Antimicrobial Activity of Kaffir Lime Peel Extract against Streptococcus mutans

Kaffir lime peels contain polyphenols as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. The aims of this study were to (1) extract phenolics compounds from kaffir lime peels using water, ethanol 70% and ethanol 96% as the solvent, and (2) assess the antibacterial activity of the extract against Streptococcus mutans which is the main cause of dental caries. Research methodology includes preparation and extraction of polyphenols from kaffir lime peels, preparation of mouthwash based-kaffir lime peels extracts and evaluation the mouthwash ability to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The results show water exhibited the best solvent to extract polyphenols among the three solvents. The total phenolics content in the water extract was observed at 11.42±0.48 mg GAE/g, whilst in the two ethanolic extracts were 10.91±0.87 and 8.87±0.53 mg GAE/g for ethanol 70 and 96%, respectively. Consequently, the water-based extract performed the highest antimicrobial activity. The highest inhibition zone was demonstrated by 100% extract of concentration extract variation. Although the inhibition zone of the mouthwash was smaller than the commercial product, the extract has the potential to be developed as a safe mouthwash for long-term usage.

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Influence of the Addition of Selected Spices on Sensory Quality and Biological Activity of Honey

Journal of Food Quality ◽

10.1155/2017/6963904 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Aleksandra Wilczyńska ◽

Joanna Newerli-Guz ◽

Piotr Szweda

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Food Industry ◽

Sensory Quality ◽

Total Phenolics ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Positive Health ◽

Functional Product ◽

Phenolics Content ◽

Growth Of Bacteria

Bee honey is nutritious and has numerous health benefits, but its taste is for many people too bland. Honey with addition of spices could be important to the food industry as a functional product with positive health image and interesting taste. Such product would definitely meet health-driven consumers’ expectations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of selected spices on sensory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of honey. Results showed that the addition of spices significantly affected the taste and the smell of honey (p<0,05) and that honey with the cinnamon was the most desired and easily accepted product by the consumers. The addition of spices had no significant effect on texture and appearance. All tested samples showed the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria and, contrary to the assumptions, the addition of spices did not cause an increase of antimicrobial activity. The results also showed that the kind and amount of added spice significantly affected the antioxidant activity: ability to scavenge free radicals and total phenolics content. The highest antioxidant activity revealed the honey with cinnamon and the lowest revealed the honey with cardamom addition.

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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SPRAY BAU KAKI EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia) DENGAN VARIASI Gelling agent TERHADAP BAKTERI Bacillus subtilis

JFL : Jurnal Farmasi Lampung ◽

10.37090/jfl.v9i1.327 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 18-26

Author(s):

Ade Maria Ulfa ◽

◽

Nofita Nofita ◽

Bangun Saras Sandi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Gelling Agent ◽

Apocrine Glands ◽

Citrus Aurantifolia ◽

Bacterium Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Bacterium Bacillus ◽

Lime Peel ◽

Peel Extract

ABSTRACT Sweat is produced by the apocrine glands, if infected by bacteria that play a role in the decay process will certainly produce foot odor. Some of the bacteria that cause, including Staphylococcus epidermis, Corynebacterium acne and there is one bacterium that causes pungent foot odor that is Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis enzyme leucine dehydrogenase produced the highest, resulting in isovaleric acid foot odor. Lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia) has the potential to be developed for the antibacterial active ingredient of foot odor contained in tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Spray can be effective for inhibition of feet due to water fleas or bacterial infections. The purpose of this research is to test the inhibitory zone of the preparation of foot odor spray ethanol extract of lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia) with variations of gelling agent. Bacterial inhibition zone testing on extracts of lime peel spray preparations using the disc method. This test was carried out on spray with extract concentration of 0% extract base carbopol, 0% extract base HPMC, 0.2% extract base carbopol, 0.2% extract base HPMC, 0.4% extract base carbopol, 0.4% extract base HPMC and positive control with an average inhibition zone of 9,13 mm, 9,12 mm, 11,86 mm, 11,29 mm, 13,17 mm, 12,30 mm, 8,13 mm against the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Antibacterial test results were analyzed using ONE WAY ANOVA, the results of statistical analysis on the preparation of lime peel extract showed a significant inhibition zone difference of 0.000 (P = <0.05) between all concentrations. Lime peel extract spray is effective in inhibiting the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Key words: Sweat of foot odor, Lime skin (Citrus aurantifolia), Spray, bacteri Bacillus subtilis

