scholarly journals ‘Do women know how to drive?’ A research on how theatre pedagogy contributes to dealing with gender stereotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Antonis Lenakakis ◽  
Dimitra Kousi ◽  
Ioannis Panges
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Educational Drama ◽  
Subject Analysis ◽  
Reflective Journals ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theatre Pedagogy ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
And Gender

This research aims at investigating the effects of a drama/theater-in-education program on dealing with gender stereotypes; it also aims at creating or improving a culture of cooperation and communication among 6th grade pupils of a Greek primary school. On the premise that drama/theater promotes play, free and creative expression, we attempted to bring out the pupils’ perceptions, subconscious thoughts, prejudices, emotions and fears regarding gender, through both qualitative and quantitative tools. The sociometric test analysis, the subject analysis of the data gathered by the student group interviews, the critical friend’s comments and the researchers’ reflective journals indicate a shift in the pupils’ stereotypical perceptions on gender as well as a broadening of the social networks between boys and girls. The educational drama/theater practices of our program provided the students with a safe, free and creative environment that enabled them to talk about, negotiate and express with all senses their personal representations, values, views and gender stereotypes. 

Edna St. Vincent Millay and Anne Sexton: The Disruption of Domestic Bliss

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTEMIS MICHAILIDOU
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
New Woman ◽  
American Poetry ◽  
Anne Sexton ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The New Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Second Wave

Popular perceptions of Edna St. Vincent Millay do not generally see her as a poet interested in so-called “domestic poetry.” On the contrary, Millay is most commonly described as the female embodiment of the rebellious spirit that marked the 1920s, the “New Woman” of early twentieth-century feminism. Until the late 1970s, the subject of domesticity seemed incompatible with the celebrated images of Millay's “progressiveness,” “rebelliousness,” or “originality.” But then again, by the 1970s Millay was no longer seen as particularly rebellious or original, and the fact that she had also contributed to the tradition of domestic poetry was not to her advantage. Domesticity may have been an important issue for second-wave feminists, but it was discussed rather selectively and, outside feminist circles, Millay was hardly ever mentioned by literary critics. The taint of “traditionalism” did not help Millay's cause, and the poet's lifelong exploration of sexuality, femininity and gender stereotypes was somehow not enough to generate sophisticated critical analyses. Since Millay seemed to be a largely traditional poet and a “politically incorrect” feminist model, second-wave feminists preferred to focus on other figures, classified as more modern and more overtly subversive. Scholarly recognition of Millay's significance within the canon of modern American poetry did not really begin until the 1990s.

scholarly journals Zing Zing Bang Bang: How Do You Know What She Really Meant. Gender Bias in Response to Irony: The Role of Who is Speaking to Whom

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Milanowicz ◽  
Piotr Kałowski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Comparison Theory ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Activation Conditions

Abstract Literature points towards the role of context in irony interpretation and the existence of gender differences in language use. We decided to examine the influence of interlocutors’ gender stereotypes on interpreting and reacting to ironic criticism in conversation. To this end, we designed two experiments gathering participants’ responses to the same ironic utterances voiced both by women and by men in control and gender stereotype activation conditions. Results of the first experiment showed that women tended to use irony significantly more often when responding to a man than to another woman. The second, ongoing experiment will additionally examine participants’ response times and total time of utterance in respect to their addressee’s gender. The results are discussed with regard to the social comparison theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987) and the linguistic intergroup bias theory (Wigboldus & Douglas, 2007).

scholarly journals The Representations and Implications of Gender Stereotypes Portrayed in Three Selected TV Advertisements Shown in Bangladesh: A Critical Interpretation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Saheeh Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Analysis Framework ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Critical Interpretation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Precise Interpretation

This paper aims at a precise interpretation of gender stereotypes portrayed in the three selected TV advertisements in order to find out their implications in Bangladeshi context. The analysis begins with Goffman’s Gender Stereotypes Hypothesis, a theoretical framework to examine and justify the thematic features present in the ads. After critically examining the hypothesis and Kress and Van Leeuwen’s Systemic Functional Analysis framework is used to analyse and interpret the semiotic features such as; the signs and symbols. After that, Fairclough’s Discourse Analysis is used to find out the stylistic features and their implied meanings in the advertisements to search the social, cultural and political implications. Then the paper uses Pope’s The Rape of the Lock and it’s Cultural-Ecofeminist Analysis of Francois d’Eaubonne to connect the above mentioned frameworks from a contextual view-point. To give the interpretation of Stereotypes deeply rooted in the minds of both male and female, Freud’s Psychoanalysis is used. Both Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis are taken into consideration for exploring the Gender Stereotypes thoroughly. This research is basically a blend of Literature, Language and Gender along with other Disciplines to interpret Stereotypes from a holistic framework. To predict the future progression of the gender representations and their implications in the coming years in Bangladesh, an umbrella term “Multi-Disciplinary Framework” will be used to examine whether the changes in gender roles both at home and outside in the workplaces due to the changes in different socio-economic and cultural factors are reflected or not in the TV advertisements.

