ENZYME DIAGNOSTICS IN SPORTS PRACTICE (LITERATURE REVIEW AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCE)

Aim. The paper aims to analyze and summarize the data about enzyme diagnostics in athletes of different sports. Materials and methods. Creatine kinase (CK) activity was measured in 20 highly skilled male biathletes aged from 18 to 23 years. Fasted blood samples were taken in the morning before exercise and the next day after a 90-minute ski run by a uniform method. Biochemical analysis was performed by using the Architect c4000 and i1000SR (Abbott, USA) automated analyzers with reagents and control materials from the equipment manufacturer. Results. An increase in CK activity in biathletes is observed at the end of the preparatory period, and normalization occurs by the middle of the competitive period. When studying CK activity in 10 male handball players aged from 18 to 21 years the day after training, it was found that the increase in enzyme activity depended on the playing position. Goalkeepers exceeded the norm many times compared to field players. The highest serum CK activity after exercise was observed after prolonged exercise such as extra-long marathon and uphill running, which involved eccentric muscle contractions. In triathletes after competitions (full distance), CK activity increased to 1200 U/L, after 48 hours of recovery it dropped to 400 U/L. Conclusion. Thus, enzyme diagnostics today is a relevant and objective method for assessing the state of health and the muscular system, including organs such as the heart, liver, and brain. Therefore, control over the level of basic enzymes should be carried out regularly in the preparatory period both as part of an in-depth medical examination and if an athlete is suspected of being overtrained or injured.

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Serum Endocrine Profile in Relation to Estrus Synchronization in Surti Does

THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ◽

10.21887/ijvsbt.v13i03.10609 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (03) ◽

Author(s):

M. M. Chaudhary ◽

C. T. Khasatiya ◽

S. B. Patel ◽

S. S. Chaudhary ◽

V. B. Atara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Jugular Vein ◽

Estrus Synchronization ◽

Progesterone Concentration ◽

Serum Progesterone ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Endocrine Profile ◽

Group Ii ◽

And Control

The serum progesterone and estradiol profiles during synchronization of estrus by buck effect and PGF2α treatments were monitored in Surti does. Total eighteen non-pregnant does selected were evenly divided into 3 groups, 6 does in each group. The does of Group I were teased with a sexuallyactive- apronized buck; and those of Group II were treated with PGF2α, i.e., Inj. Lutalyse® @ 7.5 mg/doe IM twice 11 days apart, while the Group III served as untreated control. Blood samples were collected from all the animals on day 0 (before 1st PGF2α injection), 3rd day (during treatment), 11th day (before 2nd PGF2α injection), 14th day (after treatment) and 40th day (post-service) by jugular vein puncture. The serum separated was stored at -20°C till further analysis. In all the three groups, 83.33% does, conceived at first service in the sampling cycle. The overall mean serum progesterone concentration of Group I does (5.82±0.72 ng/ml) was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) as compared to Group II (2.93±0.38 ng/ml) and III (2.88±0.30 ng/ml). Similarly, the overall mean serum progesterone concentration of Surti does on day 0 (2.65±0.46 ng/ml), 3rd (2.56±0.80 ng/ml), 11th (4.45±0.84 ng/ml) and 14th (3.40±0.63 ng/ml) did not differ significantly, but the overall mean level at day 40 (6.31±0.45 ng/ml) was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher, because most of animals became pregnant at that time. The overall mean serum oestradiol-17β levels of Group I (24.40±2.98 pg/ ml) was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in Group II (15.77±1.77 pg/ml) and III (12.21±1.45 pg/ ml). On the other hand, the overall mean serum oestradiol-17β levels of Surti does on day 0 (12.89±1.21 pg/ml), 3rd (15.84±1.74 pg/ml), 11th (14.81±1.96 pg/ml), 14th (22.15±2.97 pg/ml) and 40th (21.64±5.16 pg/ml) did not differ significantly (p>0.05) and the slightly higher overall mean level found at 40th day might be the influence of the non-pregnant does at first service in the cumulative animals. The hormonal profile reflected the initiation of cyclicity and establishment of pregnancy in treated and control animals.

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Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9061163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1163

Author(s):

Eduarda Alexandra Gonçalves de Oliveira Moura ◽

Daniela Gomes da Silva ◽

Caio Henrique Turco ◽

Thainara Vitoria Carnevalli Sanches ◽

Gabriel Yuri Storino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Blood Count ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Control Group ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Commercial Vaccine ◽

Serum Igg ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Over Time

Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.

