed C18, C19, and C20 LCBs while the combination of SPTLC1 and SPTLC3 yielded a broader product spectrum. We identifiedanteiso-branched-C18 SO (meC18SO) as the primary product of the SPTLC3 reaction. The meC18SO was synthesized fromanteiso-methyl-palmitate, in turn synthesized from a precursor metabolite generated in the isoleucine catabolic pathway. The meC18SO is metabolized to ceramides and complex SLs and is a constituent of human low- and high-density lipoproteins.


2016 ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yushkov ◽  
N. Oding ◽  
L. Savulkin

The article studies the role of subventions, one of the major types of inter-governmental transfers, in the Russian system of fiscal federalism. The authors demonstrate the structure, dynamics and major trends in the development of subventions over the last 15 years. The new typology of subventions, based on three criteria (financial volume, complexity of the procedure of determining the subvention value, frequency of changes made in these procedures), as well as the detailed classification of the major types of subventions is presented in the article. Finally, the authors draw conclusions on the future of subventions as an element of the Russian fiscal federalism.


2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (5) ◽  
pp. G473-G483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendal Jensen ◽  
Marco Marzioni ◽  
Kamruzzaman Munshi ◽  
Syeda Afroze ◽  
Gianfranco Alpini ◽  
...  

The bile duct system of the liver is lined by epithelial cells (i.e., cholangiocytes) that respond to a large number of neuroendocrine factors through alterations in their proliferative activities and the subsequent modification of the microenvironment. As such, activation of biliary proliferation compensates for the loss of cholangiocytes due to apoptosis and slows the progression of toxic injury and cholestasis. Over the course of the last three decades, much progress has been made in identifying the factors that trigger the biliary epithelium to remodel and grow. Because a large number of autocrine factors have recently been identified as relevant clinical targets, a compiled review of their contributions and function in cholestatic liver diseases would be beneficial. In this context, it is important to define the specific processes triggered by autocrine factors that promote cholangiocytes to proliferate, activate neighboring cells, and ultimately lead to extracellular matrix deposition. In this review, we discuss the role of each of the known autocrine factors with particular emphasis on proliferation and fibrogenesis. Because many of these molecules interact with one another throughout the progression of liver fibrosis, a model speculating their involvement in the progression of cholestatic liver disease is also presented.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaomin Li ◽  
Zhonglu Ren ◽  
Yuping Peng ◽  
Kaishu Li ◽  
Xiran Wang ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Previously developed classifications of glioma have provided enormous advantages for the diagnosis and treatment of glioma. Although the role of alternative splicing (AS) in cancer, especially in glioma, has been validated, a comprehensive analysis of AS in glioma has not yet been conducted. In this study, we aimed at classifying glioma based on prognostic AS. Methods Using the TCGA glioblastoma (GBM) and low-grade glioma (LGG) datasets, we analyzed prognostic splicing events. Consensus clustering analysis was conducted to classified glioma samples and correlation analysis was conducted to characterize regulatory network of splicing factors and splicing events. Results We analyzed prognostic splicing events and proposed novel splicing classifications across pan-glioma samples (labeled pST1–7) and across GBM samples (labeled ST1–3). Distinct splicing profiles between GBM and LGG were observed, and the primary discriminator for the pan-glioma splicing classification was tumor grade. Subtype-specific splicing events were identified; one example is AS of zinc finger proteins, which is involved in glioma prognosis. Furthermore, correlation analysis of splicing factors and splicing events identified SNRPB and CELF2 as hub splicing factors that upregulated and downregulated oncogenic AS, respectively. Conclusion A comprehensive analysis of AS in glioma was conducted in this study, shedding new light on glioma heterogeneity and providing new insights into glioma diagnosis and treatment.


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