“Cinderella” Vs “Timun Mas”: Exploring Gender Stereotypes and Culture as Learning Material Purposes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Cynantia Rachmijati ◽  
Sri Supiah Cahyati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Content ◽  
And Gender

Gender roles are an important part of culture. How the genders are portrayed in the literature contributes to the image young adults develops of their gender roles and the role of gender in the social order. This research entitled  “Cinderella VS Timun Mas : Exploring gender stereotypes and culture as learning materials purposes” aimed to analyze the content of both “Cinderella” and “Timun Mas” which cover: 1. Occupations and Gender Stereotypes; 2 Centrality of Female and Male Characters; 3. Culture Content ; and 4 Suitability as learning material purposes. This research is a qualitative study using content analysis. It was carried out with procedures: collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. Based on research questions it is revealed that for occupation and gender types showed that “Timun mas” has varieties of gender with 66,67% reference whereas “Cinderella” only has 50% references. For the centrality of male and female character, “Cinderella’ has more varieties in 37,5% male and 62,5% female whereas in “Timun Mas” showed 50% for both genders”. For the cultural content, in “Timun Mas” the cultural content found was 60% and in “Cinderella” was 80%. And the suitability to be used as learning materials showed that “Timun Mas” checked with 16 points whereas “Cinderella” checked with 20 points. It can be concluded that both can be used as authentic learning materials for gender references, but “Cinderella” has more varieties and cultural content compared to “Timun Mas”.

Invoking ‘Hindu’ Ayurveda: Communalisation of the late colonial Ayurvedic discourse

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-426
Author(s):  
Saurav Kumar Rai
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North India ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Healing System ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cow Protection

The late nineteenth and early twentieth century in India witnessed a tremendous growth of vernacular Ayurvedic tracts, journals, pamphlets and public polemics. Incidentally, the consequent Ayurvedic discourse was not merely about the medical aspects of the Ayurvedic healing system. Rather, a careful reading of these published materials on Ayurveda throws immense light on the ongoing debates about sociocultural and religious processes. Interestingly, the social culture manifested by the early twentieth century Ayurvedic discourse was highly communalist, casteist, and gender-and class-biased in its content. In this regard, the present article explores how, in the era of communal polarisation, healing systems acquired religious identities. For example, from the 1920s onwards the cause of Ayurveda was promulgated by many vaids (Ayurvedic practitioners) and publicists by linking it with the broader agenda of ‘Hindu’ revivalism and the consolidation of a ‘Hindu’ religious, cultural and national identity. That is why issues like ‘Hindi prachar’, ‘cow protection’ and the cause of ‘Hindu education’ often formed the subject of vaid campaigns throughout North India. Related to this was the demonisation of ‘Muslim rule’ in India from the apparent perspective of health in the Ayurvedic discourse of the time. Simultaneously, this article argues that this communalisation of the Ayurvedic discourse, besides creating external religious boundaries, also unleashed hegemonic upper-caste and -class ideas that served to homogenise the community internally as well.

scholarly journals Contribution of Social Support, Social Cultural, and Social Interference Factors in Sports Participation of Female Athletes - A Qualitative Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol V (II) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Abida Naseer ◽  
Saeed Javed ◽  
Husna Batool
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Focus Group Interviews ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

The primary purpose of the study was to investigate the social and cultural factors which provide support to female athletes as well as to explore the interferences in their sports participation. Total 43 female student-athletes of secondary schools participated in six focus group interviews. Interviews of these focus groups were recorded and prepared notes from them. The findings revealed that parents support and appreciate their girls in sports at their achievements at a low level. It was revealed from the findings that female athletes have fewer facilities and rewards/incentives. It was found that female athletes were also criticized on their sports dresses in rural areas of Pakistan. On the other hand, few opportunities, sports dress, and gender inequalities were found as big hurdles in sports participation of female athletes due to male dominance. Parents, peers, siblings, and sports teachers should support their females in their sports participation.