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Microsphere-Based Microfluidic Device for Plasma Separation and Potential Biochemistry Analysis Applications

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12050487 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 487

Author(s):

Hongyan Xu ◽

Zhangying Wu ◽

Jinan Deng ◽

Jun Qiu ◽

Ning Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Sample ◽

Microfluidic Device ◽

Biochemical Analysis ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Clinical Diagnostics ◽

Correction Factors ◽

Separation Device ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Plasma Separation ◽

Blood Biochemical

The development of a simple, portable, and cost-effective plasma separation platform for blood biochemical analysis is of great interest in clinical diagnostics. We represent a plasma separation microfluidic device using microspheres with different sizes as the separation barrier. This plasma separation device, with 18 capillary microchannels, can extract about 3 μL of plasma from a 50 μL blood sample in about 55 min. The effects of evaporation and the microsphere barrier on the plasma biochemical analysis results were studied. Correction factors were applied to compensate for these two effects. The feasibility of the device in plasma biochemical analysis was validated with clinical blood samples.

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The effects of different anticoagulants on biochemical parameters in blood of dairy cows

Veterinarski glasnik ◽

10.2298/vetgl1502013b ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 69 (1-2) ◽

pp. 13-20

Author(s):

Branislava Belic ◽

Marko Cincovic ◽

Maja Dosenovic ◽

Dragica Stojanovic ◽

Zorana Kovacevic

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽

Total Protein ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Biochemical Analysis ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Albumin Level ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Holstein Friesian

Routine analysis of blood parameters requires high precision. Therefore a significant number of methods and recommendations has been developed to ensure the obtaining of precise results. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the type of anticoagulant affects the values of biochemical parameters in the blood of dairy cows in relation to the values obtained from the serum. The study was carried out on 20 healthy cows of Holstein- Friesian breed in the second month of lactation. The blood was taken by venipuncture from v.coccigea. There were used five types of vacutainers as follows: for the serum separation, with heparin, EDTA, citrate, and fluoride. Samples from each cow were taken in all five types of vacutainers respectively. There was determined the concentration of: albumin, total protein, glucose, Ca, P, BHB, NEFA, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT, AST, AP, GGT and bilirubin. The results of the analysis of samples that contained anticoagulants were compared statistically with analysis in serum that was considered to be the control one. It was also calculated the percentage of deviation in average values of concentration of metabolites obtained from samples with different anticoagulants in regard to the serum value. The results of the investigation show that anticoagulants influence the values of biochemical parameters in the blood of cows. In the samples where heparin was used as anticoagulant there was found higher albumin level (deviation 4.1%) as well as total protein (1.4%), but lower value of alkaline phosphatase activity relative to the serum (-33%). In the samples in which EDTA was used there were significantly lower levels of total protein (-5.8%), Ca (-49.6%), P (-17.7%), AP (-32%) and higher value AST (10.6%) compared to serum. In the samples where citrate or fluoride were used as anticoagulants there were found lower values of total protein, albumin, glucose (only citrate), Ca, P, BHB, NEFA, urea (only citrate), cholesterol, AP and GGT (only fluoride) and lower bilirubin when using citrate or higher when using fluoride, in comparison to the serum. Deviations of biochemical parameters measured from blood samples that were in citrate or fluoride were as follows: total protein (-5.3%, -5.2%), albumin (-7%, -5.7%), glucose (only citrate -6.2%), Ca (-55%, -82%), P (-29%, -24%), BHB (-53%, -80%), NEFA (-62.1%, -79 , 4%), urea (only citrate, -25.5%), cholesterol (-28.6%, -28.4%), AP (-38%, -32%), and GGT (only -17 fluoride, 8%) and higher bilirubin (-22.8%, 64.4%). For routine clinical biochemical analysis of blood of cows it is the most reliable to use the samples with heparin as an anticoagulant, because the use of other anticoagulants gives large variations in the values of biochemical parameters in relation to serum.

