Upgrading pyrolytic residue from waste tires to commercial carbon black

The managing and recycling of waste tires has become a worldwide environmental challenge. Among the different disposal methods for waste tires, pyrolysis is regarded as a promising route. How to effectively enhance the added value of pyrolytic residue (PR) from waste tires is a matter of great concern. In this study, the PRs were treated with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in turn under ultrasonic waves. The removal efficiency for the ash and sulfur was investigated. The pyrolytic carbon black (PCB) obtained after treating PR with acids was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, laser Raman spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and physisorption apparatus. The properties of PCB were compared with those of commercial carbon black (CCB) N326 and N339. Results showed PRs from waste tires were mainly composed of carbon, sulfur, and ash. The carbon in PCB was mainly from the CCB added during tire manufacture rather than from the pyrolysis of pure rubbers. The removal percentages for the ash and sulfur of PR are 98.33% (from 13.98 wt % down to 0.24 wt %) and 70.16% (from 1.81 wt % down to 0.54 wt %), respectively, in the entire process. The ash was mainly composed of metal oxides, sulfides, and silica. The surface properties, porosity, and morphology of the PCB were all close to those of N326. Therefore, PCB will be a potential alternative of N326 and reused in tire manufacture. This route successfully upgrades PR from waste tires to the high value-added CCB and greatly increases the overall efficiency of the waste tire pyrolysis industry.

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Characterization of Chemically Activated Pyrolytic Carbon Black Derived from Waste Tires as a Candidate for Nanomaterial Precursor

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10112213 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2213

Author(s):

Reyna Berenice González-González ◽

Lucy T. González ◽

Sigfrido Iglesias-González ◽

Everardo González-González ◽

Sergio O. Martinez-Chapa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Carbon Dots ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Pyrolytic Carbon ◽

Emission Spectrometry ◽

Energy Storage Devices ◽

Potential Measurement ◽

X Ray ◽

Waste Tires ◽

Synthesis Of Nanomaterials

Pyrolysis is a feasible solution for environmental problems related to the inadequate disposal of waste tires, as it leads to the recovery of pyrolytic products such as carbon black, liquid fuels and gases. The characteristics of pyrolytic carbon black can be enhanced through chemical activation in order to produce the required properties for its application. In the search to make the waste tire pyrolysis process profitable, new applications of the pyrolytic solid products have been explored, such as for the fabrication of energy-storage devices and precursor in the synthesis of nanomaterials. In this study, waste tires powder was chemically activated using acid (H2SO4) and/or alkali (KOH) to recover pyrolytic carbon black with different characteristics. H2SO4 removed surface impurities more thoroughly, improving the carbon black’s surface area, while KOH increased its oxygen content, which improved the carbon black’s stability in water suspension. Pyrolytic carbon black was fully characterized by elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and ζ potential measurement. In addition, the pyrolytic carbon black was used to explore its feasibility as a precursor for the synthesis of carbon dots; synthesized carbon dots were analyzed preliminarily by SEM and with a fluorescence microplate reader, revealing differences in their morphology and fluorescence intensity. The results presented in this study demonstrate the effect of the activating agent on pyrolytic carbon black from waste tires and provide evidence of the feasibility of using waste tires for the synthesis of nanomaterials such as carbon dots.

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Novel Bovine Serum Albumin Protein Backbone Reassembly Study: Strongly Twisted β-Sheet Structure Promotion upon Interaction with GO-PAMAM

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12112603 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 2603

Author(s):

Andra Mihaela Onaș ◽

Iuliana Elena Bîru ◽

Sorina Alexandra Gârea ◽

Horia Iovu

Keyword(s):

Secondary Structure ◽

Bovine Serum Albumin ◽

Serum Albumin ◽

Bovine Serum ◽

Infrared Spectrometry ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Protein Backbone ◽