FEAUTURES OF GENDER IN MODERN MASS MEDIA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myroslava Chornodon
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Functional Methods ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Modern Mass ◽  
Gender Concept

The article clarifies of gender identity stereotypes in modern media. The main gender stereotypes covered in modern mass media are analyzed and refuted. The model of gender relations in the media is reflected mainly in the stereotypical images of men and woman. The features of the use of gender concepts in modern periodicals for women and men were determined. The most frequently used derivatives of these macroconcepts were identified and analyzed in detail. It has been found that publications for women and men are full of various gender concepts that are used in different contexts. Ingeneral, theanalysisofthe concept-maximums and concept-minimum gender and their characteristics is carried out in the context of gender stereotypes that have been forme dand function in the society, system atizing the a ctual presentations. The study of the gender concept is relevant because it reveals new trends and features of modern gender images. Taking into account the special features of gender-labeled periodicals in general and the practical absence of comprehensive scientific studies of the gender concept in particular, there is a need to supplement Ukrainian science with this topic. Gender psychology, which is served by methods of various sciences, primarily sociological, pedagogical, linguistic, psychological, socio-psychological. Let us pay attention to linguistic and psycholinguistic methods in gender studies. Linguistic methods complement intelligence research tasks, associated with speech, word and text. Psycholinguistic methods used in gender psychology (semantic differential, semantic integral, semantic analysis of words and texts), aimed at studying speech messages, specific mechanisms of origin and perception, functions of speech activity in society, studying the relationship between speech messages and gender properties participants in the communication, to analyze the linguistic development in connection with the general development of the individual. Nowhere in gender practice there is the whole arsenal of psychological methods that allow you to explore psychological peculiarities of a person like observation, experiments, questionnaires, interviews, testing, modeling, etc. The methods of psychological self-diagnostics include: the gender aspect of the own socio-psychological portrait, a gender biography as a variant of the biographical method, aimed at the reconstruction of individual social experience. In the process of writing a gender autobiography, a person can understand the characteristics of his gender identity, as well as ways and means of their formation. Socio-psychological methods of studying gender include the study of socially constructed women’s and men’s roles, relationships and identities, sexual characteristics, psychological characteristics, etc. The use of gender indicators and gender approaches as a means of socio-psychological and sociological analysis broadens the subject boundaries of these disciplines and makes them the subject of study within these disciplines. And also, in the article a combination of concrete-historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is implemented. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. Also used is a method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-stamped journals. It was he who allowed quantitatively to identify and explore the features of the gender concept in the pages of periodicals for women and men. A combination of historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is also implemented in the article. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. A method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-labeled journals is also used. It allowed to identify and explore the features of the gender concept quantitatively in the periodicals for women and men. The conceptual perception and interpretation of the gender concept «woman», which is highlighted in the modern gender-labeled press in Ukraine, requires the elaboration of the polyfunctionality of gender interpretations, the comprehension of the metaphorical perception of this image and its role and purpose in society. A gendered approach to researching the gender content of contemporary periodicals for women and men. Conceptual analysis of contemporary gender-stamped publications within the gender conceptual sphere allows to identify and correlate the meta-gender and gender concepts that appear in society.

scholarly journals Ego trip

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nabil El Jaouhari
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
Art History ◽  
Visual Language ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Cultural Assumptions ◽  
Gender Binary ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender