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Study the Oxidative Stress, Some Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in patients with agout at AL-Ramadi city

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.13.4.694-701 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 694-701

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Blood Cells ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Age Groups ◽

Control Group ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Blood Picture ◽

Control Groups ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

And Control

This study aims to study the effect of gout disease on complete blood picture and biochemical parameters and some non-enzymatic antioxidants, some tracing elements and lipid peroxidation ,in outpatients with gout disease at Al-Ramadi Teaching-Hospital ,Al-Razi Hospital and the study duration from Octo.2013-to May 2014.(50) blood samples were collected from patients with age groups (30-80 years) from both sexes (28 males,22 females),a (30) blood samples (15 males,15 females) were collected from normal individuals as a control group with age groups (27-75 years). Hematological measurement showed no significant differences in size compressed blood cells, the percentages in ( 45.15 +4.99 and 46.87+6.30) % in patient and control groups respectively, hemoglobin concentrations were ( 14.04+1.66 and 14.30+1.93) g/l in patient and control groups respectively, total number of red blood cells ( 5.21+0.43 and 5.12 +0.58) 106/mm3 in patient and control groups respectively with(P?0.05) in ESR (21.06+13.47 and 13.37 +7.45) mm/hr in patient and control groups respectively with (P?0.05), the total number of WBCs were recorded (8.96+2.04 and 7.50+1.69)in patient and control groups respectively. Results showed also significant differences (P?0.05) in uric acid levels (7.42+0.76 and 5.62+0.88) mg/dl,malondialdehyde levels were recorded (4.45+0.64 and 3.21+0.86) in patient and control groups

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Biochemical Analysis of Hepatic Lipid in Alcoholic and Diabetic and Control Subjects

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0650645 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 645-652 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

S. R. Cairns ◽

T. J. Peters

Keyword(s):

Free Cholesterol ◽

Biochemical Analysis ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Liver Lipid ◽

Alcoholic Cirrhosis ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Hepatic Lipid ◽

And Control ◽

Detailed Nature

1. Percutaneous needle biopsy specimens of liver were obtained from alcoholic, diabetic and control patients. Micro-methods of lipid separation and quantification were employed to determine the detailed nature of hepatic lipid. 2. Triglyceride is the major accumulating liver lipid in both alcoholic and diabetic patients. Cholesteryl ester levels were raised in both alcoholic and diabetic patients but only diabetic patients had significantly increased free cholesterol and phospholipid levels. Determination of phospholipid/free cholesterol ratios revealed a significant decrease in alcoholic cirrhosis compared with controls. 3. Fatty acid ester analysis of hepatic phospholipid and triglyceride revealed significant differences between alcoholic patients and controls but not between diabetic patients and controls. An increased ratio of non-essential/essential fatty acids was found in the patients with alcoholic liver disease whereas those of diabetic patients were similar to the controls.

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Effects of Supplemental Food on the Behaviour and Paternity Status of Male Indigo Buntings (Passerina CyaNea)

Avian Biology Research ◽

10.3184/175815618x15203297120204 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 67-73

Author(s):

Brad T. McLeod ◽

Gary Ritchison

Keyword(s):

Time Budget ◽

Mate Guarding ◽

Breeding Birds ◽

Food Supplementation ◽

Time Budgets ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Supplemental Food ◽

Extra Pair Paternity ◽

Passerina Cyanea ◽

And Control

Breeding is energetically costly and, if energy-limited, birds may alter their time budgets, spending less time engaged in some activities and more time in others. Investigators who have provided breeding birds with supplemental food have noted changes in time budgets, but the extent and types of changes have been found to vary among species. Our objective was to determine how food supplementation might influence the time budgets and paternity status of male Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea). We studied Indigo Buntings from 8 May to 15 August 2009 in Madison County, Kentucky. Territories of male Indigo Buntings (n=30) were randomly assigned as either food supplemented (n=8) or controls (n=22). During time-budget observations, all behaviours were noted. To determine paternity status, blood samples were collected from adults and nestlings at 16 nests. Males with feeders in their territories spent significantly less time foraging and more time vocalising (chip notes) than males without feeders. Time spent singing and mate guarding by treatment and control males did not differ. Differences in the proportion of extra-pair young did not differ between nests in territories with and without supplemental food. Our results suggest that, when provided with supplemental food, male Indigo Buntings spend less time foraging and more time engaged in other activities. However, neither the presence of supplemental food nor differences in the behaviour of males in food-supplemented versus non-supplemented territories affected rates of extra-pair paternity.