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Pengaruh Ekstrak Kulit Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantifolia Swingle) Konsentrasi 10% Terhadap Aktivitas Enzim Glukosiltransferase Streptococcus mutans

Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia ◽

10.22146/majkedgiind.6803 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 126

Author(s):

Zenia Adindaputri U ◽

Nunuk Purwanti ◽

Ivan Arie Wahyudi

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

High Performance ◽

Positive Control ◽

Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽

Citrus Aurantifolia ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Lime Peel ◽

One Way Anova ◽

Peel Extract

Streptococcus mutans merupakan bakteri yang berperan sebagai agen utama penyebab karies gigi, yang memiliki enzim glukosiltransferase (GTF). Enzim GTF akan mengubah sukrosa menjadi fruktosa dan glukan. Salah satu herbal tradisional yang dapat berperan sebagai antibakteri adalah kulit jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) yang mengandung polifenol terutama flavonoid. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) konsentrasi 10% terhadap aktivitas enzim GTF Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian ini menggunakan ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis konsentrasi 10% sebagai perlakuan, chlorhexidine gluconate 0,12% sebagai kontrol positif, serta akuades steril sebagai kontrol negatif. Metode penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahap yaitu penyiapan ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis konsentrasi 10%, penyiapan enzim GTF dari supernatan Streptococcus mutans, dan pengujian aktivitas enzim GTF melalui analisis konsentrasi fruktosa dengan menggunakan High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Pembacaan luas area fruktosa dilakukan berdasarkan waktu retensi. Satu unit aktivitas enzim GTF di definisikan sebagai 1 µmol fruktosa/ml dari enzim/jam. Selanjutnya data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara statistik dengan one way ANOVA.Hasil perhitungan aktivitas enzim GTF dengan one way ANOVA menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol negatif (p<0,05), dan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dengan kontrol positif. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis konsentrasi 10% dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim glukosiltransferase Streptococcus mutans. The Influence of 10% Concentrate of Citrus Aurantifolia Swingle on The Activities of Streptococcus Mutans Glucocyl Transferase Enzyme. Streptococcus mutans is a bacteria which has glucosyl transferase (GTF) enzyme and acts as the main agent that causes dental caries. GTF enzyme will convert sucrose into fructose and glucan. Lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is one of the traditional herbs which has flavonoid as an antibacterial agent. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of 10% concentration of lime peel extract (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) to the activity of GTF enzyme Streptococcus mutans.This research used 10% concentration of lime peel extract as the treatment, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate as a positive control, and distillate water as anegative control. The method of this research consists of three steps; preparing the lime peel extract concentration of 10%, preparing the GTF enzyme from the supernatant of Streptococcus mutans, and testing GTF enzyme activity by analyzing the fructose concentration using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Perusal of the fructose area was based on the retention time of fructose. One unit of GTF enzyme activity is defined as the 1 μmol fructose / ml of enzyme / hour. The obtained data then were analyzed by one way ANOVA. The result showed a significant difference between treatment group with the negative control (p <0.05), and there are no significant difference with the positive control. This research concludes that 10% lime peel extract can inhibit the GTF enzyme activity of Streptococcus mutans.