My exhibition, entitled Ego Trip, was an attempt to explore the concepts of biological destiny, productivity, and gender roles through the lens of feminist and queer theory. This lens was focused on the myth of Narcissus, revealing commonly held cultural assumptions with masculinity and flowers. The work was important to make because I was trying to question my sexuality through questioning the way that I am perceived through a cultural lens. It wasn't celebratory; it was perhaps a stepping-stone toward understanding my own position in society. The work was also important to make as a commentary on the associations of materials and representations and motifs to gender. One should care about it because everyone has to live with and within the social construct of a gender binary. I wanted to explore my own gender or my own orientation through this binary, and I was trying to find the natural in art. The familiarity of these representations allures the viewer, but also prompts the viewer to question those familiar associations. The work has a beautiful, seductive quality to it but at the same time blurs the boundary between masculine and feminine and illuminates how fragile these constructs really are. I learned a lot of technical aspects when it comes to constructing a room or an installation. I learned how to take an idea or a concept and try to push yourself as hard as possible to actually create a link between the myth and a contemporary representation. I leaned on the history of art (e.g. Caravaggio, 16th century floral painting) and contemporary installation art and married them together to create this installation that not only has all of these different stops on this timeline but also has all of these materials, which I also learned to marry to each other. I learned about the placement in the gallery and how a person should navigate around this space. I would love to find this way into art borrowing these aesthetics from art history and molding them into something contemporary. I learned how to marry material and concept, and how to use the preexisting associations of the material itself to start to say something more. How do you force a placement or an assembly in order to force it to say something more or less about the idea? Material starts to talk to concept; there is a lot of material that is associated directly with what I'm trying to say (e.g. wallpaper). There is also the idea of construction and maybe random associations of different representations of work. Different representations on the level of manifestation and on the level of material itself, the same idea morphs into more than one representation. In the myth of Narcissus and Echo I found a threshold to mirror what I was trying to say. Because of the flower and the floral aspect there was a link between Narcissus and the decorative, and the story supplied the visual language that inspired the idea of these display rooms. That visual language came from the subject matter and took different forms, morphing into more than one kind of display because of the different materials I used, which mirrored different aspects of the concept.

scholarly journals Sexuality Stereotypes and Fantasies of Consumers of French Male Heterosexual Pornographic Media.

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-61
Author(s):  
Béatrice Damian-Gaillard
Keyword(s):  
Market Segmentation ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Publishing Company ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Discursive Strategies ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Male Heterosexual

EN. Based on a survey of the French male heterosexual pornographic press, this paper addresses the class and gender stereotypes writers and editors have of their readership and their sexuality. The analysis is based on publishing company data, editorial guidelines for publications representative of the sector and individual interviews with four managers and nine editors. It identifies the commercial, professional and social issues underlying the construction and deployment of these stereotypes. The study is divided into two parts. The first sheds light on the heterogeneity of existing editorial positions that result from strategies such as market segmentation, content specialization and targeting of readers (as practiced in the conventional magazine press). The second part analyzes the stereotypes advanced by editors-in-chief and journalists about the sexualities of their readers, and their own professional and social challenges, demonstrating how these stereotypes are part of discursive strategies to counteract the social abasement of their career due to the social illegitimacy of pornography. It also examines how these stereotypes influence pornographic discourses and their modes of production, and more broadly how the agents of this press confine their readers to a certain category of masculinity and sexuality, exercising a type of domination based on class and gender stereotypes.    ***   FR. Basé sur une enquête sur la presse pornographique hétérosexuelle masculine française, cet article s'intéresse aux stéréotypes de classe et de genre que les journalistes et les rédacteurs en chef ont sur leurs lecteurs et leur sexualité. L'analyse s'appuie sur les données des éditeurs de ces médias, les lignes éditoriales de publications représentatives du secteur et des entretiens individuels avec quatre directeurs de publication et neuf éditeurs. L’étude identifie les enjeux commerciaux, professionnels et sociaux qui sous-tendent la construction et le déploiement de ces stéréotypes. Ce travail est divisé en deux parties. La première met en lumière l'hétérogénéité des positions éditoriales existantes, résultant de stratégies telles que la segmentation du marché, la spécialisation des contenus et le ciblage des lecteurs (comme cela se pratique dans la presse magazine classique). La deuxième partie analyse les stéréotypes véhiculés par les rédacteurs en chef et les journalistes sur la sexualité de leurs lecteurs ainsi que leurs propres défis professionnels et sociaux, en montrant comment ces stéréotypes s'inscrivent dans des stratégies discursives qui tendent à contrer l'humiliation sociale de leur carrière due à l'illégitimité de la pornographie dans la société. Enfin, cette recherche examine également comment ces stéréotypes influencent les discours pornographiques et leurs modes de production, et plus largement comment les agents de cette presse confinent leurs lecteurs à une certaine catégorie de masculinité et de sexualité, exerçant une forme de domination fondée sur les stéréotypes de classe et de genre.   ***   PT. Com base em uma pesquisa da imprensa pornográfica heterossexual masculina francesa, este artigo aborda os estereótipos de classe e gênero que escritores e editores têm de seus leitores e de sua sexualidade. A análise é baseada na publicação de dados da empresa, diretrizes editoriais para publicações representativas do setor e entrevistas individuais com quatro gerentes e nove editores. Ela identifica as questões comerciais, profissionais e sociais subjacentes à construção e implantação desses estereótipos. O estudo está dividido em duas partes. A primeira esclarece a heterogeneidade das posições editoriais existentes que resultam de estratégias como segmentação de mercado, especialização de conteúdo e direcionamento de leitores (como praticado na imprensa convencional de revista). A segunda parte analisa os estereótipos adiantados por editores-chefes e jornalistas sobre as sexualidades de seus leitores e seus próprios desafios profissionais e sociais, demonstrando como esses estereótipos fazem parte de estratégias discursivas para neutralizar o rebaixamento social de sua carreira devido à ilegitimidade social da pornografia. Também examina como esses estereótipos influenciam os discursos pornográficos e seus modos de produção e, de maneira mais ampla, como os agentes desta imprensa confinam seus leitores a uma determinada categoria de masculinidade e sexualidade, exercendo um tipo de dominação com base nos estereótipos de classe e gênero.   ***

