Ecophysiological aspects of fruit crops in the era of climate change. A review

The increased concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse effect gases has led to global warming, which has resulted in climate change, increased levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and changes in the hydrological cycle, affecting the growth, development, production and quality of fruit crops, which undoubtedly will be difficult to predict and generalize because the physiological processes of plants are multidimensional. This review outlines how the effects of high/low solar radiation, temperature, water stress from droughts, flooding and rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere affect fruit crops and their growth and physiology.

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Estimation of Biogas Generated in Two Landfills in South-Central Ecuador

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12101365 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1365

Author(s):

Paulina Poma ◽

Marco Usca ◽

María Polanco ◽

Theofilos Toulkeridis ◽

Carlos Mestanza-Ramón

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Mathematical Model ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Global Warming ◽

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

South Central ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

The landfill is a final disposal technique to confine municipal solid waste (MSW), where organic matter is degraded generating leachate and biogas composed of methane gases (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases that contribute to global warming. The objective of the current research was to estimate the amount of biogas generated through the LandGEM 3.03 mathematical model to determine the amount of electrical energy generated and the number of homes that would be supplied with electrical energy from 2021 to 2144. As a result of the application, it was estimated that in the Pichacay landfill, the highest point of biogas generation in 2053 would be 76,982,177 (m3/year) that would generate 81,226,339.36 (kWh/year), and would supply 5083 homes with electricity. Similarly, in the Las Iguanas landfill, the highest point would be 693,975,228 (m3/year) of biogas that produces 73,223,5296.7 (kWh/year) and would supply electricity to 45,825 homes. Of the performed gas analyses in the Pichacay landfill in 2020, an average of 51.49% CH4, 40.35% CO2, 1.75% O2 and 17.8% H2S was presented, while in the Las Iguanas landfill, for 2020 and 2021, we obtained an average of 51.88/CH4, 36.62% CO2, 1.01% O2 and 187.58 ppm H2S. Finally, the biogas generated by being harnessed minimizes the impacts related to global warming and climate change and would contribute electricity to the nearby communities.

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Construction of an experimental apparatus to simulate the greenhouse effect and global warming for educational use

International Journal for Innovation Education and Research ◽

10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss8.2535 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 427-431

Author(s):

Paulo Renda Anderson ◽

Carlos Mergulhão Júnior ◽

Moacy José Stoffes Junior ◽

Cléver Reis Stein

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Global Warming ◽

Greenhouse Effect ◽

Low Cost ◽

Pressure Sensors ◽

Experimental Apparatus ◽

Atmosphere Temperature ◽

Temperature And Pressure ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

This article describes the construction of a complete experimental apparatus to simulate the greenhouse and global warming for educatioal use. These demonstrations are fundamental for people understand the importance of greenhouse effect to keep that life continues on earth and, know about climate change and the causes of global warming. For development of this devise we used an Arduino UNO, temperature and pressure sensors, and low cost products. The experimental results showed that the average atmosphere temperature increases with the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2). Moreover, this apparatus can be used in classroom to demonstration these important global phenomena.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TRANSPORTATION IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY – DIMENSIONS AND ACTIONS

STUDIES AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES ECONOMICS EDITION ◽

10.29358/sceco.v0i25.377 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mirela Stefanica

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Global Warming ◽

Side Effects ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Adaptation Measures ◽

Water Transportation

The development of tourism and the increase in the number of travellers at the level of certain areas of touristic interest brings socio-economic benefits and also leads to the damaging of the quality of the environment. Transportation, as component of the tourism industry, has many side effects on the environment due to carbon dioxide emissions, pollution, etc. The work mainly emphasizes the way in which air, road, rail and water transportation influences the quality of the environment, contributing to global warming at the same time. Climate change, a consequence of global warming, is perhaps the biggest problem of the beginning of the millennium, representing one of the most prodigious forces that will affect the progress of humanity in the 21st century and later. In this sense, our paper tries to draw attention to the adaptation measures meant to diminish the vulnerability of climate change at the level of tourism, in general and transportation, in particular.

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The effect of rising concentration of atmospheric carbone dioxide on crop production

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/67/1758 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 81-84

Author(s):

András Tamás

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Global Warming ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Crop Production ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Atmospheric Carbon ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

In the atmosphere, the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are rising in gradually increasing pace since the Industrial Revolution. The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes to global warming, and the changes affect to both the precipitation and the evaporation quantity. Moreover, the concentration of carbon dioxide directly affects the productivity and physiology of plants. The effect of temperature changes on plants is still controversial, although studies have been widely conducted. The C4-type plants react better in this respect than the C3-type plants. However, the C3-type plants respond more richer for the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change.