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Antibacterial Activity of Lime Peel and Lemongrass Extract as Active Ingredients for Spray Hand Sanitizer

SCISCITATIO ◽

10.21460/sciscitatio.2021.21.44 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 16-21

Author(s):

Elza Gitaa Eirene Djima ◽

Aniek Prasetyaningsih ◽

Kukuh Madyaningrana

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Active Ingredients ◽

Phytochemical Content ◽

Hand Sanitizer ◽

Antibacterial Assay ◽

Lime Peel ◽

Peel Extract

Hand sanitizers are widely used as an alternative way to maintain hand hygiene from the presence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. In general, excessive use of alcohol as the main ingredient in hand sanitizers might cause skin irritation. Utilizing antibacterial activity of plants as a component in hand sanitizer could be used as a substitution for alcohol. The aim of this study was to determine the potential antibacterial activity of lime peel and lemongrass extracts as active ingredients for hand sanitizer. Method used in this research included extraction using maceration, qualitative phytochemical test, antibacterial assay, and formulation of spray hand sanitizer and quality test of spray hand sanitizer. In this study alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin and terpenoid were found as phytochemical content of lime peel, while lemongrass extract contain fla vonoid, tanin, saponin and steroid. Compared to lemongrass extract, lime peel extract with concentration 40%showed the optimum inhibition zone of S. aureus and chosen as active ingredient in spray hand sanitizer formulation. Formulated spray hand sanitizer with lime peel extract was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria on hand palm.

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IN VITRO SCREENING FOR ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS OF SOME BEGONIA SPECIES AGAINST METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) STRAIN

The Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine ◽

10.32900/2312-8402-2020-123-30-38 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 30-38

Author(s):

Halyna Tkachenko ◽

Natalia Kurhaluk ◽

Lyudmyla Buyun ◽

Vladimir Tomin

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Test Protocol ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Highly Active ◽

Ethanolic Extracts

The antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts obtained from the leaves of Begonia solimutata L.B. Sm. & Wassh., Begonia goegoensis N.E.Br., Begonia foliosa Kunth, Begonia × erythrophylla Hérincq, Begonia thiemei C.DC., Begonia peltata Otto & Dietr., Begonia heracleifolia Cham. & Schltdl., Begonia dregei Otto & Dietr., and Begonia mexicana G. Karst. ex Fotsch were assessed against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain. The leaves were brought into the laboratory for antimicrobial studies. Freshly crushed leaves were washed, weighed, and homogenized in 96% ethanol (in proportion 1:19) at room temperature. The extracts were then filtered and investigated for their antimicrobial activity. The testing of the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was carried out in vitro by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion susceptibility test protocol. The most effective plants among species screened against S. aureus NCTC 12493 growth were B. peltata, B. thiemei, B. foliosa, Begonia × erythrophylla, and B. solimutata being highly active with the ethanolic extracts (diameters of inhibition zone ranged from 12.5 to 21 mm). The ethanolic extracts from nine Begonia plant species were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain. Extracts from all test Begonia plants caused a remarkable reduction in bacterial growth, measured as an inhibition zone diameters. The diameter of the inhibition zone for B. solimutata was (16.4±1.1) mm, for B. goegoensis – (14.2±1.0) mm, for B. foliosa – (14.9±1.2) mm, for Begonia × erythrophylla – (16.9±0.9) mm, for B. thiemei – (16.8±1.3) mm, for B. peltata – (18.1±0.9) mm, for B. heracleifolia – (15.3±0.9) mm, for B. dregei – (14.7±1.1) mm, and for B. mexicana – (13.8±0.9) mm/ The highly active antimicrobial effects of extracts obtained from B. peltata and B. thiemei noted against S. aureus NCTC 12493 growth is worthy of highlighting. Our studies indicated that Begonia plants are worthy of further investigation as a potential phytotherapeutic agent for treating infections caused by S. aureus., as well as for the development of innovative feed and preventative products in animal husbandry.

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Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kelengkeng (Euphoria longan Stend) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans Dan Propionibacterium acne

Media Farmasi ◽

10.32382/mf.v16i2.1658 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 155

Author(s):