Raman Spectrometry ◽

X Ray ◽

Β Sheet

This study investigates the formation of a graphene oxide-polyamidoamine dendrimer complex (GO-PAMAM) and its association and interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry indicated the formation of covalent linkage between the GO surface and PAMAM with 7.22% nitrogen content in the GO-PAMAM sample, and various interactions between BSA and GO-PAMAM, including π-π* interactions at 291.5 eV for the binding energy value. Thermogravimetric analysis highlighted the increasing thermal stability throughout the modification process, from 151 to 192 °C for the 10% weight loss temperature. Raman spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analysis were used in order to examine the complexes’ assembly, showing a prominent (0 0 2) lattice in GO-PAMAM. Dynamic light scattering tests proved the formation of stable graphenic and graphenic-protein aggregates. The secondary structure rearrangement of BSA after interaction with GO-PAMAM was investigated using circular dichroism spectroscopy. We have observed a shift from 10.9% β-sheet composition in native BSA to 64.9% β-sheet composition after the interaction with GO-PAMAM. This interaction promoted the rearrangement of the protein backbone, leading to strongly twisted β-sheet secondary structure architecture.

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Investigation of Mild Steel Corrosion in the Cement Production Associated with the Usage of Secondary Fuels

International Journal of Corrosion ◽

10.1155/2020/7341029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Michael Thieme ◽

Ute Bergmann ◽

Anja Kiesewetter ◽

Tobias Wehry ◽

Kay Potzger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mild Steel ◽

Construction Material ◽

Decisive Role ◽

Steel Corrosion ◽

Corrosion Products ◽

Infrared Spectrometry ◽

Raman Spectrometry ◽

Cement Production ◽

X Ray ◽

Process Gas

The present work deals with the corrosion of mild steel (1.0037) used as the outer construction material of the preheater of a modern industrial cement production facility. The facility uses secondary fuels, which introduce considerable amounts of corrosive species. The situation at the examination sites in the preheater zone is tracked over a period of two years including operation and shut-down periods. The investigation is focused on (i) the acquisition of the underlying physicochemical conditions, such as moisture, temperature, and contamination data at the examination site of the preheater, (ii) the multianalytical identification of the formed corrosion products using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, infrared spectrometry, Raman spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, and Möβbauer spectrometry, and (iii) voltammetric and EIS laboratory investigations using model solutions. It was evidenced that corrosion takes place at a temperature level of about 100°C in the presence of moisture and oxygen as well as chloride ion as a consequence of the usage of secondary fuels. Typical hot-gas corrosion could be excluded under the current conditions. Appearance, structure, and nature of the corrosion products were found to be not mainly dependent on the varied length of exposure, but on the conditions of the hosting preheater intake. In addition to different FeOOH phases and hematite, magnetite was found, dependent on the oxygen concentration in the process gas. The decisive role of oxygen as key factor for the corrosion rate was electrochemically confirmed.

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Surface Modification of Pyrolytic Carbon Black from Waste Tires and Its Use as Pigment for Offset Printing Ink

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1016/s1004-9541(06)60130-4 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 654-659 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jie ZHOU ◽

Jingdai WANG ◽

Xiaohong REN ◽

Yongrong YANG ◽

Binbo JIANG

Keyword(s):

Surface Modification ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Pyrolytic Carbon ◽

Offset Printing ◽

Waste Tires ◽

Printing Ink

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Direct Observation of Crystalline Ordering In Naturally Graphitized Carbon Produced by Low Grade Metamorphism

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100078377 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 162-163

Author(s):

Thomas R. McKee ◽

Peter R. Buseck

Keyword(s):

Crystallite Size ◽

Sedimentary Rocks ◽

Carbonaceous Material ◽

Low Grade ◽

X Ray ◽

Graphitized Carbon ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Commercial Carbon ◽

Metamorphic Zone

Sediments commonly contain organic material which appears as refractory carbonaceous material in metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Grew and others have shown that relative carbon content, crystallite size, X-ray crystallinity and development of well-ordered graphite crystal structure of the carbonaceous material increases with increasing metamorphic grade. The graphitization process is irreversible and appears to be continous from the amorphous to the completely graphitized stage. The most dramatic chemical and crystallographic changes take place within the chlorite metamorphic zone.The detailed X-ray investigation of crystallite size and crystalline ordering is complex and can best be investigated by other means such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The natural graphitization series is similar to that for heat-treated commercial carbon blacks, which have been successfully studied by HRTEM (Ban and others).