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Carbon Dioxide Laser Vulvovaginal Rejuvenation: A Systematic Review

Cosmetics ◽

10.3390/cosmetics8030056 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 56

Author(s):

Tassahil Messas ◽

Achraf Messas ◽

George Kroumpouzos

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Laser Therapy ◽

Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽

Invasive Treatment ◽

Erbium:Yag Laser ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Level I ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) causes significant symptomatic aggravation that affects the quality of life (QoL). Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), the hallmark of GSM, is managed with topical non-hormonal therapy, including moisturizers and lubricants, and topical estrogen application. Patients not responding/being unsatisfied with previous local estrogen therapies are candidates for a noninvasive modality. Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser therapy, especially the fractionated type (FrCO2), has drawn considerable attention over the past two decades as a non-invasive treatment for GSM. This systematic review describes the accumulated evidence from 40 FrCO2 laser studies (3466 participants) in GSM/VVA. MEDLINE, Scopus and Cochrane databases were searched through April 2021. We analyze the effects of FrCO2 laser therapy on symptoms, sexual function, and QoL of patients with GSM/VVA. As shown in this review, FrCO2 laser therapy for GSM shows good efficacy and safety. This modality has the potential to advance female sexual wellness. Patient satisfaction was high in the studies included in this systematic review. However, there is a lack of level I evidence, and more randomized sham-controlled trials are required. Furthermore, several clinical questions, such as the number of sessions required that determine cost-effectiveness, should be addressed. Also, whether FrCO2 laser therapy may exert a synergistic effect with systemic and/or local hormonal/non-hormonal treatments, energy-based devices, and other modalities to treat GMS requires further investigation. Lastly, studies are required to compare FrCO2 laser therapy with other energy-based devices such as erbium:YAG laser and radiofrequency.

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Regions of intensification of extreme snowfall under future warming

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95979-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lennart Quante ◽

Sven N. Willner ◽

Robin Middelanis ◽

Anders Levermann

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Observational Data ◽

Climate Models ◽

Hydrological Cycle ◽

Global Climate ◽

Global Climate Models ◽

Average Intensity ◽

High Latitudes ◽

Future Warming

AbstractDue to climate change the frequency and character of precipitation are changing as the hydrological cycle intensifies. With regards to snowfall, global warming has two opposing influences; increasing humidity enables intense snowfall, whereas higher temperatures decrease the likelihood of snowfall. Here we show an intensification of extreme snowfall across large areas of the Northern Hemisphere under future warming. This is robust across an ensemble of global climate models when they are bias-corrected with observational data. While mean daily snowfall decreases, both the 99th and the 99.9th percentiles of daily snowfall increase in many regions in the next decades, especially for Northern America and Asia. Additionally, the average intensity of snowfall events exceeding these percentiles as experienced historically increases in many regions. This is likely to pose a challenge to municipalities in mid to high latitudes. Overall, extreme snowfall events are likely to become an increasingly important impact of climate change in the next decades, even if they will become rarer, but not necessarily less intense, in the second half of the century.

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Carbon Costs of Indonesian Forested Land Conversion to Oil Palm Plantations

Shirkah Journal of Economics and Business ◽

10.22515/shirkah.v3i3.221 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Sri Walyoto

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Global Climate ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Carbon Price ◽

Forest Conversion ◽

Carbon Costs ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

Co2 Release

This article analyzes the loss of carbon dioxide (CO2) released in the forest conversion to oil palm plantations. This research data gathered from the relevant secondary data and relate published reports. This research finds that a loss of release of carbon dioxide (CO2) per hectare of US $ 9,800 with a carbon price of USD2 of US $ 14,000 carbon price of USD3 and US $ 19,600 in carbon price of USD4. In addition, this conversion also has a significant impact on global warming (GWP) and global climate change. Keywords: oil palm plantation, CO2 release, GWP, climate change.

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Modeling Climate Change Impacts on Rangeland Productivity and Livestock Population Dynamics in Nkayi District, Zimbabwe

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10072330 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 2330

Author(s):