scholarly journals MAMÁ, QUIERO SER “TRONISTA”. EL PODER DE LA PROGRAMACIÓN TELEVISIVA EN ADOLESCENTES

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Laura Gorjón Palos ◽  
Ana Isabel Isidro de Pedro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Redes Sociales ◽  
Television Programming ◽  
Reality Show ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion

Abstract.MOMMY, I WANT TO BE A REALITY SHOW CONTESTANT. THE POWER OF THE TELEVISION PROGRAMMING IN ADOLESCENTSThe media have gained great importance as a socializing agent, building up and transmitting identities through images and speeches, in such a way that they influence, immediately and daily, the behaviors and attitudes of the spectators. One of those media, so deeply rooted in our daily habits that we can hardly detach from both its consumption and the power that it exerts on us, is television (conventional or through Internet). The competition between the television networks and the terrible fight for the audience have led to a change in the programming, in such a way that, at present, a significant percentage of the guide is constituted by the so-called trash TV programs, among which are those exhibiting prejudices and gender stereotypes. This paper aims for examine the television products consumed by adolescents and the impact and influence that the so called “reality shows” have. To do this, a homemade questionnaire of 36 items (with open, closed and Likert-type questions) was used on a sample of 237 subjects, aged between 14 and 23 years old. After data analyzing, grouping, contrasting and interpreting, it was found that television consumption among the subjects of the sample was massive and daily (99.4%), as well as the related comments on the social networks. Similarly, 73% of the subjects claimed to be a follower of at least one reality show, most of them (87.3%) found important advantages to the fact of going out on TV, 35% would like to be people related to fame and a surprising 27% would like to participate in a reality show. The results show the necessity of an education for the television products consumption that put the emphasis on the reflective and critical role of the spectator.Keywords: Trash television; Reality show; SpectatorResumen.Los medios de comunicación han cobrado gran importancia como agente socializador, forjando y transmitiendo identidades a través de imágenes y discursos, de tal modo que influyen, de manera inmediata y cotidiana, en las conductas y actitudes de los espectadores. Y uno de esos medios, tan profundamente arraigado en nuestras costumbres cotidianas que difícilmente podemos desprendernos de su consumo y del poder que ejerce sobre nosotros, es la televisión (convencional o visionada a través de internet). La competencia de las cadenas televisivas y la feroz lucha por la audiencia han llevado a un cambio en la programación, de tal manera que, en la actualidad, un porcentaje importante de la parrilla lo constituyen los denominados programas basura, entre los que no son ajenos aquéllos que exhiben prejuicios y estereotipos de género. Este trabajo pretende examinar los productos televisivos consumidos por los adolescentes y el impacto e influencia que tienen en ellos los denominados “reality shows”. Para ello se utilizó un cuestionario de elaboración propia de 36 ítems (con preguntas abiertas, cerradas y tipo Likert), que fue aplicado a una muestra de 237 sujetos de entre 14 y 23 años. Tras analizar, agrupar, contrastar e interpretar los datos, constatamos que el consumo de televisión entre los sujetos de la muestra es masivo y cotidiano (99,4%), así como los comentarios al respecto en las redes sociales. De igual manera, un 73% de los sujetos manifiesta ser seguidor de, al menos, un reality show, una mayoría (87,3%) encuentra importantes ventajas al hecho de salir en televisión, a un 35% les gustaría ser personas relacionadas con la fama y a un sorprendente 27% les gustaría participar en un reality show. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de una educación para el consumo de los productos televisivos que ponga el énfasis en el papel reflexivo y crítico del espectador.Palabras clave: Televisión basura; Reality show; Espectador

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