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Implementasi Analisis Proses Bisnis Sebagai Upaya Pengurangan Biaya

JRAK Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Komputerisasi Akuntansi ◽

10.33558/jrak.v10i1.1642 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

Aniek Wijayanti

Keyword(s):

Business Process ◽

Cost Reduction ◽

Process Analysis ◽

Value Added ◽

Added Value ◽

Natural Material ◽

Management Activity ◽

Procurement Process ◽

Material Procurement ◽

The Cost

Business Process Analysis can be used to eliminate or reduce a waste cost caused by non value added activities that exist in a process. This research aims at evaluating activities carried out in the natural material procurement process in the PT XYZ, calculating the effectiveness of the process cycle, finding a way to improve the process management, and calculating the cost reduction that can achieved by activity management. A case study was the approach of this research. The researcher obtained research data throughout deep interviews with the staff who directly involved in the process, observation, and documentation of natural material procurement. The result of this study show that the effectiveness of the process cycle of natural material procurement in the factory reached as much as 87,1% for the sand material and 72% for the crushed stone. This indicates that the process still carry activities with no added value and still contain ineffective costs. Through the Business Process Mechanism, these non value added activities can be managed so that the process cycle becomes more efficient and cost effectiveness is achieved. The result of the effective cycle calculation after the management activities implementation is 100%. This means that the cost of natural material procurement process has become effective. The result of calculation of the estimated cost reduction as a result of management activity is as much as Rp249.026.635,90 per year.

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KOMPARASI KINERJA KEUANGAN MELALUI PENDEKATAN ECONOMIC VALUE ADDED (EVA) PADA PERUSAHAAN TRANSPORTASI DI JAKARTA

Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fakultas Ekonomi UNIAT ◽

10.36226/jrmb.v3is1.140 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 223-232

Author(s):

Dwi Urip Wardoyo

Keyword(s):

Financial Performance ◽

Service Industry ◽

Economic Value ◽

Value Added ◽

Added Value ◽

Economic Value Added ◽

Test Analysis ◽

Transportation Service ◽

Income Statement

This study aims to compare financial performance through profitability generated by two market participants in the witness transportation service industry in Jakarta, namely PT. BB compared to PT. ETU, this assessment is measured not limited to the profit generated but more than that by measuring financial added value through the concept of Eonomic Value Added produced by the two companies. The population in this study were all taxi transportation service companies in Jakarta. The sampling method selected two taxi companies that have the largest market share in DKI Jakarta, namely BB Taxi and ETU Taxi. The test analysis used in this study is ratio analysis through profit calculation and economic added value from the annual income statement. This study shows that there are (a) determination of the ratio of profit levels, (b) Determination of the comparison of economic value added of the two companies. Keywords : Financial performance, Economic Value Added (EVA)

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Enhancement of Chloroprene/Natural/Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposite Properties Using Organoclays and Their Combination with Carbon Black as Fillers

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13071085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1085

Author(s):

Patricia Castaño-Rivera ◽

Isabel Calle-Holguín ◽

Johanna Castaño ◽

Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas ◽

Karen Galvez-Garrido ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Carbon Black ◽

High Performance ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Rubber Blends ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Chloroprene Rubber