Alfrida Monica Salasa ◽

St Ratnah

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Fruit Peel ◽

Propionibacterium Acne ◽

Inhibition Zone Diameter ◽

Zone Diameter ◽

Peel Extract

Longan Fruit (Euphoria longan Stend) Peel Waste contains chemical compounds with antimicrobial activity, which are not fully utilized. The study aims to determine the inhibition of Longan Fruit Peel extract (Euphoria longan Stend) against Candida albicans and Propionibacterium acne. Furthermore, Longan fruit (Euphoria longan Stend) was dried and extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol, then tested for its antimicrobial activity by agar diffusion method at a concentration of 5% 7.5% and 10% w/v. The results showed that the average inhibition zone diameter for Candida albicans at 5% concentration was 14.33 mm, 7.5% concentration was 15.33 mm, and 10% concentration was 16.66 mm. Meanwhile, the inhibition zone diameter for Propionibacterium acne at a concentration of 5% w/v was 14.67 mm, 7.5% w/v was 16.67 mm, and 10% w/v was 18.33 mm. The Longan Fruit Peel Extract (Euphoria longan Stend) has antimicrobial activity tested against Candida albicans at a concentration of 7.5% w/v and 10% w/v for Propionibacterium acne. Keywords: Longan Fruit Peel Extract, Antimicrobial activity, Candida albicans, Propionibacterium acneLimbah Kulit Buah Kelengkeng (Euphoria longan Stend) mengandung senyawa kimia yang memiliki aktivitas sebagai antimikroba, namun sampai saat ini belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan daya hambat ekstrak Kulit Buah kelengkeng (Euphoria longan Stend) terhadap Candida albicans dan Propionibacterium acne. Kulit buah kelengkeng (Euphoria longan Stend) dikeringkan kemudian diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan Etanol 96% lalu diuji aktivitas antimikrobanya dengan metode difusi agar pada konsentrasi 5%; 7,5% dan 10%b/v. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan rata-rata diameter zona hambat untuk Candida albicans pada konsnetrasi 5% sebesar 14,33 mm, konsentrasi 7,5% sebesar 15,33 mm, konsentrasi 10% sebesar 16,66 mm. Sedangkan diameter zona hambat untuk Propionibacterium acne pada konsentrasi 5% b/v sebesar 14,67 mm, 7,5% b/v sebesar 16,67 mm, dan konsetrasi 10% b/v sebesar 18,33 mm Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan Ekstrak Kulit Buah kelengkeng (Euphoria longan Stend) memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap Candida albicans pada konsentrasi 7,5% b/v dan konsentrasi 10%b/v untuk Propionibacterium acne.Kata Kunci : Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kelengkeng, Aktivitas antimikroba, Candida albicans, Propionibacterium acne

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The Difference of Antibacterial Power between Cocoa Peel (Theobroma Cacao L.) Extract 6% compared to Chlorhexidine Digluconate 2% Againts Streptococcus mutans (In vitro)

Conservative Dentistry Journal ◽

10.20473/cdj.v11i1.2021.1-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Alissa Amanda ◽

Tamara Yuanita ◽

Galih Sampoerno

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Chlorhexidine Digluconate ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Peel Extract

Background: Before restoration, it is necessary to clean the cavity from the smear layer and residual bacteria such as Sreptococcus mutans using a 'gold standard' cavity cleanser, namely 2% Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), however CHX 2% has a disadvantage of having a toxic effect on fibroblasts, osteoblasts, myoblasts, odontoblast-like cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, and buccal epithelial cells. The shortcomings of the 2% CHX triggered researchers to look for alternative cavity cleansers that are more biocompatible, namely cocoa peel extract because it contains of antibacterial compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terponoids with a non-toxic 6% concentration. Purpose: To analyze the difference of antibacterial activity between cocoa peel extract with a concentration of 6% compared to chlorhexidine digluconate 2% against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: This research was an in vitro laboratory experimental study with the posttest only control group design which included two treatment groups, namely 6% cocoa peel extract and 2% CHX. This research was conducted using the inhibition zone diffusion method against S. mutans to see the antibacterial power of each sample. Results: There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in the mean diameter of the inhibition zone between 6% cacao peel extract, namely 11.5406 mm and CHX 2%, namely 13.2156 mm. Conclusion: Chlorhexidine digluconate 2% has a greater antibacterial power than 6% cocoa peel extract (Theobroma cacao L.) against Streptococcus mutans.