Trinity S. Senda ◽

Gregory A. Kiker ◽

Patricia Masikati ◽

Albert Chirima ◽

Johan van Niekerk

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Population Dynamics ◽

C3 Plants ◽

Climate Scenarios ◽

Herbaceous Layer ◽

Livestock Population ◽

Co2 Effects ◽

Forested Areas ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

Smallholder farmers in semi-arid areas depend on both cropping and livestock as the main sources of livelihoods. Rangeland productivity varies on both spatial and temporal scales and provides the major source of feed for livestock. Rangeland productivity is expected to decline with climate change thereby reducing livestock feed availability and consequently livelihoods that depend on livestock. This study was carried out to assess the impacts of climate change on rangeland productivity and consequently livestock population dynamics using a 30-year simulation modeling approach. The climate scenarios used in the simulations are built from the localized predictions by General Circulation Models (GCMs). The primary climate variables under consideration are rainfall (+/−7% change), carbon dioxide (CO2 up to 650 ppm) and temperature (+4 °C change). This was done by applying the SAVANNA ecosystem model which simulates rangeland processes and demographic responses of herbivores on a temporal and spatial scale using a weekly internal time step and monthly spatial and temporal outputs. The results show that rainfall levels of less than 600 mm/year have the largest negative effect on herbaceous biomass production. The amount of biomass from the woody layer does not change much during the year. The carbon dioxide (CO2) effects are more influential on the tree and shrub layers (C3 plants) than the herbaceous layer (C4 grasses). The CO2 effect was more dominant than the effects of rainfall and temperature. In the baseline simulations, the shrub plant layer increased significantly over 30 years while there is a three-fold increase in the woody plant layer (trees and shrubs) where biomass increased from a 1980 production to that of 2010. The biomass of the herbaceous layer was stable over the historical period (1980 to 2010) with values fluctuating between 200 and 400 g/m2. Grass green biomass has a variable distribution where most production occurred in the fields and cleared areas while lower levels of production were found in the forested areas. The spatial distribution of shrub green biomass was less directly linked to yearly rainfall. Shrub biomass was mostly found in forested areas, and it showed a steady increase in production. Cattle, donkey, and goat populations rose slowly from 1980 but the rise was disrupted by a dry period during the late 1980s to the early 1990s causing a decline in all populations primarily due to grass unavailability. The populations of cattle goats and donkeys started to rise again from 1995 onwards due to improvements in rainfall. Cattle and donkey populations were rising faster than that of goats while sheep population was not changing much for most of the simulation period, otherwise they declined significantly during the drought of 2002. Similar changes in simulated grass biomass (g/m2) were observed in almost all climate scenarios, except for the peak and low years. The livestock population simulation showed few variations in livestock population under all scenarios. The main conclusion from the study is that CO2 effects on rangeland productivity are much more dominant than the localized effects of rainfall and temperature. This has implications of favoring the growth of the tree and shrub layers over herbaceous layer, which meant that in the long run, the species that are able to use tree and shrub layers may be kept as a livelihood source as they will have a feed source.

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Climate Change and Refrigerants: Thermodynamic Properties of Low-GWP Fluids for Domestic Applications and Binary Systems for Low-Temperature Options

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10062014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mariano Pierantozzi ◽

Sebastiano Tomassetti ◽

Giovanni Di Nicola

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Global Warming ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Thermodynamic Properties ◽

Experimental Research ◽

Binary Systems ◽

Research Activity ◽

Greenhouse Gasses ◽

Low Global Warming Potential

The most commonly used refrigerants are potent greenhouse gasses that can contribute to climate change. Hydro-Fluoro-Olefins are low Global Warming Potential fluids. A summary of our experimental research activity on the thermodynamic properties of two environmentally friendly Hydro-Fluoro-Olefins, namely R1234yf and R1234ze(E), is reported. In particular, the measurements were performed with an isochoric apparatus and the apparatus specifically built to reach temperatures down to about 100 K. The data elaboration confirms the validity of the choice and that R1234yf and R1234ze(E) can be adopted in many domestic applications. Moreover, considering the reduction of the flammability issues of R1234yf and R1234ze(E), the properties of binary systems containing these fluids and carbon dioxide were analyzed. The presented mixtures could be very interesting for low-temperature applications such as cascade cycles.

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Electrocatalytic Processes for the Valorization of CO2: Synthesis of Cyanobenzoic Acid Using Eco-Friendly Strategies

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9050413 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 413 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Silvia Mena ◽

Iluminada Gallardo ◽

Gonzalo Guirado

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Global Warming ◽

Electrochemical Techniques ◽

Value Added ◽

Green Technology ◽

Green Solvents ◽

Silver Cathodes ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

Environmentally Friendly Process ◽

Value Added Products

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a known greenhouse gas, and is the most important contributor to global warming. Therefore, one of the main challenges is to either eliminate or reuse it through the synthesis of value-added products, such as carboxylated derivatives. One of the most promising approaches for activating, capturing, and valorizing CO2 is the use of electrochemical techniques. In the current manuscript, we described an electrocarboxylation route for synthesizing 4-cyanobenzoic acid by valorizing CO2 through the synergistic use of electrochemical techniques (“green technology”) and ionic liquids (ILs) (“green solvents”)—two of the major entries in the general green chemistry tool kit. Moreover, the use of silver cathodes and ILs enabled the electrochemical potential applied to be reduced by more than 0.4 V. The “green” synthesis of those derivatives would provide a suitable environmentally friendly process for the design of plasticizers based on phthalate derivatives.

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