Organoclay nanoparticles (Cloisite® C10A, Cloisite® C15) and their combination with carbon black (N330) were studied as fillers in chloroprene/natural/butadiene rubber blends to prepare nanocomposites. The effect of filler type and load on the physical mechanical properties of nanocomposites was determined and correlated with its structure, compatibility and cure properties using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and rheometric analysis. Physical mechanical properties were improved by organoclays at 5–7 phr. Nanocomposites with organoclays exhibited a remarkable increase up to 46% in abrasion resistance. The improvement in properties was attributed to good organoclay dispersion in the rubber matrix and to the compatibility between them and the chloroprene rubber. Carbon black at a 40 phr load was not the optimal concentration to interact with organoclays. The present study confirmed that organoclays can be a reinforcing filler for high performance applications in rubber nanocomposites.

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Wet compounding with pyrolytic carbon black from waste tyre for manufacture of new tyre – A mini review

Waste Management & Research ◽

10.1177/0734242x211004746 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0734242X2110047

Author(s):

Junqing Xu ◽

Jiaxue Yu ◽

Wenzhi He ◽

Juwen Huang ◽

Junshi Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Pyrolytic Carbon ◽

Research Progress ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Innovative Technology ◽

Nano Materials ◽

Natural Rubber Composites ◽

Waste Tyres ◽

Dry Mixing ◽

Waste Tyre

Pyrolysis offers a more focused alternative to waste tyres treatment. Pyrolytic carbon black (CBp), the main product of waste tyre pyrolysis, and its modified species can be applied to tyre manufacturing realizing its high-value utilization. Modified pyrolytic carbon black/natural rubber composites prepared by a wet compounding (WC) and latex mixing process have become an innovative technology route for waste tyre remanufacturing. The main properties and applications of CBp reported in recent years are reviewed, and the main difficulties affecting its participation in tyre recycling are pointed out. The research progress of using WC technology to replace dry mixing manufacturing of new tyres is summarized. Through literature data and comparative studies, this paper points out that the characteristic of high ash content can be well utilized if CBp is applied to tyre manufacturing. This mini-review proposes a new method for high-value utilization of CBp. The composite mixing of CBp and carbon nano-materials under wet conditions is conducive to the realization of their good dispersion in the rubber matrix. This provides a new idea for customer resource integration and connection of industry development between the tyre production industry and waste tyre disposal management.

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Solid-State Ball-Milling of Co3O4 Nano/Microspheres and Carbon Black Endorsed LaMnO3 Perovskite Catalyst for Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysis

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11010076 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

Chelladurai Karuppiah ◽

Balamurugan Thirumalraj ◽

Srinivasan Alagar ◽

Shakkthivel Piraman ◽

Ying-Jeng Jame Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Energy Storage ◽

Fuel Cell ◽

Solid State ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Ball Milling ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

X Ray ◽

Bifunctional Electrocatalyst ◽

Bet Analysis

Developing a highly stable and non-precious, low-cost, bifunctional electrocatalyst is essential for energy storage and energy conversion devices due to the increasing demand from the consumers. Therefore, the fabrication of a bifunctional electrocatalyst is an emerging focus for the promotion and dissemination of energy storage/conversion devices. Spinel and perovskite transition metal oxides have been widely explored as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts to replace the noble metals in fuel cell and metal-air batteries. In this work, we developed a bifunctional catalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reaction (ORR/OER) study using the mechanochemical route coupling of cobalt oxide nano/microspheres and carbon black particles incorporated lanthanum manganite perovskite (LaMnO3@C-Co3O4) composite. It was synthesized through a simple and less-time consuming solid-state ball-milling method. The synthesized LaMnO3@C-Co3O4 composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy techniques. The electrocatalysis results showed excellent electrochemical activity towards ORR/OER kinetics using LaMnO3@C-Co3O4 catalyst, as compared with Pt/C, bare LaMnO3@C, and LaMnO3@C-RuO2 catalysts. The observed results suggested that the newly developed LaMnO3@C-Co3O4 electrocatalyst can be used as a potential candidate for air-cathodes in fuel cell and metal-air batteries.

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