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Antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory properties of extracts of the antidiabetic herb Pterocarpus marsupium

Israel Journal of Plant Sciences ◽

10.1080/07929978.2015.1105477 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 124-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yian Hoon Lee ◽

Candy Choo ◽

Viduranga Y. Waisundara

Keyword(s):

Total Phenolics ◽

Water Extract ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Pterocarpus Marsupium ◽

Antidiabetic Treatment ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Therapeutic Properties ◽

Phenolics Content ◽

Inhibitory Activities

Pterocarpus marsupium is a popular spice incorporated into culinary preparations around the world, which is also used for its antidiabetic treatment in traditional medicine. The objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory properties of Pterocarpus marsupium leaves. The total antioxidant capacity, total phenolics content, starch hydrolase inhibitory activities and superoxide dismutase mimetic (SODm) activity of various leaf extracts of Pterocarpus marsupium were studied. Extracts of dichloromethane (DCM), ethanol (EtOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), hexane (HEX), methanol (MeOH) and water were compared. The total phenolics contents of the extracts decreased in the order of water > EtOH > EtOAc > MeOH > DCM > HEX. The antioxidant and SODm activity values of the extracts decreased in the same order as the total phenolics contents, while the DPPH EC50 values increased in the reverse order. Pterosupin and pterostilbene had the highest content out of all the phenolic compounds quantified across all solvent extracts. The highest starch hydrolase inhibitory activities were observed in the water extract. Pterocarpus marsupium was observed to be a good source of antioxidant compounds and therapeutic properties.

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Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity Analysis of Organic Soap Bar Containing Gnetum gnemon Peel Extract

Molekul ◽

10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.800 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 226

Author(s):

Sri Handayani ◽

Indyah Sulistyo Arty ◽

Cornelia Budimarwanti ◽

Karim Theresih ◽

Evy Yulianti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Insoluble Fraction ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Quality Test ◽

Good Potential ◽

Gnetum Gnemon ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽

Peel Extract

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) peel has been known as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal, but not yet used as cosmetic ingredients or drugs optimally. This research focuses on the production of organic soap bars from melinjo peel extract, the quality testing, and antimicrobial analysis against selected microbes. The soap making process was done by the saponification reaction between the mixture of palm oil and coconut oil with sodium hydroxide through cold and hot processes. Distilled water and ethanol were used as solvents for melinjo peel extraction. The quality test was done by determining insoluble fraction in ethanol, free alkali, and unsaponified fatty matter. An antimicrobial activity test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. The result shows that the quality test fit with INS 2016 for all the criteria except for unsaponified fatty acid in the cold process soap bar. Inhibition zone of organic soap bar sequentially decreased against the growth of Tricophytone mentagrophytes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Therefore, the organic soap bar with melinjo peel extract shows a good potential to be used as an antimicrobial soap.

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Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia etbaica Water Extract Leafs against Some Pathogenic Microorganisms

Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences ◽

10.37871/jbres1358 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (11) ◽

pp. 1132-1135

Author(s):

Abdulmageed B Abdullah ◽

Abdulbaki Al-zaemey ◽

Rasheed Hasan Mudhesh Al-Husami ◽

Mofeed Al-Nowihi

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Water Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

E Coli ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Inhibition Zones

The antimicrobial activity about water extract of Acacia etbaica was examined by using agar well diffusion methods against five gram-positive and negative bacteria[Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC653-8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC2453, Bacillus cereus (ATCC6633), Escherichia coli MTCC739, and one local isolate (Staphylococcus epidermides)] in addition to Candida albicans (ATCC2019). this results designated that the water extract of Acacia etbaica possess antimicrobial efficacy against all tested microorganisms either (gram-positive and negative bacteria) or fungi (Candida albicans).Whereas the gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, S. epidermides and B. cereus) with inhibition zones (21, 19.5 and 16.5) respectively was more sensitive than gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) and C. albicans with inhibition zones 16 and 14.5 respectively. The antimicrobial effect was directly proportional with concentration of water extract where the highest inhibition zone at higher concentration 30% equal 21mm against S.aureus and the lower inhibition zone at lower concentration 5% equal 10mm against C. albicans...

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