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Fetal sheep adrenal blood flow responses to hypoxemia after splanchnicotomy using fluorescent microspheres

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.82 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 82-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Lynn F. Buchwalder ◽

Michelle Lin ◽

Thomas J. McDonald ◽

Peter W. Nathanielsz

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Splanchnic Nerve ◽

Radioactive Microspheres ◽

Fluorescent Microspheres ◽

Nerve Section ◽

Fetal Sheep ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Fluorescent Microsphere ◽

Cont Group ◽

And Control

Buchwalder, Lynn F., Michelle Lin, Thomas J. McDonald, and Peter W. Nathanielsz. Fetal sheep adrenal blood flow responses to hypoxemia after splanchnicotomy using fluorescent microspheres. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(1): 82–89, 1998.—Adrenal gland blood flow (ABF) increases during hypoxemia in fetal sheep, but regulation of ABF is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of splanchnic nerve section on fetal ABF responses to hypoxemia using the fluorescent microsphere (FM) technique. At 125 days of gestation, 14 unanesthetized fetal sheep [bilateral splanchnicotomy (Splx, n = 6) and control (Cont, n = 8)] were injected with FM before and at 60 min of N2-induced hypoxemia (∼40% decrease in fetal arterial [Formula: see text]). Adrenal tissue and reference blood samples were digested and filtered, and FM dye was extracted for spectrometer analysis. Baseline whole, medullary, and cortical ABF for the Cont group were similar to published values using radioactive microspheres and did not differ from Splx values. Hypoxemia increased whole, medullary, and cortical ABF (mean ± SE) from baseline for the Cont group by 281 ± 35, 258 ± 31, and 496 ± 81% ( P < 0.05). The increase for the Splx group was attenuated compared with the Cont group ( P < 0.05) for whole and medullary ABF (139 ± 27 and 43 ± 27%) but not cortical ABF (326 ± 91%). We conclude that 1) the FM technique is valid for measuring fetal ABF and 2) in fetal sheep the splanchnic nerve is not necessary to maintain basal ABF but plays an important role in regulating the hypoxemia-induced increase in ABF through the medullary, but not cortical, ABF response.

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Effect of Intrarectal Prostaglandin E2 Analogue (Enprostil) on Trinitrobenzenesulphonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rats

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/147323000002800105 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 28-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Y Onizuka ◽

K Murase ◽

H Furusu ◽

H Isomoto ◽

Y Mizuta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Concentration ◽

Portal Vein ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Colonic Mucosa ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Mucosal Damage ◽

Prostaglandin E ◽

Once Daily ◽

Blood Samples ◽

And Control

Prostaglandins exert a protective effect on colonic mucosa in experimentally induced colitis. This study investigated the effect of enprostil, a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) analogue, on trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. Each rat received a rectal enema containing TNBS (30 mg), followed 24 h later by intrarectal once-daily enprostil (200 μg). Enprostil-treated and control rats were killed on day 3 (enprostil group, n = 5; control, n = 6) or day 10 (enprostil group, n = 5; control, n = 5) after TNBS treatment. The area of damaged mucosa of the colon was measured relative to the total colonic area. We also determined the macroscopic score of mucosal damage, and measured PGE2, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentration in portal vein blood samples. Enprostil significantly reduced both the area of damaged mucosa (including the ulcer area) and the macroscopic score after 3 days' treatment compared with control. Similarly, enprostil significantly reduced plasma concentration of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1α and TXB2 during the acute phase at day 3 of treatment compared with control, but not at day 10. These results suggest that PGE2 enema may have therapeutic potential for treating patients with proctitis or left-sided colitis.

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Herb-Drug Interaction: Effects of Relinqing® Granule on the Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim in Rats

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2016/6194206 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yuan Lu ◽

ZiPeng Gong ◽

YuMin Xie ◽

Jie Pan ◽

Jia Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Interaction ◽

Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽

Control Group ◽

Urinary System ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Sd Rats ◽

Chinese Patent ◽

Group 2 ◽

And Control ◽

Group 1

Relinqing granule (RLQ) is the best-selling Chinese patent drug for treatment of urinary system diseases. In this study, the effects of RLQ on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim in SD rats were investigated. Rats were randomly divided into control group 1, control group 2, RLQ group 1, and RLQ group 2. RLQ group 1 and RLQ group 2 were treated orally with RLQ for 7 days, and rats were treated with the same volume of water in control group 1 and control group 2. Then, RLQ group 1 and control group 1 were given intragastrically ciprofloxacin on day 8, while RLQ group 2 and control group 2 were given intragastrically sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim on day 8. Blood samples were collected and determined. There was no significant influence of pharmacokinetic parameters of trimethoprim on two groups. But some pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in RLQ pretreated rats were evidently altered (P < 0.05), which indicated that absorption of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in RLQ pretreated rats was significantly affected. It indicated the coadministration of RLQ would have an influence on the efficacy of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole, and the doses of ciprofloxacin tablet and compound sulfamethoxazole tablet need adjustment.

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